✅ 1.

Residual Approach

Explanation:
This approach sees social welfare as a last resort. It’s meant to step
in only when family or market systems fail. Help is temporary and
selective—only for people who can’t manage on their own. It
assumes the need is usually due to personal failure, not systemic
issues.

Key Features:

 Seen as undesirable or a sign of failure

 Creates stigma and social judgment
 Short-term and reactive

🔹Example (Hypothetical):
A person only gets housing aid after being evicted and proving
complete financial breakdown.

🔹Example (Real-world):
In the U.S., Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
requires recipients to show they have no income and imposes time
limits.

✅ 2. Institutional Approach

Explanation:
This approach considers social welfare a normal and permanent part
of society. It assumes people may need help at any stage of life and
that it's the government’s duty to ensure basic well-being. Welfare
isn’t just for emergencies—it’s preventive and supportive.

Key Features:

 Welfare is a public right, not a charity

 Reduces stigma
 Promotes stability and self-fulfillment
🔹Example (Hypothetical):
The government provides all citizens with healthcare and
unemployment insurance automatically.

🔹Example (Real-world):
Sweden offers universal healthcare, child allowances, and pensions
as part of its institutional welfare system.

✅ 3. Philanthropic Approach

Explanation:
This model relies on private charity and voluntary giving, often
from individuals, religious groups, or NGOs. It is unstructured and
driven by goodwill, not systemic planning. It's more emotional than
strategic, and often can't meet widespread needs alone.

Key Features:

 Based on compassion and donations

 Not always reliable or long-term
 Often influenced by donors’ preferences

🔹Example (Hypothetical):
A wealthy person donates clothes and food to a local shelter during
the winter.

🔹Example (Real-world):
The Gates Foundation funds healthcare and education initiatives
globally, including vaccine distribution in Africa.

✅ 4. Developmental Approach

Explanation:
Emerging after World War II, this approach aims for long-term
improvement of society. It links economic growth with social
development, focusing on reducing poverty by investing in people
and infrastructure. It’s holistic, proactive, and sustainable.

Key Features:

 Seeks permanent solutions through development

 Emphasizes education, health, and employment
 Reduces long-term dependency

🔹Three Strategies (from your notes):

1. Investment in education, health, nutrition

2. Development of infrastructure (roads, schools, clean water)
3. Programs for job skills and employability

🔹Example (Hypothetical):
A government builds vocational training centers and improves rural
roads to increase employment and access to markets.

🔹Example (Real-world):
Bangladesh’s microcredit programs (like Grameen Bank)
empower rural women through small loans, building long-term self-
reliance.

🔹Data:
According to the World Bank, countries using developmental
welfare strategies often see faster poverty reduction. For example,
Bangladesh’s poverty rate dropped from 44.2% in 1991 to 11.9%
in 2022 thanks to such approaches.
✅ 1. Residual Perspective

Explanation:
This view treats social welfare as a temporary response to
individual problems. It only kicks in when other systems (like family
or market) fail. It assumes people should primarily depend on
themselves, and if they need help, it's often seen as their personal
failure.

Key Points:

 Used as a last resort ("first-aid" solution)

 Social assistance is limited and short-term
 Carries stigma and can be demeaning
 Focused on helping "the deserving poor"

🔹Example (Hypothetical):
A jobless man must show proof of job-seeking efforts to receive
unemployment benefits, and the support ends quickly.

🔹Example (Real-world):
TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) in the U.S.
reflects this perspective—benefits are time-limited and conditional.

✅ 2. Institutional Perspective

Explanation:
This perspective sees social welfare as a normal, necessary part of
society. Welfare is not a “handout” but a social right, and
everyone may need help at some point. It aims to prevent
problems, not just react to them.

Key Points:

 Need is a normal part of life, not a moral failure

 Welfare is a form of social responsibility
  Aims at self-fulfillment and long-term support
 Reduces shame and stigma for users

🔹Example (Hypothetical):
A country provides free education, healthcare, and unemployment
insurance to all citizens.

🔹Example (Real-world):
Norway and Sweden operate on this perspective—offering universal
services like childcare, housing, and healthcare regardless of
income.

✅ 3. Developmental Perspective

Explanation:
This view focuses on long-term improvement by investing in
people and infrastructure. Social welfare is seen as a tool to
promote economic growth, social inclusion, and sustainable
development. It's both preventive and productive.

Key Points:

 Originated after World War II

 Seeks to reduce poverty by empowering people
 Aims for sustainable and holistic growth
 Supports economic development through social investment

🔹Three Main Strategies:

1. Human investment (education, health, nutrition)

2. Infrastructure development
3. Programs to improve employment and participation

🔹Example (Hypothetical):
A rural area gets new schools and training centers, empowering
residents with skills to join the workforce.
🔹Example (Real-world):
Bangladesh’s microfinance movement (like Grameen Bank)
promotes self-reliance and income generation—improving both
individual and national welfare.

🔹Data:
According to the World Bank, investment in social development
directly contributes to economic stability and poverty reduction.

✅ Residual Perspective

Explanation:
This approach views welfare as a temporary, last-resort solution
used only when all other systems (family, market) fail. It was
dominant until the Great Depression of the 1930s. Help is given
selectively, with the belief that poverty is often due to individual
failings, not social causes. As a result, this type of help is often
viewed as undesirable and carries social stigma.

Keywords: First-aid role, undeserving vs. deserving poor, social

blame.

🔹Real-world Example:
In the United States, the TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families) program reflects this perspective. It offers short-term
financial aid, and recipients must prove they are trying to work or
train—emphasizing self-responsibility.

🔹Hypothetical Example:
A man who loses his job is only eligible for housing assistance if he
proves he’s actively seeking work and has no family support.
🔹Historical Context:
Before 1930, U.S. welfare efforts were minimal and based on
charity; the Great Depression exposed how limited and ineffective
this approach was during large-scale crises.

✅ Institutional Perspective

Explanation:
This approach considers social welfare a basic function of a
healthy society, much like education or healthcare. It assumes
need is normal, not shameful. Welfare is provided to help
individuals grow, not just survive. It aims to prevent problems,
rather than react to them, and is seen as a societal responsibility.

Keywords: Normal need, social right, preventive, supportive.

🔹Real-world Example:
Sweden’s welfare state offers universal healthcare, child benefits,
paid parental leave, and pensions. These services are available to
everyone—rich or poor—without stigma.

🔹Hypothetical Example:
A government provides mental health counseling and parenting
classes to all families, regardless of income, to support family well-
being.

✅ Developmental Perspective

Explanation:
Emerging after World War II, this model treats social welfare as a
strategic investment in people and infrastructure that promotes
economic growth and sustainability. It’s proactive and holistic,
addressing root causes like unemployment, lack of education, and
poor health. The idea is that building human potential fuels
development.
Keywords: Long-term, empowering, sustainable, holistic.

🔹Main Strategies:

1. Investment in education, nutrition, and healthcare

2. Investment in infrastructure (roads, housing, schools)
3. Programs for employment and community engagement

🔹Real-world Example:
Bangladesh’s BRAC and Grameen Bank use microfinance,
education, and training to lift millions out of poverty. These are
global models of developmental welfare.

🔹Hypothetical Example:
A country funds free vocational training for low-income youth,
builds new transport to connect rural towns to job markets, and
expands access to internet and healthcare.

🔹Data Point:
The World Bank highlights that countries investing in education
and health often see higher GDP growth and faster poverty
reduction.

Here's a simple breakdown of the Developmental Perspective of

Social Welfare, especially focusing on the three major operational
strategies you've listed. I've also included real-world and
hypothetical examples to make it easier to understand:

✅ Developmental Perspective: How It Works

The developmental perspective treats social welfare as an

investment that promotes both individual well-being and national
development. Instead of just providing temporary aid, it focuses on
building human capacity, self-reliance, and long-term
sustainability.
🔸 1. Investment in Education, Nutrition, and Health Care

Explanation:
By improving access to education, proper nutrition, and healthcare,
the developmental approach builds human capital—people who are
healthy and skilled contribute more to society and the economy.

🔹Real-world Example:

 Bangladesh’s national school feeding program improves

student attendance and performance in poor areas.
 Brazil’s Bolsa Família program provides cash transfers
linked to school attendance and health checkups.

🔹Hypothetical Example:
A rural government funds free school meals and mobile health
clinics for children to reduce dropout rates and prevent illness-
related absences.

🔸 2. Investment in Physical Facilities (Infrastructure)

Explanation:
Developing roads, water supply, sanitation, schools, hospitals, and
digital connectivity improves access to services and enables
economic growth. Infrastructure connects people to opportunities.

🔹Real-world Example:

 India’s rural electrification and road development

programs have helped millions access education, jobs, and
healthcare.
 In Rwanda, investment in digital infrastructure has enabled
rural youth to access online education and jobs.

🔹Hypothetical Example:
A government builds a bridge and all-weather road to connect a
remote village to the nearest town, allowing farmers to sell their
goods and students to attend high school.

🔸 3. Developing Engagement and Employability Enhancement

Programs

Explanation:
This strategy involves offering skills training, entrepreneurship
support, internships, and employment counseling to increase
people’s ability to earn and participate in the economy.

🔹Real-world Example:

 Bangladesh’s Skills for Employment Investment Program

(SEIP) trains youth in technical and vocational skills matched
to market needs.
 The Philippines' TESDA program provides free skills training
and certification for job seekers.

🔹Hypothetical Example:
A youth center offers IT training, career guidance, and small startup
loans to help unemployed youth become freelancers or open
businesses.

📊 Why It Matters

According to the World Bank, investments in these areas reduce

poverty, boost productivity, and lead to more inclusive economic
growth. Countries that follow this model often experience faster
development and stronger social cohesion.

Would you like this as a presentation slide, comparison table, or

study note format? Happy to format it however you need!
Here’s a clear, summarized explanation of how political ideology
affects social welfare—based on your description and the concepts
shown in the image:

✅ Social Welfare & Political Ideology: The Continuum

Social welfare policies are heavily influenced by a country's

political ideology, which determines how much the state should
intervene in providing support to its people. This can be visualized
as a spectrum:

🔵 Conservatism (Minimal State Interference)

Explanation:
Conservative ideologies generally support limited government
involvement in people’s lives. They prioritize individual
responsibility, market solutions, and low taxation. Welfare is
often residual—only for those who can’t help themselves.

🔹Policy Example:

 U.S. welfare under Reagan emphasized work requirements

and cutbacks.
 Focus on private charity, tax cuts, and reducing public
spending.

🔹View on Welfare:

 Temporary help for the needy

 Emphasis on reducing “welfare dependency”
 Belief that excessive aid weakens work ethic
🔷 Liberalism (Optimal State Interference)

Explanation:
Liberal ideologies believe the state should play a stronger role in
reducing inequality and supporting citizens. Welfare is seen as a
right, not a favor, and often follows the institutional or
developmental model.

🔹Policy Example:

 Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Norway) offer universal

healthcare, education, childcare, and unemployment benefits.
 New Deal (U.S., 1930s): Social Security, job creation
programs.

🔹View on Welfare:

 Long-term safety nets

 Equal access to resources
 Public responsibility to ensure well-being

⚖️ The Ideological Spectrum (as per the diagram):

|------------------------|------------------------|
Conservatism Moderates Liberalism
(Minimal Interference) (Optimal Interference)

← Capitalism Communism →
(Free market focus) (State-centered planning)

 The left side supports capitalism with minimal welfare.

 The right side leans toward socialism/communism, with
maximum welfare and public control.
 Most real-world countries operate somewhere in the middle,
blending policies.
📍Key Takeaway:

The more conservative a government is, the less it intervenes in

social welfare.
The more liberal, the more it views welfare as a tool for equity and
empowerment.

Let me know if you'd like me to recreate the diagram, build a slide,

or prepare a printable summary!