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Memory Management Concepts | PDF | System Software | Computer Memory
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Memory Management Concepts

The document discusses memory management techniques in computing, contrasting bare machines with resident monitors and exploring fixed and variable partitioning methods. It covers advanced concepts like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory, detailing their advantages, challenges, and performance factors. Additionally, it addresses cache memory organization, locality of reference, and protection schemes to prevent unauthorized access between processes.

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30 views3 pages

Memory Management Concepts

The document discusses memory management techniques in computing, contrasting bare machines with resident monitors and exploring fixed and variable partitioning methods. It covers advanced concepts like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory, detailing their advantages, challenges, and performance factors. Additionally, it addresses cache memory organization, locality of reference, and protection schemes to prevent unauthorized access between processes.

Uploaded by

abhishekpal7990711
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Memory Management in a Bare Machine and Resident Monitor

Bare Machine: No OS, direct access to physical memory.

Resident Monitor: Basic OS in memory, includes simple memory management like fixed partitioning.

2. Memory Organization and Access

Bare Machine: Direct physical addressing.

Resident Monitor: Uses simple partitions with bounds checking.

3. Multiprogramming and Fixed Partitions

Multiprogramming: Run multiple programs concurrently.

Fixed Partitions: Memory divided into fixed-size blocks.

4. Allocation of Fixed Partitions

Programs fit into smallest available fixed partition. Remaining space wasted (internal fragmentation).

5. Advantages and Limitations of Fixed Partitions

Advantages: Simple, low overhead.

Limitations: Internal fragmentation, inflexible.

6. Variable vs Fixed Partitions

Fixed: Predefined size, internal fragmentation.

Variable: Dynamic size, external fragmentation.

7. Challenges and Benefits of Variable Partitions

Benefits: Efficient memory use, accommodates different sizes.

Challenges: External fragmentation, complex allocation.

8. Paging and Segmentation

Paging: Fixed-size blocks.

Segmentation: Logical memory divisions like code, data.

9. Implementation of Paging and Segmentation

Paging: Page tables map pages to frames.

Segmentation: Segment tables with base and limit.

10. Paged Segmentation

Segments divided into pages. Combines logical organization and fixed-size allocation.

11. Combining Paging and Segmentation


Each segment has its own page table. Logical address = segment + page + offset.

12. Virtual Memory

Abstraction allowing more memory than physically available. Uses disk space for swapping.

13. Advantages of Virtual Memory

Runs large programs, process isolation, efficient RAM usage.

14. Demand Paging

Loads pages only when needed, reducing memory use.

15. How Demand Paging Works

Page fault triggers load from disk. Page table updated.

16. Benefits and Challenges of Demand Paging

Benefits: Saves memory, supports multiprogramming.

Challenges: Page faults cause delay.

17. Performance Factors in Demand Paging

Page fault rate, replacement strategy, disk latency.

18. Thrashing and Mitigation

Thrashing: Excessive paging.

Mitigation: Working set model, increase RAM, better algorithms.

19. Cache Memory Organization and Access

Fast memory between CPU and RAM. Organized in levels and accessed via mapping techniques.

20. Benefits of Cache Memory

Faster access, improves CPU performance.

21. Locality of Reference

Programs tend to reuse recent or nearby data.

22. Temporal and Spatial Locality

Temporal: Reuse recent data.

Spatial: Use nearby data.

23. Leveraging Locality in Memory Management

Caching, paging, and prefetching exploit locality.

24. Protection Schemes in Memory Management


Prevents unauthorized access between processes.

25. Implementation of Protection Schemes

Base-limit registers, access rights in page/segment tables.

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