Operating System

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An operating system is the fundamental basis of all other application
programs. Operating system is an intermediary between the users and the
hardware.
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware among
application programs. The major services of an operating system are −

 Memory management
 Disk access
 Creating user interface
 Managing the different programs operating parallel
 Likewise, it controls and manage the hardware’s working

Applications of Operating System

Following are the major applications of an operating system −
 An operating system is accountable for the formation and
deletion of files and directories.
 An operating system manages the process of deletion,
suspension, resumption, and synchronization.
 An operating system manages memory space by allocation and
de-allocation.
 An operating system stores, organizes, and names and protects
the existing files.
  Further, an operating system manages all the components and
devices of the computers system including modems, printers,
plotters, etc.
 I n case, if any device fails, the operating system detects and
notify.
 An operating system protects from destruction as well as from
unauthorized use.
 An operating system facilitates the interface to user and
hardware.
Types of Operating System
Following are the major types of operating system −

 Disk Operating System (DOS)

 Windows Operating System
 Unix Operating System
Let us now discuss each operating system in detail.

Disk Operating System

MS-DOS is one of the oldest and widely used operating system. DOS is a set
of computer programs, the major functions of which are file management,
allocation of system resources, providing essential features to control
hardware devices.
DOS commands can be typed in either upper case or lower case.

Features of DOS
Following are the significant features of DOS −

 It is a single user system.

 It controls program.
 It is machine independence.
 It manages (computer) files.
 It manages input and output system.
 It manages (computer) memory.
 It provides command processing facilities.
 It operates with Assembler.
Types of DOS Commands
Following are the major types of DOS Command −
 Internal Commands − Commands such as DEL, COPY, TYPE,
etc. are the internal commands that remain stored in computer
memory.
  External Commands − Commands like FORMAT, DISKCOPY, etc.
are the external commands and remain stored on the disk.
Windows Operating System
The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system.
It is the most popular and simplest operating system; it can be used by any
person who can read and understand basic English, as it does not require
any special training.
However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various
application programs initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be
installed into the memory and then window can be executed.

Elements of Windows OS
Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

 Graphical User Interface

 Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
 Taskbar
 Start button
 Windows explorer
 Mouse button
 Hardware compatibility
 Software compatibility
 Help, etc.
Versions of Windows Operating System
Following are the different versions of Windows Operating System −

Version Year Version Year

Window 1.01 1985 Windows XP Professional x64 2005

Windows NT 3.1 1993 Windows Vista 2007

Windows 95 1995 Windows 7 2009

Windows 98 1998 Windows 8 2012

Windows 2000 2000 Windows 10 2015

Windows ME 2000 Windows Server 2016 2016

Windows XP 2001
Unix Operating System
The Unix Operating System is the earliest operating system developed in
1970s. Let us consider the following points relating to the Unix Operating
System −
 It is an operating system that has multitasking features.
 It has multiuser computer operating systems.
 It runs practically on every sort of hardware and provides
stimulus to the open source movement.
 It has comparative complex functionality and hence an untrained
user cannot use it; only the one who has taken training can use
this system.
 Another drawback of this system is, it does not give notice or
warn about the consequences of a user’s action (whether user’s
action is right or wrong).

Role of Computer in Today’s World

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In today’s world, for almost every activity whether personal (for example,
operating personal savings bank account) or business-related (for example,
selling any product or services); in some or the other way, we rely on the
computer system.
Due to the growing dependency on computers, every small and big
organizations and other business companies have started offering computer-
based service. Furthermore, the advancement of communications, electronic
service networks, and multimedia have opened a new door for corporates by
providing an effective way of business processing, payment transfer, and
service delivery.
Advantage]
]]]

Cost Cutting
A number of business are based online in recent times; therefore, there is no
need to open business branch in every city, rather having one centralized
inventory can make the business easier. There is no need to employ many
man-power.

Marketing
With the use of computer system with Internet facility, it is very simple to
make a business global in a given period of time. Website, email, social
media websites, online advertisements, etc. are the important tools of online
marketing.
Huge Transaction Capacity
A number of tasks are being done by computer including ticket booking to
money transactions; this increases the transaction capacity.

Huge Storage Capacity

Normally, most of the businesses need to store and maintain huge data and
other records; manually, it is very difficult to maintain, but the use of
computer not only increases the storage capacity, but also facilitates the
processing and retrieval of data anytime.

Improvement of Productivity & Efficiency

As most of the tasks in almost every industry has become automated, it has
now become much easier to manufacture a huge bulk of products in very
less time. Through computer technology, services also became faster and
easier.

High Accuracy
There is hardly any scope of errors in an automated system; however, if any
error occurs, it is largely a human error.

Ease of Data Sharing

Data sharing has now become very simple just the way it is simple to link
one computer system to another.

Competition
The applicability of computer technology has increased competition; now,
the customers can avail support 24x7.

Enhanced the Security System

Computer also helps keep the data of businesses secure. However, this
security can face threats too. For instance, if someone hacks the system or
there is a virus attack, it can have the potential to damage all the data that
is secured.
V

Basics of Computer Science - System

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A computer system is an integrated form of different components that work
together to give a desirable result. It has different component and each
works for a specific purpose; however, they generate a common result as
required by the user.
Components of Computer System
Let us now understand the following basic components of a computer
system.

 Hardware
 Software
 Humanware
 Firmware
 Bridgeware
Hardware
The physical components collectively form the hardware of a computer
system. Hardware comprises of the equipment that helps in the working
system of the computer.
Following are the different types of hardware components (which have
specific functions) −
 Monitor − It displays (visual) the result.
 CPU − It is the Central Processing Unit that controls the
computer’s functions and transmits data.
  Motherboard − It is mainly accountable to establish
communication between components and transmission of
information.
 RAM − It is the Random Access Memory and responsible for the
storage of programs that are currently running and also stores
data temporarily.
 Hard Disk Drive − It is a permanent memory storage device.
 Floppy Disk Drive − It is hardly being used in recent times.
 Optical disks − It is a device that also store data. For example,
CD, DVD, etc.
Input & Output Device
The following table categorically lists down the input and output device −

Input Device Output Device Input Device Output Device

Mouse Monitor Microphone Speaker

Keyboard Printer Camera Earphone

Scanner Projector Trackball Monitor

Touchpad Plotter Joystick Monitor

Software
The hardware components can only function when software components are
added to the computer system. Software is a program that performs
different commands given by a user.
Software is an intangible part of hardware and controls the sequence of
operations.

Types of Software
Depending on the basic features and functionality, software can be
categorized as −

 Operating Systems (OS)

 Application Software (AS)
 E-accessibility Software
Let us now discuss the software components in brief.

Operating System
This software helps to load the basic program automatically as soon as the
computer is started. Following are the major types of operating system −
 Operating Software Examples

Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, etc.

Mac OS X Panther, Cheetah, Snow leopard,

etc.

Linux Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Knoppix,

etc.

Application Software
The software, which can be used on an installed operating system, is known
as application software. Following are the significant examples of application
software −

Application Software Examples

Office programs Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, LibreOffice, etc.

Web browser Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google

Chrome, Opera, Safari, etc.

Antivirus Program Norton, McAfee, Quick Heal, Avira, Kaspersky,

etc.

E-accessibility Software
The E-accessibility software components additional facilities to users such as
−

 Voice recognition software

 Screen reader
 Magnifying tool
 On-screen keyboard
 Video games
 Learning software, etc.

Programming Languages
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The computer system is simply a machine and hence it cannot perform any
work; therefore, in order to make it functional different languages are
developed, which are known as programming languages or simply computer
languages.
Over the last two decades, dozens of computer languages have been
developed. Each of these languages comes with its own set of vocabulary
and rules, better known as syntax. Furthermore, while writing the computer
language, syntax has to be followed literally, as even a small mistake will
result in an error and not generate the required output.
Following are the major categories of Programming Languages −

 Machine Language
 Assembly Language
 High Level Language
 System Language
 Scripting Language
Let us discuss the programming languages in brief.

Machine Language or Code

This is the language that is written for the computer hardware. Such
language is effected directly by the central processing unit (CPU) of a
computer system.

Assembly Language
It is a language of an encoding of machine code that makes simpler and
readable.

High Level Language

The high level language is simple and easy to understand and it is similar to
English language. For example, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, C, C+, Python, etc.
High-level languages are very important, as they help in developing complex
software and they have the following advantages −
 Unlike assembly language or machine language, users do not
need to learn the high-level language in order to work with it.
 High-level languages are similar to natural languages, therefore,
easy to learn and understand.
 High-level language is designed in such a way that it detects the
errors immediately.
 High-level language is easy to maintain and it can be easily
modified.
 High-level language makes development faster.
 High-level language is comparatively cheaper to develop.
 High-level language is easier to document.
Although a high-level language has many benefits, yet it also has a
drawback. It has poor control on machine/hardware.
The following table lists down the frequently used languages −

Hardware and Software

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The following table highlights the points that differentiate a hardware from a
software.

Hardware Software

It is the physical component of a computer system. It is the

programmi
ng
language
that makes
hardware
functional.

It has the permanent shape and structure, which cannot be It can be

modified. modified
and
reused, as
it has no
permanent
shape and
structure.

The external agents such as dust, mouse, insects, humidity, The

heat, etc. can affect the hardware (as it is tangible). external
agents
such as
dust,
mouse,
insects,
humidity,
heat, etc.
cannot
affect (as it
is not
tangible).

It works with binary code (i.e., 1’s to 0’s) . It functions

with the
help of
high level
language
like
COBOL,
BASIC,
JAVA, etc.

It takes in only machine language, i.e., lower level language. It takes in

higher
level
language,
easily
readable
by a
human
being.

It is not affected by the computer bug or virus. It is

affected by
the
computer
bug or
 virus.

It cannot be transferred from one place to other It can

electronically. transfer
from one
place to
other
electronica
lly.

Duplicate copy of hardware cannot be created. A user can

create
copies of a
software
as many
as he
wishes.

Hardware and Software

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The following table highlights the points that differentiate a hardware from a
software.

Hardware Software

It is the physical component of a computer system. It is the

programmi
ng
language
that makes
hardware
functional.

It has the permanent shape and structure, which cannot be It can be

modified. modified
and
reused, as
it has no
permanent
shape and
structure.

The external agents such as dust, mouse, insects, humidity, The

heat, etc. can affect the hardware (as it is tangible). external
 agents
such as
dust,
mouse,
insects,
humidity,
heat, etc.
cannot
affect (as it
is not
tangible).

It works with binary code (i.e., 1’s to 0’s) . It functions

with the
help of
high level
language
like
COBOL,
BASIC,
JAVA, etc.

It takes in only machine language, i.e., lower level language. It takes in

higher
level
language,
easily
readable
by a
human
being.

It is not affected by the computer bug or virus. It is

affected by
the
computer
bug or
virus.

It cannot be transferred from one place to other It can

electronically. transfer
from one
place to
other
electronica
lly.
 Duplicate copy of hardware cannot be created. A user can
create
copies of a
software
as many
as he
wishes.

Hardware and Software

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The following table highlights the points that differentiate a hardware from a
software.

Hardware Software

It is the physical component of a computer system. It is the

programmi
ng
language
that makes
hardware
functional.

It has the permanent shape and structure, which cannot be It can be

modified. modified
and
reused, as
it has no
permanent
shape and
structure.

The external agents such as dust, mouse, insects, humidity, The

heat, etc. can affect the hardware (as it is tangible). external
agents
such as
dust,
mouse,
insects,
humidity,
heat, etc.
cannot
affect (as it
is not
 tangible).

It works with binary code (i.e., 1’s to 0’s) . It functions

with the
help of
high level
language
like
COBOL,
BASIC,
JAVA, etc.

It takes in only machine language, i.e., lower level language. It takes in

higher
level
language,
easily
readable
by a
human
being.

It is not affected by the computer bug or virus. It is

affected by
the
computer
bug or
virus.

It cannot be transferred from one place to other It can

electronically. transfer
from one
place to
other
electronica
lly.

Duplicate copy of hardware cannot be created. A user can

create
copies of a
software
as many
as he
wishes.
 Analog and Digital
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The following table highlights the basic differences between analog and
digital −

Analog Digital

It
functions
on
Its functions on physical analog system.
discrete
numbers
system.

The calculations in this system are primarily converted to The

equations and later converted into electrical signals. calculatio
ns in this
system
are
converted
into
binary
numbers
(i.e., 1s
and 0s).

To
function,
it
To function, it requires physical analog.
requires
discrete
numbers.

It gives
output in
the form
It gives output in the form of ‘graph’.
of
discrete
values.

Accuracy comparatively is less. Accuracy

is very
high.
Performs at a low speed. It
performs
at a very
high
speed.

Difficult to make changes, as it is less flexible. It is

highly
flexible.

It has memory of low capacity. It has

memory
of high
capacity.

Its application is limited to certain applications. Its

applicatio
n is
applicabl
e to a
number
of
applicatio
ns.

It is hardly applicable for the business applications. It is very

much
suitable
for the
business
applicatio
ns.

It cannot process alpha-numeric data. It can

process
alpha-
numeric
data.

It requires RF technology. It
requires
IP
networkin
g.

Static channel assignment. Automati

c
 channels
exist as
required.

Operating System
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An operating system is the fundamental basis of all other application
programs. Operating system is an intermediary between the users and the
hardware.
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware among
application programs. The major services of an operating system are −

 Memory management
 Disk access
 Creating user interface
 Managing the different programs operating parallel
 Likewise, it controls and manage the hardware’s working

Applications of Operating System

Following are the major applications of an operating system −
  An operating system is accountable for the formation and
deletion of files and directories.
 An operating system manages the process of deletion,
suspension, resumption, and synchronization.
 An operating system manages memory space by allocation and
de-allocation.
 An operating system stores, organizes, and names and protects
the existing files.
 Further, an operating system manages all the components and
devices of the computers system including modems, printers,
plotters, etc.
 In case, if any device fails, the operating system detects and
notify.
 An operating system protects from destruction as well as from
unauthorized use.
 An operating system facilitates the interface to user and
hardware.
Types of Operating System
Following are the major types of operating system −

 Disk Operating System (DOS)

 Windows Operating System
 Unix Operating System
Let us now discuss each operating system in detail.

Disk Operating System

MS-DOS is one of the oldest and widely used operating system. DOS is a set
of computer programs, the major functions of which are file management,
allocation of system resources, providing essential features to control
hardware devices.
DOS commands can be typed in either upper case or lower case.

Features of DOS
Following are the significant features of DOS −

 It is a single user system.

 It controls program.
 It is machine independence.
 It manages (computer) files.
 It manages input and output system.
 It manages (computer) memory.
  It provides command processing facilities.
 It operates with Assembler.
Types of DOS Commands
Following are the major types of DOS Command −
 Internal Commands − Commands such as DEL, COPY, TYPE,
etc. are the internal commands that remain stored in computer
memory.
 External Commands − Commands like FORMAT, DISKCOPY, etc.
are the external commands and remain stored on the disk.
Windows Operating System
The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system.
It is the most popular and simplest operating system; it can be used by any
person who can read and understand basic English, as it does not require
any special training.
However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various
application programs initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be
installed into the memory and then window can be executed.

Elements of Windows OS
Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

 Graphical User Interface

 Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
 Taskbar
 Start button
 Windows explorer
 Mouse button
 Hardware compatibility
 Software compatibility
 Help, etc.
Versions of Windows Operating System
Following are the different versions of Windows Operating System −

Version Year Version Year

Window 1.01 1985 Windows XP Professional x64 2005

Windows NT 3.1 1993 Windows Vista 2007

 Windows 95 1995 Windows 7 2009

Windows 98 1998 Windows 8 2012

Windows 2000 2000 Windows 10 2015

Windows ME 2000 Windows Server 2016 2016

Windows XP 2001

Unix Operating System

The Unix Operating System is the earliest operating system developed in
1970s. Let us consider the following points relating to the Unix Operating
System −
 It is an operating system that has multitasking features.
 It has multiuser computer operating systems.
 It runs practically on every sort of hardware and provides
stimulus to the open source movement.
 It has comparative complex functionality and hence an untrained
user cannot use it; only the one who has taken training can use
this system.
 Another drawback of this system is, it does not give notice or
warn about the consequences of a user’s action (whether user’s
action is right or wrong)

Basics of Computer Science - Internet

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Internet is a system that interconnects the different computer systems
across the world. It uses the Internet protocol suite to link devices located in
different corners of the world.
The Internet system carries an extensive range of information resources and
services including World Wide Web (WWW), telephony, electronic mail, etc. It
uses standard internet protocols, such as TCP/IP and HTTP, etc.
An internal web comprises of all Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) nodes on
a private network; for example, an organization’s LAN or WAN.

Features of Internet
Let us now discuss the features of Internet. The features are described below
−
Accessibility
An Internet is a global service and accessible to all. Today, people located in
a remote part of an island or interior of Africa can also use Internet.

Easy to Use
The software, which is used to access the Internet (web browser), is
designed very simple; therefore, it can be easily learned and used. It is easy
to develop.

Interaction with Other Media

Internet service has a high degree of interaction with other media. For
example, News and other magazine, publishing houses have extended their
business with the help of Internet services.

Low Cost
The development and maintenance cost of Internet service are
comparatively low.

Extension of Existing IT Technology

This facilitates the sharing of IT technology by multiple users in organizations
and even facilitates other trading partners to use.

Flexibility of Communication
Communication through Internet is flexible enough. It facilitates
communication through text, voice, and video too. These services can be
availed at both organizational and individual levels.

Security
Last but not the least, Internet facility has to a certain extent helped the
security system both at the individual and national level with components
such as CCTV camera, etc.

Internet Software
Internet Software comprises of all the tools needed for networking through
computer. Following are a few important components of the Internet
Software −

 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

 Dialer Software
 Interment Browser
Internet Applications
Internet applications are server-based applications. Following are a few
Internet Applications −
  World Wide Web (WWW)
 Electronic mail (e-mail)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Telnet (i.e., log-in to the computer located remotely)
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) (Real time video chatting)
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V

Types of Computer
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All the computers that are developed are not alike rather they have different
designs and features. Some computers have very high capacity as well as
working speed; however, some are slow. Depending upon the requirements,
computers are being developed.

Types of Computer
Depending upon the internal structure and subsequent features and
applicability, computer system is categorized as follows −

Mainframe Computer
It is high capacity and costly computer. It is largely used by big organizations
where many people can use it simultaneously.

Super Computer
This category of computer is the fastest and also very expensive. A typical
supercomputer can solve up to ten trillion individual calculations per second.

Workstation Computer
The computer of this category is a high-end and expensive one. It is
exclusively made for complex work purpose.
Personal Computer (PC)
It is a low capacity computer developed for single users.

Apple Macintosh (Mac)

It is a sort of personal computer manufactured by Apple company.

Laptop computer (notebook)

It is a handy computer that can be easily carried anywhere.
Tablet and Smartphone
Modern technology has advanced further. It has helped develop computers
that are pocket-friendly. Tablets and smartphones are the best examples of
such computer.

Types of Computer
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All the computers that are developed are not alike rather they have different
designs and features. Some computers have very high capacity as well as
working speed; however, some are slow. Depending upon the requirements,
computers are being developed.

Types of Computer
Depending upon the internal structure and subsequent features and
applicability, computer system is categorized as follows −

Mainframe Computer
It is high capacity and costly computer. It is largely used by big organizations
where many people can use it simultaneously.

Super Computer
This category of computer is the fastest and also very expensive. A typical
supercomputer can solve up to ten trillion individual calculations per second.
Workstation Computer
The computer of this category is a high-end and expensive one. It is
exclusively made for complex work purpose.

Personal Computer (PC)

It is a low capacity computer developed for single users.

Apple Macintosh (Mac)

It is a sort of personal computer manufactured by Apple company.

Laptop computer (notebook)

It is a handy computer that can be easily carried anywhere.
Tablet and Smartphone
Modern technology has advanced further. It has helped develop computers
that are pocket-friendly. Tablets and smartphones are the best examples of
such computer.

Computer Networking Terminology

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In this chapter, we will discuss the major terminologies used in computer
networking −

WAN
It stands for Wide Area Network and covers a wide area such as a city.

LAN
It stands for Local Area Network and covers a small area such as a small
office or home. It physically connects all the computers located in the
premises.

Internet
It is a computer network system that connects the computers of the world. It
is normally connecting through WAN and LAN.

Intranet
It is a close room computer network system, as it covers a small area and
only authorized people can access it.

Extranet
It is also a sort of Internet the access to which is granted only to a few.

World Wide Web (WWW)

It is the service that is used on Internet to view and search contents (in the
form of web-pages).

Instant messaging (IM)

It is an online facility that facilitates us to chat or talk. Such service is
provided by Skype, Google Talk, Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo Messenger,
etc.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

It is a Protocol, which is used especially for voice transfer over IP network.
Likewise, it facilitates users to make phone-calls by using internet.

Really Simple Syndication (RSS)

It is a technique, which is used for the dissemination of information, articles,
etc. Users normally subscribe to the RSS channel in order to receive news.
After subscription, users do not need to visit the respective website rather
they receive emails regarding the same.

Web log
It is a sort of online inventory (normally on a specialized topics) that consists
of a series of entries. These entries are arranged in opposite chronological
order. The person who maintains the weblog regularly update it with a new
information.

Podcast
It is a digital file that normally contains audio or video record and is available
on the Internet as well.

Social networking websites

It refers to the websites that facilitate users with a common platform where
they can share their message (in text, audio, or even video form), images,
videos, etc. For example, Facebook, Google+, Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace,
etc.

Chat Rooms
It is a dedicated area on the Internet that facilitates users to communicate.

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

It is a technical expression for public telephone system.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

It is a set of communication standards that transmits voice, video, data, and
other network services simultaneously.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

It is a sort of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology that facilitates faster
data transmission.

Download
It is a process that saves data from Internet onto a personal computer.

Upload
It is a process that transfers the saved data from a personal computer to
Internet server.

Dial-up
It is a technique in which a phone line is used in order to connect to the
Internet.

Broadband
It is a wide bandwidth data transmission that transports multiple signals and
traffic types swiftly.
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Basics of Computer Science - Applications

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A number of tasks in today’s world is computer based - filling an application,
transferring fund, or doing online business everything can be done through
computer application.
Easily accessible and user friendly, computer applications process the
required transactions very quickly and accurately.
Computer applications are designed in such a simple manner that no
qualification or training is required to use it; any person who can read and
write can use computer application.

Uses of Computer Applications

In this section, we will discuss the different computer applications and their
uses.

 On-line Application
 Real Time Application
 Business Application
Online Applications
Today, most of the applications are being accepted online, whether it is for
opening a bank account, filling admission form, filling job application, etc.
Following are the important forms of online applications −

Banking
Most of the banks are interlinked through computer networking and offer
core banking facilities. Computer networking helps maintain accounts online,
offers net banking facility, makes available online transactions facility, and
offers digital signature facility, the biggest advantage being that ATM
machines can dispense money anytime, etc.

Ticket Booking
Ticket booking has become easier with computer networking. Flight ticket,
railway ticket, and even bus ticket can be booked online with simple and
easy steps.

Passport Application
If you want to apply for a new passport, you can do it by yourself online.
Besides, you can also apply for other essential documents online such as
PAN card, Aadhaar Card, etc.

Job Application
Today, most of the applications (private as well as government) are being
filled online. Many of the organizations also conduct competitive exams
leading to employment online.

Admission Application
Most of the schools and universities have made their admission applications
available online; they also accept fees online.

Real-time Application
Real-time application is a computer based application program that functions
in a given period of time. Or in other words, in a given period of time, a user
has to perform certain functions before the time lapses.
For example, if you are making online transactions, then you have to provide
the required information in a given time framework or else you will miss the
chance.
Following are significant examples of real-time application −

Videoconferencing
With this technology, people can connect with each other visually from
different places.

VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol)

This technology helps to make telephone calls over digital computer
networks.

E-commerce transactions
This technology helps in buying and selling products over the digital
computer network.

Online banking
Online banking is virtual banking from any place with the help of computer
networks.

Instant messaging
This is where messages can be exchanged over the Internet instantly.

Online gaming
This enables playing of games partially or completely over the Internet.

Business Application
Different businesses have different computer applications; however, a few
applications such as for maintaining the data base (of respective business),
keeping employees’ records, offering online business facilities, online
promotions, etc. are the common features of almost every business
organization.
As such, introduction of computer technology has made business easier,
simpler, and accessible 24×7.
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Generations of Computer
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The development of computer systems is normally discussed as the
development over different generations.
With the succession of different generations, came the advancement in
computer technology.

Computer Generations
Let us now discuss the development in Computer Technology over the
different generations.

First Generation
 The period 1940 to 1956, roughly considered as the First
Generation of Computer.
 The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum
tube or thermionic valve machine.
  The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper
tape; however, the output was displayed on printouts.
 The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept
(i.e., language of 0-1). Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, etc.

Second Generation
 The period 1956 to 1963 is roughly considered as the period of
Second Generation of Computers.
 The second generation computers were developed by using
transistor technology.
 In comparison to the first generation, the size of second
generation was smaller.
 In comparison to computers of the first generation, the
computing time taken by the computers of the second generation
was lesser.
Third Generation
 The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of
Third Generation of computers.
 The third generation computers were developed by using the
Integrated Circuit (IC) technology.

 In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the

size of the computers of the third generation was smaller.
  In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the
computing time taken by the computers of the third generation
was lesser.
 The third generation computer consumed less power and also
generated less heat.
 The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation
was also low.
 The computer system of the computers of the third generation
was easier for commercial use.
Fourth Generation
 The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth
generation of computers.
 The fourth generation computers were developed by using
microprocessor technology.

 By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in

size, it became portable.
 The machine of fourth generation started generating very low
amount of heat.
 It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.
 The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the
previous generation.
 It became available for the common people as well.
Fifth Generation
 The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as
the period of fifth generation of computers.
 By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on
the basis of hardware only, but the fifth generation technology
also included software.
 The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and
large memory capacity.
 Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple
tasks could be performed simultaneously.
  Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth
generation include Artificial intelligence, Quantum computation,
Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc.

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Data Processing
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Collection, manipulation, and processing collected data for the required use
is known as data processing. It is a technique normally performed by a
computer; the process includes retrieving, transforming, or classification of
information.
However, the processing of data largely depends on the following −

 The volume of data that need to be processed

 The complexity of data processing operations
 Capacity and inbuilt technology of respective computer system
 Technical skills
 Time constraints
Methods of Data Processing
Let us now discuss the different methods of data processing.

 Single user programming

 Multiple programming
 Real-time processing
 On-line processing
 Time sharing processing
 Distributed processing
Single User Programming
It is usually done by a single person for his personal use. This technique is
suitable even for small offices.

Multiple Programming
This technique provides facility to store and execute more than one program
in the Central Processing Unit (CPU) simultaneously. Further, the multiple
programming technique increases the overall working efficiency of the
respective computer.

Real-time Processing
This technique facilitates the user to have direct contact with the computer
system. This technique eases data processing. This technique is also known
as the direct mode or the interactive mode technique and is developed
exclusively to perform one task. It is a sort of online processing, which
always remains under execution.

On-line Processing
This technique facilitates the entry and execution of data directly; so, it does
not store or accumulate first and then process. The technique is developed in
such a way that reduces the data entry errors, as it validates data at various
points and also ensures that only corrected data is entered. This technique is
widely used for online applications.

Time-sharing Processing
This is another form of online data processing that facilitates several users to
share the resources of an online computer system. This technique is adopted
when results are needed swiftly. Moreover, as the name suggests, this
system is time based.
Following are some of the major advantages of time-sharing processing −

 Several users can be served simultaneously

  All the users have almost equal amount of processing time
 There is possibility of interaction with the running programs
Distributed Processing
This is a specialized data processing technique in which various computers
(which are located remotely) remain interconnected with a single host
computer making a network of computer.

All these computer systems remain interconnected with a high speed

communication network. This facilitates in the communication between
computers. However, the central computer system maintains the master
data base and monitors accordingly.
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Basics of Computer Science - Networking

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A computer networking is a process of connecting two more than two
computers with the purpose to share data, provide technical support, and to
communicate (especially for the business purpose.
Internet is the technology that is used to connect different computer systems
(located in different geographic location). Networking technology has
revolutionized the world and created a new arena for the overall
development of every nation.

Advantages of Networking
Let us now discuss the advantages of networking. The advantages are
described below −

Facility of Technical Support

Because of having computer networking, a person sitting in the United
States of America provides technical support to a person sitting in a remote
part of India.

Easy Sharing of Data

With the help of networking, it is very simple to share all formats of digital
data from one computer system to another (irrespective of their geographic
location).

Easy Sharing of Hardware Resource

With the help of networking, it has now become very simple to share the
expensive resources including storage space, processor, fax, etc.

Easy Sharing Software

Through the networking system, it is easy to share and install the software
from one computer system to another computer system.
Easy to Decentralize Data Processing
Through the networking system, it is very simple to decentralize the data
processing system. It ultimately helps to control, secure, and manage the
important data.

Easy to Communicate
With the help of networking, the communication system has now become
highly efficient, frugal, and fast. The different modes of communication are
text chatting, video chatting, emails, etc.

Types of Network
In this section, we will discuss the different types of network. The types are
described below −

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network
Local Area Network or simply LAN is the technique of interconnecting a few
computers located in a given premise. It is normally used for a single
business office or a residential apartment.
The major purpose of such interconnectivity is to establish a communication
system in order to make the work easier.
However, in such connectivity, some other devices can also be attached such
as laser printers, fax machine, etc.

Metropolitan Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network or simply MAN is a system of network that
normally covers a large metropolitan area (city part).
It provides high speed Internet services throughout the area covered within
the network.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Network or simply WAN is a system of network that covers a large
geographical area across the world.
The services of WAN are provided by public (government) agencies as well
as private agencies. The network also provides the facility to access
databases located remotely.
The WAN system is highly beneficial for MNCs and other big corporate
companies (offering online services

Computer Related Jobs

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The fast computerization of every work and gradual dependency on
computer based work has exponentially opened a new arena of Information
technology for employment.
However, the IT field requires qualified and trained employees who can
design and develop a new information system.
Information technology has also helped in research and development and
has further developed new technologies. The IT employees emphasize on
planning, designing, developing, managing the work, and providing technical
support to various users.

Types of Computer Related Jobs

In recent times, a number of jobs have come up that are done with the
assistance of computer. We will discuss the different job titles performing
computer related jobs −

Programmer
A person who is qualified enough to write a creative code for the computer
program is known as Programmer.
The codes written by programmer are the instructions given to the computer
over what to do, how to do, when to do, etc.

There are dozens of languages, which are written by the different

programmers. E.g. Java, C, C++, python, Ajax, etc.

System Analyst
The job of a system analyst is highly classified and also very crucial.
A system analyst fundamentally designs, develops, and implements new
systems or adds some additional features in the existing system to give
instructions to perform additional tasks.
System analyst also specializes in fields such as engineering, science &
technology, finance, business, accounting, etc.

Database Administrator
A database administrator or simply DBA is a trained person who is
accountable for the storage of and management of the database system.
Network Administrator
Computer networking is another specialized field where a qualified person is
required.
A network administrator specializes in installing, configuring, and supporting
computer network system. Likewise, he manages the local area network,
wide area network, the Internet system or the segment of a network system
in the respective organization.
The job of a network administrator is a very crucial one as almost every
network in an organization requires at least one network administrator.

Web Designers
A web designer is an architect who designs an effective and communicative
website.
He places the images, contents, and other such information on right places
to make the website interactive and user friendly.

Information Security Analysts

This is one of the most significant jobs under which an Information Security
Analyst designs, implements, and supports the security system of a
computer or whole network.
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Electronic Commerce
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The advancement of computer technology and internet, domestic as well as
international businesses are being fascinated towards these technologies.
Today, most of the small or big businesses and domestic or international
businesses offer their products and services through Internet.
The business organizations these days have attractive and interactive
website through which they promote and market their business.
The facility of computer based technology and Internet collectively
integrates the fragmented markets by offering them a common arena.
Technology has further helped organizations in cost cutting and has also
helped reduce the cost of products and services.
Technology facilitates customers in buying products or services of their
requirement by sitting at home or any place.

What is Electronic Commerce?

Electronic commerce or simply ecommerce is normally a process that
involves facilitating the availability of products and services online. The users
can search, choose, sell, buy from a wide range of options through Internet.
The major activities of ecommerce are as follows −

 Selling products and services online (through internet)

 Buying products and services online
 Paying and accepting payment online
 Transaction of businesses and other services online
Features of E-Commerce
Following are the important features of ecommerce −

 It efficiently increases the business capability.

 It substantially reduces the cost.
 It perceptively increases the delivery services.
 It unbreakable solution of quick business transactions and office
automation.
 It potentially increases the intra-business functionality.
  It competently increases the business communication.
Types of E-Commerce
Following are the major types of e-commerce businesses −

Business-to-Business (B2B)
It is conducted between two business firms.

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
It is conducted between the business firm and the consumer.

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Consumer-to-consumer business deals happen between two consumers;
there are certain websites that facilitate a common platform to both the
consumers - one who wants to buy and one who wants to sell.

Benefits of E-Commerce
Let us now discuss the benefits of e-commerce −
 It facilitates free market.
 It is available 24×7.
 Its presence is global (there is no constrain of political boundary
as such).
 Set up cost is substantially low.
 It provides user-friendly technology.
 It offers multiple opportunity parallel and simultaneously.
 It provides frugal facilities to promote and market businesses.
 It has features to offer market research facility.
 It makes customer relations management easier.
 It facilitates the provision of 24×7 customer care services.
 It provides fund transfer facility domestically as well as
internationally with simple steps.
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Software Programming
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In order to make a computer functional, a set of instructions need to be
programmed, as these programmed languages are carriers to the
performance of a task.
Likewise, a computer accepts users’ instructions in the form of computer
programming and then carries out the given task.

Features of Software Programming

A computer program, which actually is a set of instructions and helps
computer to perform a specific task, has the following basic features −
 It ensures the given instructions are performed successfully.
 It ensures the given instructions are performed in sequential
order.
 Explains the input (data) given is correct or insufficient and
accordingly gives the result.
 It is written with high level language.
Steps to Development of Program
Development of programming language is entirely dependent on the kind of
problem and requirement. However, development of a programming
language normally (not essentially, but) includes the following steps −

Defining the Problem

This the first step, wherein the problem has to be defined.
Analysis of Task and Methods
Once the problem is defined, the developer analyzes and develops various
solutions in order to solve the problem and finally, the best feasible solution
is developed.

Development of Algorithm
Algorithm is a proper technique that illustrates the right solution in logical
and feasible steps. Algorithm is normally done in the form of flowcharts and
pseudo codes.

Verification of Algorithm
Once the algorithm is developed, it cannot be applied directly rather
primarily it needs to be tested specially for the accuracy. If there is any error,
it is rectified and solved in the beginning itself. The verification process
saves time, money, and energy.

Coding
Once the basic processes and steps are completed successfully, then the
actual coding of a program starts in the given programming language.

Testing of Program
Testing of the development of program code is another essential feature, as
it is bound with errors; hence, testing makes it error free. The developer
keeps testing and correcting the coding until he/she develops it finally.

Documentation
Once the coding and programming is done successfully, it is the job of the
developer to document all these features and steps. The documented
program instructs users on how to run and operate the respective program.

Implementation
Once the above steps are executed successfully, the developed codes
(programming language) are installed in the computer system for the end
users. The users are also manuals - explaining how to run the respective
programs.
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Algorithm Flowchart
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A flowchart is a blueprint that pictorially represents the algorithm and its
steps. The steps of a flowchart do not have a specific size and shape rather it
is designed in different shapes and sizes (see the image given below).

As shown in the above image, the boxes in different shapes and

interconnected with arrows, are logically making a flow chart. A flow-chart
represents the general steps in a process.

Benefits of Flowchart
Let us now discuss the benefits of a flowchart.

Simplify the Logic

As it provides the pictorial representation of the steps; therefore, it simplifies
the logic and subsequent steps.

Makes Communication Better

Because of having easily understandable pictorial logic and steps, it is a
better and simple way of representation.

Effective Analysis
Once the flow-chart is prepared, it becomes very simple to analyze the
problem in an effective way.

Useful in Coding
The flow-chart also helps in coding process efficiently, as it gives directions
on what to do, when to do, and where to do. It makes the work easier.

Proper Testing
Further, flowchart also helps in finding the error (if any) in program

Applicable Documentation
Last but not the least, a flowchart also helps in preparing the proper
document (once the codes are written).

Flow-Chart Symbols
The following table illustrates the symbols along with their names (used in a
flow-chart) −

Name Symbol Name Symbol

Flow Line Magnetic Disk

Terminal Communication Link

Processing Offline Storage

Decision Annotation

Connector Flow line

Document Off-Page Connector

Sample of Flow Chart

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Basics of Computer Science - Extranet

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An extranet is a sort of personalized service, which is controlled and
regulated by private network.
This personalized and controlled technology provides access only to
partners, vendors, and suppliers; sometimes, not essentially, but also to
some specific customers.
An extranet is a private network organization, which is actually the part of
respective company’s intranet and its services are extended to users outside
the company. Sometimes, it is also considered as a specialized technique to
practice business with other companies and selling products to the
customers.

In order to do business with other business partners, extranet technology

facilitates the intranet from one location to other and also provides security
to data flow.
An extranet service requires firewall server management in order to provide
security and privacy.

Features of Extranet Services

Following are the significant features of extranet services −
 Extranet is an extended Internet service to the private business
network.
 The services extend outside the corporate firewall.
 Sometimes, it can be referred to an Intranet, as it can be
(partially) accessible to some outsiders (with permission).
 The technique of extranet links two (or more) business
organizations who share common business goals.
Application of Extranet
Extranet can be applied for the following services −
 It facilitates collaborative business between two (or more)
companies
 By using this technology, a joint training program (with other
company) is conducted
 By using electronic data interchange, large volumes of data are
shared swiftly
 It is used to share product catalogs especially with wholesalers
 Extranet service is also used in providing customer support
 It is used to share business news with partner companies
Advantages of Extranet
The advantages of Extranet services are as follows −

 It makes business (services) swift and faster.

 It helps greatly in improving the business communication.
 It helps in reducing the cost (especially in terms of stationery
stuff).
 It helps in improving the efficiency and confidence of the
employees.
 It reduces some big physical barriers (especially the geographical
distance).
Major Fields Using Extranet
Following are some of the major fields that are using Extranet service on a
large scale −

 Corporate houses
 Government offices
 Education centers
Intranet is more localized, as only internal employees have the accessibility.
In contrast, Extranet covers a wider area, as outsiders (such as partner,
vendor, or even customer) have the authorized accessibility.
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