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Memory Management Notes Clean

The document discusses memory management concepts, focusing on multiprogramming with fixed and variable partitions, protection schemes, paging, segmentation, paged segmentation, virtual memory, and demand paging. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method, including issues like fragmentation, efficiency, and complexity. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of effective memory management for optimizing performance and resource utilization.

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Saksham Rai
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12 views3 pages

Memory Management Notes Clean

The document discusses memory management concepts, focusing on multiprogramming with fixed and variable partitions, protection schemes, paging, segmentation, paged segmentation, virtual memory, and demand paging. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method, including issues like fragmentation, efficiency, and complexity. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of effective memory management for optimizing performance and resource utilization.

Uploaded by

Saksham Rai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory Management Concepts

1. Multiprogramming with Fixed and Variable Partitions

Fixed Partition:

- Memory is divided into fixed-size blocks.

- Leads to internal fragmentation.

- Simple to implement but not flexible.

- Poor memory utilization.

Variable Partition:

- Memory is divided dynamically as per process size.

- Reduces internal fragmentation, may lead to external fragmentation.

- More flexible and efficient.

- Requires compaction for memory optimization.

2. Protection Schemes

1. Base and Limit Register: Uses a base and limit to ensure memory access is within bounds.

2. Segmentation: Divides memory into logical segments, each with protection.

3. Paging: Divides memory into pages/frames, supports protection bits.

4. Virtual Memory with Access Control Bits: Uses RWX bits, MMU for protection.

5. Hardware Traps: OS traps illegal memory access (e.g., segmentation fault).

3. Paging and Segmentation

Paging:

- Divides memory into fixed-size pages/frames.

- Eliminates external fragmentation.


Memory Management Concepts

- Uses page tables for address translation.

- Causes internal fragmentation.

Segmentation:

- Divides memory into variable-sized logical segments.

- External fragmentation may occur.

- Reflects program's logical structure.

- Uses segment tables for translation.

4. Paged Segmentation

- Combines paging and segmentation.

- Each segment is divided into pages.

- Logical address: Segment no + Page no + Offset.

- Uses segment table and page tables per segment.

- Reduces fragmentation, supports logical structuring.

Advantages:

- Logical organization, efficient memory use, protection.

Disadvantages:

- Complex management, high overhead, slower access.

5. Virtual Memory

- Provides illusion of large memory using RAM + disk.

- Uses paging, page tables, and MMU.

- Supports multitasking, isolation, protection.

Advantages:

- Efficient memory use, faster loading, larger program support.


Memory Management Concepts

Disadvantages:

- Slower due to disk access, thrashing, complexity.

6. Demand Paging

- Loads pages into memory only when needed.

- Minimizes memory use, improves efficiency.

Steps:

1. Page not in memory -> Page Fault.

2. OS loads page from disk -> Updates page table.

3. Execution resumes.

Advantages:

- Efficient memory, faster startup, virtual memory support.

Disadvantages:

- Page faults, thrashing, overhead, slower due to disk I/O.

Compared to Pre-paging:

- On-demand vs. predictive loading.

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