Chapter 1 Notes
Byte:
A group of 8 bits treated as a single unit
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8bits= 1 byte
4bits = 1 nibble
1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte or (2 ^ 10 bytes written as Kibi)
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1024 kibi = 1 Megabyte or (2^20 bytes written as Mebi)
1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte or (2^30 bytes written as Gibi)
One’s complement:
The binary number obtained by subtracting each digit in a binary number from 1
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In practice it means each 0 is switched to 1 and each 1 switched to zero(Inversing the values)
e.g. 24 in denary can be written in binary (8 bits)
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00011000
For one’s compliment it can be written as
11100111
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Two’s complement;
The one’s compliment of a binary number plus 1
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For example expressing the number 10100100 into its two compliment form is as follows;
first take the inverse of the number 10100100 which will be 01011011
then add +1 in the inverse of binary value as follows;
01011011
+ 1
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01011100
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After addition of +1 the value 01011011 becomes 0101110
keeping in mind that the most significant bit(top left) of 0101110 has a negative
sign when representing in two's compliment
Sign and magnitude :
top left most bit have a negative sign with it
for negative number top left bit in binary will be 1
for positive number top left bit in binary will be 0
for 8 bit format the 8th bit will represent sign the rest will
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represent magnitude.
example write -13 in sign and magnitude form
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which will be written as
1|1110011
since 8 bits so top left bit will have value 128
but since it's a negative number it will be written as
-128
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subtract the values from - 128 in such a way that it
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should make - 13 in this case 64(7th bit) + 32(6th bit)
+16(5th bit) + 2 (2nd bit) + 1 (1st bit) makes 115
so -128 + 115 = -13
remember that most significant bit is not
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included in addition of sign and magnitude
representation
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Binary Coded decimal (BCD):
Binary coded decimal means grouping bits in bytes to represent integers
This code uses four bits(1 nibble) to represent denary digit.
This four bit code can represent 16 different values like as of hexadecimal number system
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Example conversion of the following denary number into BCD;
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8503
One BCD per digit
byte
Two BCD digits per
byte
00001000
(8)
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00000101
(5)
10000101
(8) and (5)
00000000
(0)
00000011
(0) and (3)
00000011
(3)
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ASCII Code:(American Standard code for information Interchange): & Unicode
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For a text need to be stored in a computer it is necessary to have coding scheme that
provides unique binary code for each individual component of text. Such a code is
referred to as character code.
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ASCII is one of the globally renowned character code used and accepted throughout the
world
A character set is represented in a computer by either ASCII or Unicode which is unique
to that specific character like A= 65 but in computer it is represented as set of bits
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usually one or 2 bytes like A is represented as in binary (01000001)
Character sets are the symbols used by computer which often equates to the symbols
on the keyboard.
Unicode is another type of scheme used for the same purpose except the only
difference between these schemes is that a identifier name is given to them which
includes all languages of the world.
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Vector graphic:
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Vector graphic is a graphic consisting of components defined by
geometrical formulae and associated properties such as line color and
style.
In other words we can say it is and image mode of drawing
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objects where the properties of each object is determined by its
shape and appearance.
A vector graphic file contains a drawing list.The list contains a
command for each object to be included in the image.
Each command has list of attributes which include basic
geometrical data such as for circle the position of center of circle
and it's radius.
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Addition properties such as thickness and style of line,color of line
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, color that fills shape is defined.
Most importantly vector graphic image is scalable i'e whenever
image is to be displayed, the file is read and appropriate
calculations are made until object is drawn to suitable scale
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according to user requirement.
Bitmap image:
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Bitmap image is a image made of rows and columns of picture elements.
The fundamental concept underlying in creation of bitmap file is that of
picture element.
Pixel or picture element is the smallest identifiable component of bitmap
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image defined by just two properties 1) its position in the bitmap 2) its
color.
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Image is stored in two dimensional matrix of pixel.To construct a pixel it
should have position in matrix and color.
One bit is used to represent the color so that pixel is either black or
white.
storage of color in 4 bits would allow simple grey scale color.
At least 8 bits per pixel are necessary to code color image.
Color depth;
The number of bits per pixel is called color depth.
Bitmap file does not have a physical size of pixel or of whole
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image. The image is scalable but if a image is magnified too far the
quality of display it will deteriorate.
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Image resolution;
This value determine the amount of detail the image has.It is
measured in dots per inch (dpi).
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Image file handler;
It specifies the image size, number of colors and data needed to
display image data.
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Screen Resolution:
Values quoted for a monitor specification such as 1024 x 768.
The larger the number of screen resolution the more picture
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element will be displayed.
Sampling resolution;
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Representation used to write samples in digital sound recording.
Resolution means here is number of distinct values available to
encode/represent each sample.
Specified by number of bits used to store each sample.
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Also referred as bit depth.
Higher the sampling resolution the smaller will be the
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quantization error.
higher the sampling resolution there will be less distortion of
sound.
Sampling rate:
Number of times the amplitude of analog sound wave is
taken/measured.
it is taken per unit time/per second
higher the sampling rate more accurate will be its digital
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representation.
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Sampling used to record sound clips:
The height/Amplitude of sound wave was determined ar a
set of time intervals e.g. sensible time period to get
approximation of sound wave.
These sound waves are then encoded as sequence of
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binary numbers and converted into digital signals using
ADC(Analog to digital converter).
Increasing the sampling rate will improve accuracy of
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recording.
Lossy Compression;
A coding technique that allows subsequent decoding to recreate exactly the
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original file.
In lossy compression during compression of file the size of file is reduced with
some information is also lost.
In lossy file size reduction is greater than lossless.
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Lossy compression is used in circumstances where a sound file or an image file
can have some of detailed coding removed or modified when it is likely that
human ear or eye will hardly notice any difference.
One example could be of conversion to mp3 files or reduce the color depth
for coding of a bitmap.
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Lossless compression:
Coding technique that allows subsequent decoding to recreate
exactly the original file.
None of the original data is lost when file is compressed/when
decompressed file will be identical to original file.
If a file contain text the compression will be lossless because it will
not be sensible to allow any loss of information.
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