ae of instructions for Some, Do you have experience of folowing Inst follow? has Scratch, OF of controlling 3 languages $¥° + Do youhave any experience of block programming I" 9) turtle on sereen such as through Logo? Introduction 4 In this chapter you will learn how to develop algorithms eT to solve problems in a form that a computer ‘could |_| + follow. All computer programs are simply a series of algorithms that are written in a specific way that the computer's processor can then follow one at a time. Ei 4.1 Algorithms An algorithm is a series of steps that are followed ‘You follow lots of algorithms without even realising it, for example, following a recipe or following a list of Figure 4.1: Maze 1, start you would need to follow thes se To get to ‘Finis! instructions. These are both examples of algorithms . a Before you write algorithms on a computer, you can Step: FD7 Step 5: FD? eer vm using a flowchart and/or using pseudocode. Step2: RT9O Step 6: RT90 Peeudocode simply means there is no specific symtax that Gey, DG Step: FDI you have to use. It doesn’t have to follow a set format, Step 4: LT90 ‘but it is more structured than English sentences. WORKED EXAMPLE 4.01 flowchart: a set of symbols put together with You are on Start, faci commands that are followed to solve a problem Facing to the right. Write an algorithm to move from Start to Finish pseudocode: a language that is used to display ‘an algorithm =H {A simple form of an algorithm is a series of steps to move someone (or something) through a maze. The instructions you can use are: FDS Move forward 5 spaces BK2 Move backward 2 spaces Stn RT9O Turn right 90 degrees LT90 Turn left 90 degrees Figwe 4.2: Mi jure 4.2: Maze 2 You startin the space labelled ‘Start’ in this maze, faci to the right. mens [Eee Scanned with CamScanner4. Algorithms and flowcharts facing to the right so need to count how many You need to face to the right again, so: grey spaces there are until you need to turn. There are 4 spaces, so the command is: RT90 FD4 To the next turn is 3 spaces: FD3 =a Figure 4. Maze 2, FDS, Figure 4.5: Maze 2, £04, L790, FD2, R190, FO3 You need to tum so you are facing up, this means turing to the left, 90 degrees. The command is You need to face up, so you are turning left again: 1790 1790 How many spaces forward? 2 ‘Now you need to move forward 5 spaces: FD2 Be Fe] [rnen] a Son San Figure 4.4: faze 2, FD4, LT90, FD2. Figure 4.6: Maze 2, FD4, LT90, FD2, RT90, FD3, LT90, FOS. BP ae Scanned with CamScannerthe al, gorithm becomes; FD4, LT9\ 0, FD2, RT90, FD3, 1190, FDS, LT90, FD7 Questions 1 What is meant by an algorithm? 2 How can an algorithm be represented? Lt Neuer NW Xe UI NOG Write an algorithm to move from Start to Finish in this maze: stan = Maze 3, Start er 4.2 Flowcharts and pseudocode A flowchart is a diagram that uses arrows to produce an SPecifi; algorithm that song %*> then follow, At Someone. Md Pseudocode does not use s statements. There is no must follow, but it shoul diagrams) such as INPUT, OU" Ymbols, but struc, Flowchart structure [hte are set symbols throughout a flowchart Peintroduced to these in each section: Every fj begins and ends with a terminator box (a Star the beginning and a Stop box at the end), w Tine, When following a flowchat Algorithms don’t go straight Y also need input, output id loops, ws, from start to stop. The Processes, decisions an input: putting data into an algorithm output: dis to the user Playing data from an algorithm Process: an 0 action performed to some data make a char inge decision: a com iteod? Parison is used to decide if is run, or not loop: code that is repeated Scanned with CamScanner4 Algorithms and flowcharts Input and output Alponthms often need to output messages (such as text) to the screen. and therefore to the user. They may also need to take in data from the user, for example from the keyboard. Flowcharts If you want the algorithm to output something to the user. for example a word, a sentence or a number, then you will need an output box. Mer the word OUTPUT you put the text you want to display. If you want to output “Hello World", you use this, Figure 4,11: Output box wth tert Notice how the words being output are in speceh marks This is because you want those actual words ‘output, without them “Hello” could be a variable, or command word, no Af you want to input (or tead) data from the user the alonthm, you use an input box a Figure 4.12: input box When data is input into an algorithm it needs to be Mored somewhere. This ts done using a variable, A Vanable is a name (identifier) that ts given to a space in a sompater’s memory that stores a value. Think of it like a box, with a name, You could call the box ry You can then put data into cySurber. You can get data OU Of sytunbex, and so on a space in the memory of a computer, that has an identifier where you can store data; this data can be changed identifier: the name given to a variable, subroutine or function concatenate: to join two strings together Here’s the symbol for inputting a value into mytiunber. box woth identifier Figure 4.13: Ins these together with the Start and Stop to create a chart Figure 4.14: Flow ant *Hello World Once you have a variable, you can output this by using its name | ort mparee | Figure 4.15: Output box with enter You might want to output a variable and some text. You can combine them by using an ampersand (4). This 1 to concatenate (join) the values together. For example, > Scanned with CamScannerSUTPUT "He110 worian The words "Hello Wortan are a string as in the fowcharts, so are stil Speech marks. There are many aitferent words that you see Use to output data, but they all Perform the task, for example all of these have the same result, OUTPUT *He1io» WRITE "Helio PRINT "Hello weharts, this will need to be Stored somewhere such as in.a Variable, for example, or you could combine the input and ‘output, for example, num = INPUT("Enter a number") An algorithm needs to ask a user to enter their ame. It should take their name as an input and then Welcome them by name, for example, "Welcome Sasha", Draw a flowchart for the algorithm, Start by identifying the steps required, Step 1: Ask them to enter their name, Step 2: Take their name as input, Step 3: Welcome them by their name. Then identify what type of symbols these steps need, Step Ask them to enter their name. Output : COURSEBOOK Step 2: Take their name as input, Input and store in variable Step Welcome them by their name, Output including variable Draw the lowchart following the steps iden, OUTPUT “Welcome name Figure 4.17: Flowchart- Welcomes, i Convert the flowchart into pseudocode, Take each statement from within the flowchart! write it on its own fine, OUTPUT “Enter your name" INPUT name OUTPUT “Welcome” & name ie eS Questions 3 Adentify the symbol for Start and Stop in? flowchart. 4 Describe the stages in this flowchart. Scanned with CamScannerFigure 4.18: Flowchan-Enter a number. Raneule Ween 1 Convert the flowchart in Question 4 into pseudocode. 2 Analgorithm needs to take @ word as an input, and then output the same word. Draw a flowchart for this algorithm, 4n algorithm needs to tell a joke. It should output the joke, and let the user give an answer, before outputting the actual answer. Create a pseudocode algorithm for the problem. Processes A process is an action that is performed. In a program itusually means that a change is being made to something. If you have a number stored in a variable, you could change this; you might add something to it, or subtract from it. 4 Algorithms and flowcharts ‘There are different types of processes Table 4.1 shows the different mathematical provestes that be performed. ‘Operator | Description + [Addition = [Subtraction Multiplication Division Power of MOD | Modulus division (gives the remainder) Div [integer division (gives the whole number) Table 4.1: Mathematical (arithmetic) operators. modulus division: when the remainder is given | from a division integer division: where only the whole number is given from a division Flowcharts Processes are in rectangular boxes. Process Figure 4.1 Process box. RET TIN YT} 59 Scanned with CamScanner> CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL IT: COURSEBOOK The mathematical calcula numbers, and/or y; myNumber = 19 Hons can make use of ‘ariables. For example, ie myNumber now stores 13 myNumber now stores 16 (it already had 13 in and “Number = myNumber 4 3 now has another 3) Phytecker M™mber 32 (it already had 16 in it, and it was added to itself, so 16 + 16 = 32) Putting a value into @ variable is called assignment KEY WORD. @ssignment: giving a variable a value In this process box two and stored in a variable, numbers are multiplied together newNumber = 3 * 8 igure 4.20: Assignment in process by Follow this flowchart. What does it do? Answer = numt /num2 OUTPUT The esut Is" & answer Figure 4.21: Flowchart-Arithmetic calculation Notice that anew symbol has been introgyg circle with a letter inside. This isa connect Sometimes if a owehart is long, then i to split it into smaller portions (pert on one page). The connector letter flowchart continues. haps to Shows wien The algorithm takes in two numbers (aug, divides numa by num2 and stores the resul, ine W then outputs the message * The result ign” = value in answer, Ye Pseudocode Processes use the same structure as in a flowe!, without the box. Therefore this: newNumber = 3 * would become this: ewNumber = 3 + g A program needs to ask a person’s age, then tellite how old they will be in 50 years, Draw a flowchart for the algorithm, Start by identifying the steps required. Step 1: Ask them to enter their age, Step2: Take the age as input Step 3: Add 50 to their age. Step 4: Output the new age. Identify what type of symbols these steps nest: Step 1: Ask them to enter their age. Output Step2: Take the age as input. Anput and store in a variable Step3: Add 50 to their age. . Add 50 10 the variable and store the Step 4: Output their new age. Output variable a Scanned with CamScanner| | | | 4 Algorithms and flowcharts the flow + Dr steps ide rentge = gn +50 paeee eercserd 5 Figure 4.23: Flowchart-New age calculator. SS Convert the flowchart into pseudocode. Take each line and write it on a separate line. ourPUT “Enter you age" wT age newkge = age + 50 OUTPUT "In 50 years your will be" & newAge Co Questions 5 6 7 8 What is a process? What action does the operator * process? Write a statement to multiply 3 by 7, Describe the stages in this flowchart [OUTPUT amt = rane peeseeee Seana Convert the algorithm in Question 8 into pseudocode. 2 Analgorithm needs to take 3 numbers as input. Add them together and output the result. Then divide the total by the quantity of numbers and output the average. Draw a flowchart for this algorithm. 3 Convert your algorithm from part 2 into pseudocode. Scanned with CamScanner> cAmanioge INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL IT: COURSEBOOK Flowcharts Single selection the form of ‘The selection must be int 8 ques: example ‘is 10 > 5? This is because it has ty. > true and false. i The selection flowchart symbol i a diamon, Selection: use of 3 conditional statement to decide @ course of action or which section of code to run Figure 4.25: Selection box, $$ There are two options from a selection bon and False, or Yes and No. This means select . Pe TONS (two flow lines), that need to bs ‘ comparison needs two sides : for example 2 comparison symbol. Table 4. shows common " Yes Greater‘than 10 > Sistrue No S$ > 10is false 10 < Sis false “Slre 4.26: Selection box with options aes $< l0istrue Follow this flowchart, What does it do? Greater than Sis true or equal to ; a) 4 10 >= lois true ar S >= 10is false less hove pois eatse | PUT age Less thanor |i0 <= Sis false equal to 4 10 <= lois true 3 <= l0istrue CuTPuTsmuendt Equalsto [10 = Sistaise 10 = 20is true 10s false Not equal to 5 <> l0istrue a Table 4.2: Comparison operators. : Le Either side of the operator can be a number or a variable. chart with selection poxree Scanned with CamScanner‘This flowchart starts by the user inputting an age, The decision statement asks if age is greater than, or equal to, 18. If the result is Yes, then it outputs “You are old enough”. if it is No it outputs “You are too young”. Multiple selection If you have multiple options, then you will need multiple decisions. For example, lowchart with multiple selection boxes. The first decision is “If age is less than 107" If itis not, then it goes straight to another decision, and asks whether age is less than 20, Pseudocode Selection uses the keyword IF and THEN. The questi “Is'in the flowchart is replaced with TF, and the “? with THEN, All the code that runs when the condition is true goes beneath the TF and this is finished with an ENDIF to show where it ends. For example, if the value in age is more than 18, then the output message will be displayed. IF age > 18 THEN ouTPUT("You are old enough") ENDIF An TF statement can have an ELSE. This is what happens if the condition is true. For example, if the age is not more than 18, then * You are not old enough” will be displayed. IF age > 18 THEN OUTPUT("You are old enough") ELSE OUTPUT("You are not old enough") ENDIF 4 Algorithms and flowcharts Multiple conditions These can be created using ELSETF statements. Each condition has its own ELSETF. You can even put an ELSE on the end in case none of the conditions are true. For example, each of the conditions are checked in the order they are written. If one of the conditions is, found to be true, then the code within it runs, and thea it jumps to the ENDIF; the other conditions after it are not checked. IF cost >= 100 THEN OUTPUT "That is far too expensive" ELSEIF cost >= 80 THEN OUTPUT “That's a bit too expensive" ELSEIF cost >= 60 THEN OUTPUT "That is reasonable" ELSEIF cost >= 40 THEN OUTPUT “That looks like a good deal" ELSE OUTPUT "I think that is too cheap" ENDIF CASE...END CASE This is a different selection statement. This is used when you are checking the value of one variable and you have many different values you want to check it against. Pseudocode CASE uses the keyword SeLEcT, followed by the identifier of the variable you are checking. Then it has the keyword CASE followed by the condition. For example, if you are checking if a menu choice is 1.2013: SELECT menuChoice CASE 1: OUTPUT “You chose 1” CASE 2: OUTPUT "You chose 2" CASE 3: OUTPUT "You chose 3" A CASE statement can perform comparisons other than equals to, but this time you need to include the variable name to make it clear what the comparison is. SELECT age CASE age < 12: OUTPUT "You can watch PG films" CASE (age >= 12 and age < 15): OUTPUT “You can watch PG and PG12 films" CASE (age >= 15 and age < 18): OUTPUT “You can watch PG, PG12 and 15 rated films’ Scanned with CamScannera > + OUTPUT "You can watch all ea also a default keyword for CASE, the code in NI run if none of the conditions have been met. SELECT symbol CASE "40, result = valuel + value2 An algorithm needs to take two numbers as input, and output which is the largest. Draw a flowchart for the algorithm, Start by identifying the steps required. Step 1: Ask the user to input two numbers, Step 2: Input two numbers, Step 3: Check if the first number is larger than the second. Step 4: Output the first number if itis. Step 5: Output the second number if it isn't. Identify what type of symbols these steps need. Step 1: Ask the user to input two numbers Output Step 2: Input two numbers. Input the store ina variable Step 3: Check if the first number is larger than the second. If first > second Output the first number if itis. Output first number Step 4: CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL IT: COURSEBOOK case * result = valuel ~ vaiues CASE "#": result = valuel * values CASE "/": result = valuel / value2 CASE DEFAULT: OUTPUT "Invalid symbo1" Step S: Output the second number if it js Output second number Yes ‘scum FTPUT nun uma? our No | cureurmina eeemee eeee Figure 4.29: Flowchart-Compare two numbers. Figure 4.29: Flowchart-Compare two numbers Bs Scanned with CamScannerConvert the flowchart into pseudocode. Write each line separately. Only one value can be input atatime Replace Is with an IF statement. oorPuT "Enter two nunbers INPUT nun INPUT nun2 YP mum) > mum? THEN ourpuT num ELSE ourPUT nunz ENDIF Questions 9 How many arrows must come out of a selection symbol in a flowchart? 10 Define selection. 11 13956 >= 8567 12 Is 123 != 123? 13 = 662 Piteron Wa cnUEnacnes? Describe the stages in the flowchart opposite. Convert the flowchart in part 1 into pseudocode. An algorithm needs to take three numbers 3s input, and output the smallest. Draw a flowchart for this algorithm. Convert your flowchart {rom part 3 into pseudocode. An algorithm needs to take two numbers as input, then subtract the smallest from the largest. Create a pseudocode algorithm for the problem using an IF statement. Replace the IF statement in task 5 with a SELECT CASE statement. 4. Algorithme and flowcharts CONTINUED (OUTPUT Ex OUTPUT Morr Figure 4,30: Flovichart with comments, Loops ‘A loop means repetition: doing the same thing several times. Its technical term is iteration, iteration: a loop to repeat a section of code for a fixed number of times or until a required ‘outcome is achieved Re ET 6 > —— Scanned with CamScannerE90 are mainly used in two scenarios 6 ie ee You want to repeat the SOUS. THis might be 10 times or sec uimecahore Court Variable that stores a valug), This ine count-controlled loo 2 Nou don’t know the number of times, but want to keep go) 'g until something happens. Thi trolled loop, isa condition-coy the mcontrolled loop: a loop where you know. the number of times it will ros Count controlled Flowcharts number of repetiti loops). The counter will be a v: the loop, the counter needs to (usually 0 or 1). Then inside t Reed to increment the counte (the number of ‘ariable. Before you start fhe code that loops, you (this means add 1 to it), be set to the starting value Pseudocode A.roR lonp is a count-controlled loo know what number to start with, a The loop increments the number ¢; OU ne ind whey yt ACH time | Ou increment: add 1 to something a FOR loop: a count-controlled loop ae In this example, the variable counter start dant continues until itis 9. FOR counter = 0 to $ OUTPUT counter NEXT counter An algorithm needs marks of its student: Draw to ask the user to inp: sand then output the flowchart for the algorithm, Start by identifying the steps required. Step: Repeat 10 times Step2: Ask the user to input a mark. Step 3: Input the mark. Step4: Add the mark to a total Step: Afterall the marks are entered, cl [om ] the average, Sten6: Ourput the average. . Kdentify what type of symbols these steps need Loop 10 times 7 Step2: Ask the user to input a mack Step3 Input the mark. ‘igure 4.31: Flowchart with counter. me priate. -3t Clocio ——_ Input and store in variable In his example, the counter variables num. numisset 4g | Step: Add the mark to a total Start at 0. Following the arrows, it keeps increasing ty Add input t0 total seu until num is greater than 5, at which point the alge BOP AS saat oe etd, stops average. Total divided by 10 Step 6; Output the average. Output R Scanned with CamScanner4 Algorithms and flowcharts | curpur “emer I |] Figure 4.32: Flowchart-Caleulating average. else se ata) Convert the flowchart into pseudocode. Write each line separately. Replace the count and selection with a FoR loop. FOR count 0 7010 “Enter a mark" ovr: INPUT mark total = total + mark EXT count verage = total / 10 OUTPUT average Questions 14 Whats iteration? 15. What is a count-controlled loop? 16 When is it appropriate to use a count- controlled loop? 17, What three elements do you need in a count- controlled loop? Ta ew Nenad 1 Describe the stages in this flowchart (OUTPUT counter 2 Convert the flowchart from part 1 into pseudocode, 3 Analgorithm needs to output the 12-times table using iteration. Create a flowchart for the algorithm. 4 An algorithm needs to ask the user how many numbers to output. The algorithm should then print out the numbers from 1 to that number input. Create a pseudocode algorithm for the problem. Condition controlled A condition-controlled loop has the same structure as a count-controlled loop, but it doesn't need a counting variable, because something else is controlling it. This could be controlled by an input from the user (you could Joop untit itis a valid input), or until a specific number is greater than another. Flowehart ‘The flowchart looks similar to a count controlled due to the condition, but it would be missing the variable counter and does not run a set number of times. 22) BO ee ee > Scanned with CamScannerure Flowchart with condition-contrlled loop 1 The following flowchart isan UNTIL loop. This is a type of The code inside the loop will the condition is at the end of alue * 2 repeats until -—— value = value * 2 example of a REPEAT condition controlled loop. always run once because the code. So the statement i the value is >= 109, I No Figure 4.35: Flovichart with concltion-controlled loop 2 in this examp! keeps on going until the number is example, the loop keeps on going until mi i is variable value is greater than or equal 10 100, in > CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL IT: COURSEBOOK Pseudocode Joop is a condition-co; the condition is 4, ntrolle rug, op REPEAT UNTIL loop: a condition I “cont that runs until the condition is try le WHILE loop: a condition- controlled jo, runs while the condition i is true In this example the looy enters an age greater th age = 0 P will continue unti} han or equal to 18, Use WHILE age < 18 INPUT age ENDWHILE, In this example, the loo; greater than 100, value = 2 P Continues until loo» WHILE value <= 199 value = value + value ENDWHILE, An algorithm needs to continually ask the Pe input numbers, and add them to a total, untit 'S more than 100, then output the total Draw a flowchart for the algorithm, Start by identifying the steps required. Step 1s Repeat until the total is more tha! Step2: Ask the user to input a number. Step3: Input the number, Step: Add the number to the total. } Step S: When total is more than 100, out? total, fi Tdentify what type of symbols these stePs mot Step 1: Repeat until the total is more tht? Loop untit total > 100 _d Scanned with CamScanner4 Algorithms and flowcharts LD vestion 48 When should a condition-controlled loop be used? step 2: 8 umber. step2: Ask the user to input a nur Dutput eur —s PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 4.04 step 3: Input the number. eng 1 Describe the stages this flowchart follows. Step4: Add the number to the total Process ~ add number total Step S: When total is more than 100, output the waewe total Output —— = cone |, <0 ‘OUTPUT Enera total = total + number oH Figure 4.37: Flowchart with control loop. lowchar-Totalling number with control nes 2 Convert the flowchart into pseudocode. 3 Analgorithm needs to ask the user to input a number between 100 and 200. Keep asking the user for the number until Convert the flowchart into pseudocode. Draw a flowchart for the algorithm Replace the selection condition with a wire loop. 4 Analgorithm stores a number. The user hhas to guess what this number is. They total = 0 i keep guessing until they get it correct. MAILE total < 100 The algorithm then outputs the number of ourpur “Enter a number" guesses the user took. mur nunber total teed + munber Write a pseudocode algorithm for this problem. ENDWHILE ourrur total 6 ) Scanned with CamScanner> CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL IT: COURSEBOOK String Manipulation Strings are col Hections of ter ra d Pumbers The ters, characters ani are represented by tech marks, this is bee; i NY spe s Word -yat the Variable vaiue incites” from the You may need to manipula one or m: ulate strings, for example get Command [Dalai ISA length(string) Returns the | length("Hello" In this example. the four diits of the ye. extracted from the string and outpyy °°! (1, san rt length of the | would gives Figure 4.38: Flowchart to extract yeer fom » string pseudocode. char(string, Returns the char("Hello®, 0) The a: Hi ‘ }€ statements are the same seudocode, ttt Ca pees give »H» coc characterNum in the string mid(string, Returns mid("Hello",1,2) peeoderoes anumchars | |woiltavetal numChars) or | number of | substring(string, | characters | startingChar, from | numChars) startingChar in the string ———— upperstring) | Converts upper("Hello| string to would give capitals "HELLO* lower(string) converts lower("Hellon) string to would give lowercase hellon ee tien able 4.3: String manipulators written without the boxes. A program is needed to input a word fro: and then output alternate letters starting ws = letter. Draw a flowchart for the algorithm, Start by identifying the steps requires. Step i: As the user to input a word. Step 2: Input a word and store it ina var Step 3: Count the number of lette Step: Seta counter to start with the let Position 0, Step 8: Increase the counter by 2 each ti the loop. Step 6 Output the letter of the counter it : , ic oreater ths?” Step 7 Loop until the counter is greate™ equal to the number of letters aah Scanned with CamScannerdentify what type of symbols these steps need. step 1: Ask the user to input a word. Output Step2: Input a word and store it in a variable, Input and store in a variable Step 3: Count the number of letters in the word. Find length of the word Step 4: Set a counter to start with letter 0. Process set counter to be 0 ‘Step $: Increase the counter by 2 each time through. the loop. Process, counter = counter +2 Step 6: Output the letter of the counter in the loop. Get mid at position counter Step 7: Loop until the counter is greater than the number of letters. Loop until counter > length ‘OUTPUT “Enea wordLength = lengtvord) ‘ourPut iwordhength count counter = counar + 2 Figure 4.39: Flowchart with mid command l TS Le 4 Algs ms and flowcharts Pvoncocuuree nvert the lowehart into pseudocod oop with a FOR loop ({rom 0 to wordlength) but it needs to add 2 each time. ovTPuT “Enter a word" INPUT word wordLength = Length (word) FOR counter = 0 TO wordbength OUTPUT mid(wordLength, count: ae counter = counter + 1 NEXT counter Question 19 Wha number is the first character in a string? eUeNW Aes \ViTY 4.07 1 Describe the stages in the flowchart in Figure 4.40. 2. Analgorithm is needed to ask the user how many letters they want to enter. The program should then ask the user to enter that many letters, concatenate them and output the result. Draw a flowchart for the algorithm. ‘An algorithm takes the date of a month a user was born, the name of the month, and the year. It creates a date of birth in the form DD/MMIYYYY and outputs this. Create a pseudocode algorithm for the problem. n> Scanned with CamScannerSubroutines A subroutine i set of inst They have an identier (2 other pacts ofthe ‘control passes Tuctions that a ‘ame rogram, Wh back 10 where it hat called it, ye program t in tothe pr - control back (oto the program that call: Im 3 Mew about fUNCTIONS. OF Use t 1 subroutine. ca ret not need 10) b chaptet not the om at itis ly form of dure: a type of subroutine that c wocedure: 8 Porn a value to the main program = of code the tnetn a separate ite of cade tifier and performs a task; SGtvalsenherein the code and returns Flowcharts Each subroutine is a separate fowehart, anc having a Start box, it has the name of the s. forexample, Figure 4.41: Subroutine identifi ne Natit sample, the subroutine is called OuiputTen Note that the symbot for a subroutine is similar toa Pach PO but has © pair of parallel ‘vertical lines Taide. The algoritnm stare at Start, the proses! ring oe LQNEHO to £0 19 Outpa e output “He cil the algorithm to go back to te where it runs Stop, OUTPUT eto: GD Figure 44 eae e lowchay 7g utruting Scanned with CamScanner4 Algorithms and flowcharts Pseudocode ay a In pseudocode, a subroutine still has an identifier. I C — = “ th the command PROCEDURE and ends with, starts | ERDPROCEDURE In this example, the procedure is called a . toto ttl qutpursersage(). The brackets identify it asa sl alae we Sproutine. The procedure outputs the words "e110 L—__ world" and then returns control, | PROCEDURE outputMessage() OUTPUT “Hello World" sw Pay, catutsinerten / |NDPROCEDURE A procedure is called by using the name of the procedure, for example, INPUT x cutputtieosage() cuTPUT "Finished" Procedures are declared at the top of the program, and (maaan) the main program beneath all the function calls. : Sen SS Parameters t—— \ You can send data to a subroutine; this data is called a parameter. INPUT number parameter: a piece of data that is sent toa subroutine ‘oun | curruriest / cextevate(ourber) L / Flowchart In this example, the main flowchart (in Figure 4.44) calls the subroutine (in Figure 4.43), calculate and sends it C= the value in number, The function calculate renames this as vaiue, It adds this to tota2 and outputs it before returning control to the main program. Is number No es Figure 4.44: Flowchart with condition loop calling calculate subroutine. \ : a) Scanned with CamScanner> Pseudocode Parameters ar “Tameters are identified within the by ets, In this example, Procedure), inpu then sends the main prog: iable number Of itself, Draw a flowchart for th Start by identify Step 1: his algorithm. # the steps required. User inputs a number, Step 2: Set the counter to 1 Step 3: Loop until the counter is the number entered, Step 4: If the number is even, call subroutine Step 5: Else if the number is odd, call subroutine Create a subroutine taking number as parameter. @ Multiply the parameter by itself, b Output the result Create a subroutine taking number as Parameter. @ Calculate the parameter to the power of itself, b Output the result. Identify what type of symbols these steps need. Step 1: User inputs a number Input number store in variable Step 2: Set counter to | Process counter = | Loop until counter is the number entered, Loop until counter = munber Step 4: If the number is even call subroutine Uf counter is even call multiply() Step 5: Else if the number is odd call subroutine else call powerof() Create a subroutine taking number as parameter, multiply (number) a Multiply the parameter by itself. Process number * number Step nd Procedure catculate, This is then added to total before being output. power Of(number) CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL IT: COURSEBOOK PROCEDURE calculate(value) total = total + value ourpuT total ENDPROCEDURE INPUT number calculate(number) b Output the result Output result Create a subroutine taking number as para @ Calculate the parameter to the power o Process number * number b Output the result, Output result Draw the flowchart for the subroutines, PowerOtnumber 1 resuit= number *nunbsr | i] Fesult= number * number i | 1 re 4.45: Subroutine flowcharts. Flare 4-45: Subroutine flowcharts, Draw the flowchart for the main Program. tines 1g multiple sub(Ou A Scanned with CamScanner4 Algorithms and flowcharts Convert the subroutines and main program to pseudocode. Write each subroutine first, then the main program, PROCEDURE multiply (number PROCEDURE ply (number) EE result = number * number oF CUTEUT reeult ENDPROCEDURE, PROCEDURE powerOf (number) recult = nunber * number Inputcrice OUTPUT result counter = 2 WHILE counter < number IF counter MOD 2 © 0 THEN _ wna sultiply (number) ELSE powerOf (number) ENDIF to ILE seco So nso Questions 20: What is a subroutine? 5 21, Why are subroutines used in programs? Cx) 22. What is a parameter? igure 4.48: Flowchart b, [ir Kener NOUN ANA Describe what the flowcharts a to d show. san Figure 4.49: Flowchart c Figure 4.47: Flowchart a 7 > Scanned with CamScannerNNO Ss PUT num OUTPUT rosut Step Figure 4.50: Flowchan d. 2 Convert the flowcharts in part 1 into pseudocode. 3 Create a program that asks the user whether they want to make word uppercase or lowercase. Create a procedure to turn a word uppercase and output it, and a second procedure to turn a word into lowercase and output it. Call the appropriate procedure for | which choice the user inputs. Draw a flowchart for the algorithm. | 4 Conver the flowchart {rom part 3 into | pseudocode. Nested construct ‘A nested construct is one construct (selection or iteration) inside of another construct (selection or iteration), For example, this could be a loop inside another loop, or a selection statement inside loop, or a selection statement inside another selection statement. You can even have multiple nested loops, with several selection statements je one loop. There is no end to the possibilities K CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL IT: COURSEBOO! vata construct: a control structure, such as ~ conditional statement nested loops: one construct that is ins another construct In this example (see the flowchart and the there is a nested loop; a WHILE loop inside do WHILE loop. = continue = epertNPUT \WHNLE continue = Faiee OUTPUT “Loop again?= continue = upper aneuT) MOLE continue 14 *yE8* or contin OUTPUT "Invalid option. Loop a9" continue = upper(INPUT) ENDWHILE ENDURTLE, ae Scanned with CamScanner4. Algorithms and flowcharts ‘A program needs to input the results for 100 students. Each student has 10 different results and the total needs to be output for each student, Create a flowchart for the algorithm. Start by identifying the steps required. Step 1: Loop through all 100 students. Step 2: Loop through all 10 results for each student. Step 3: Ask for the student's result. Step4: Input the student’s result. Step 5S: Add the result to their total. Step 6: Output the total at the end of each student's results. Identify what type of symbols these steps need. Step 1: Loop through all 100 students. Count-controlled loop Step 2: Loop through all 10 results for each student. Count-controlled loop Step 3: Ask for the student's result. Output Step 4: Input the student’s result. Input and store the result Step S: Add the result to their total. Process total = total + result Step 6: Output the total at the end of each student’s results uaentiomber = 1 ‘sudentiamber=elagertimeer + 1 stdentiomber > 100? input studectResat Output foe cata Convert the flowchart into pseudocode. Each loop is count controlled so replace with FoR loops. FOR studentiumber = 1 to 101 total = 0 FOR result = 1 to 12 ourpur “Enter " & studentiunber & *'s result " & result INPUT studentResult total = total + studentResult NEXT result ourpur "Total is* & total ENDWHILE Scanned with CamScannerCAMBRIDGE INTERNS oo ee uestion What isa nested statement? ‘an algorithm should ask the user i 1heY want to perform a calculations and shou! rng this until they S2¥ Ve rnehould ask them how 10 add together that quantity © + and output continue Then the progr many numbers they want t The program should input numbers, add them togete the result Draw a flowchart forthe algorithm should take a word as input from the user. Then take each letter inturn, and output it the number of times ofits | position in the alphabet. For example, '2 Pete output once, b” would be Output twice, and so on. 2. Analgorithm Create a pseudocode algorithm for the problem. Editing an algorithm/flowchart You need to be able to read an algoritiim, oF flowchart, ara be able to identify how to make changes (0 It ‘To do this, you need to work out what the algorithm does first. Do this by using test data to run the algorithm, follow each step and write down what happens. Then look atthe difference between what the algorithm did, and what you need to make it do iat! | Figure 4.53: Maze The following algorithm visits the yellow ©, th: green before moving to finish. Start facing FD2 RT90 FD4 RT90 FDS LT90 FDI RT90 FD2 L790 FD4 Edit the algorithm so it visits the yellow box and the Finish without visiting the green box ‘The algorithm can stay the same up to the yellow so repeat this: FD2 RTVO FD4 Contin te oct om thi Pit. Thee! different ways you could go, for example RTO FD7 Lr9o Scanned with CamScanner4 Algorithms and flowcharts “This Nowchart takes in a user's first name and svourite colour. It takes the first three letters of the first name, and the first three letters of the colour to create and output a username. InPUT eau th aitrename 3) T ‘remame = wsrname ‘majeaiout3) Figure 4.54: Flovichart-Create a username. Change the algorithm so that is gets the last three letters of the colour instead of the first three. The algorithm can stay the same up to where the letters are taken from the colour. This box was originally: username = username & mid(colous0,3) | Instead it needs to get the last three, so it needs, changing to: Username = username & mid(colour, length(colour)-4,3) Questions 24 This flowchart takes 10 numbers as input, adds them together and outputs the total Figure 4.55: Flowchart-Total 10 numbers. Change the flowchart so it inputs 20 numbers and adds them together. 25. This algorithm asks the user to input $0 numbers 1 finds the smallest number and multiplies it by itself before outputting it. smallest = 9999 FOR counter = 0 to 50 INPUT nunber Tf number < smallest THEN smallest = number ENDIF NEXT counter answer = smallest + amallest OUTPUT answer Change the algorithm so it finds the largest number and multiplies this by itself before outputting it Correcting an algorithm/ flowchart You may need to find an error in an algorithm such as a flowchart, To do this, you need to follow each step of the algorithm, performing the actions it instructs to find where it goes wrong. 7 > ~ Scanned with CamScannerCOURSEEOOK > CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL An algorithm should take three numbers as input, it should add together the two largest, and out Find the error in the algorithm, Figure 4.56: Flowchart with error Scanned with CamScannerRun the algorithm with all possible different types example data, for example, (0, num2 = 5, num = 3 (numt st), Output should be 15 ‘Test 1: num num? are the lan ‘Test 2: num! = 5, num2 = 3, nwm3 = 10 (numt and rgest), Output should be 1S (0, num3 = $ (num? and «put should be 1S mum are th Test sum’ are the largest), C “Test 1 Is numl > num? and num! > num3? Is mum2 > num3 Yes this is true, total = numi + num2 =10+5 OUTPUT IS correct Pec Acii ene MLNAcAaLC} Find the error(s) in this algorithm. counter 0 I 1 The algorithm should ask the user how many letters they want to enter, then let them enter that many letters. All the letters should be concatenated and output. 4 Algorithms and flowcharts est 2 Is numt > Is mum2 > num nd numl > num? No nel num? > numt’? No umd + num? = 103 m2 Ismumt > num OUTPUT 13 - Thi owt Cotal = num’ + num, the yes and no from the ts , they need swapping, sarried |. I shouted ha mL > num2? Box are in the wrong ordi ‘Test 3 Isnuml > num2 Is num? > num3 Is numl > num3? No t OUTPUT IS nel numt > num3? No nel num2 > num? Yes num + num2 = 5+ 10 correct word «word ‘ner =f seine Lo OUTPUT word Figure 4.57: Flowchart with errors. 81 Scanned with CamScannereee 4 Identify two wa: 7 ‘hut an algorithm can be expres 2 Numi the actions for these fowchart shapes Scanned with CamScanner