20

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter provides literature and the results of

other related researches to which the present proposed study

was related or has some similarity or implication. This will

provide the researcher sufficient background in

understanding the study.

Chapter 2 divided into two topics, namely: (1), Review

of related literature both Foreign and Local, and (2),

Synthesis.

Part One, presents the related literature in both local

and foreign settings, its advantages, limitations, and

effects.

Part Two, Synthesis, summarizes some key and important

conditions and the literature reviewed in the study.

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Foreign Source

Students become more influenced by gadgets, making it

more reliable for them to do their assignments and school

work. The use of gadgets become more efficient nowadays

students and even educators use this to make their job

easier. The development of student research abilities might

be hampered by excessive reliance on technology. Due to the

abundance of information available online, students may find

it difficult to differentiate between legitimate sources and

unreliable ones. Technology can be a transformational

learning tool for students if it is implemented correctly

(Strom et.al. 2021).

According to Emeka and Nyeche (2016) the internet today

is a worldwide entity whose nature cannot be easily or

simply defined. To many, the internet is a large computer

linking together millions of smaller computers at numerous

sites in various countries belonging to thousands of

business, government, research, educational and other

organisations. To the internet users, the internet is a

global community-one with a very active life. In today's

world, the internet plays a vital role teaching,

researching, and learning process in academic institutions.

Thus, the advent of the internet has heralded the emergence

 22

of a new form of knowledge production and distribution --

the soft form.

In addition, Amaoge and Igwebuike (2016) believe that the

internet has incresingly become an invariable asset in

education in terms of learning, teaching, and research. The

use of internet in the tertiary institutions is an exciting

prospect especially when the rugged terrain is the

significant impediment to obtain information for the vast

majority of people.

Lin et.al. (2016) explain that internal and external

factors influences learning outcomes. Internal factors 1)

physical factors and disability factors, 2) psychological

factors consisting of intelligence, attention, interest,

talents, motives, maturity, and readiness, and 3) fatigue

factors, both physical and spiritually tired. External

factors include how parents educate, the relationships

between family members, the home atmosphere, family economic

conditions, understanding of parents, and cultural

background. They also include school factors such as

teaching methods, relationships between teachers and

students, student-student relations, school discipline,

learning tools, school time, lesson standards oversize,

building conditions, learning methods, and homework

assignments.
 23

According to Yeung et al. (2021), learning outcomes

result from an interaction between acts of learning and

doing of teaching. From the teacher's perspective, the front

of education ends with evaluating learning outcomes. From

the student's perspective, learning outcomes are the end of

a piece or the peak of the learning process.

According to Astodello (2016), students should be

encouraged to limit the time they spend on social media

sites and be advised to rather substitute those hours with

reading some learning materials -- short stories, novels,

etc. to improve their vocabulary. Since the use of social

media sites had affected the academic performance of

students negatively, there is a need to introduce the

student other information resources or materials that would

motivate and help them perform well in their academics.

Most users utilized social networking sites for

chatting and downloading purpose only which affected their

academic performance negatively (Uwusu and Agatha, 2017).

This finding corroborates the revelation of Mingle and

Musah (2015), that most respondents in their study had

experienced negative affect such as poor grammar spelling,

late submission of assignments, less study time and poor

academic performance.
 24

According to Susanto et al. (2021), "changes that occur

in students, both concerning cognitive, affective and

psychomotor aspects as a result of learning."

According to Muduli, J R (2014) in her study about

Addiction to technological gadgets and its impact on health

and lifestyle: a study on college students. In the present

era the introduction or modern technological gadgets has

captured the attention of global population. The dependency

of people on these technological gadgets and services

provided by these has reached at such level that, without

these , they can't think a step forward in the direction of

their growth. The degree of dependency is leading to

addiction of the tech-devices and services. Youth is the

most vulnerable group among the population to be addicted to

technology.

Children become addicted to gadgets, so they forget to

socialize with the surrounding environment, which will

impact children's psychology, especially the emergence of a

low self-confidence crisis (Caasi & Pentang, 2022; Sudiyono

& Astuti, 2022).

Suwarsi (2016) states several negative impacts on

students, namely, low reading interest because they are more

interested in learning with motion and pictorial media and

learning and playing activities make them have an

 25

individualistic attitude or prefer to be alone. Many

students play with gadgets instead of playing with their

friends. Ineffective use of gadgets increase dependency and

diminishes students' memory and focus during learning.

Learning to socialize with friends is very important to

understand a rule that must be used by oneself or even the

custom of being a good friend. However, the fact is that

students prefer to spend their time playing with gadgets.

An analysis of effective technology use for at-risk

students found that simply replacing teachers with computer-

based instruction typically yields no learning benefits.

Rather, blending leads to higher engagement and learning

gains (Darling-Hammond et al.,2014).

Local Source

Educational use of gadgets develops a foundation of

good, strong, progressive and effective citizens in the

future. Electronic gadgets are beneficial in the schools.

Therefore, the principals / school heads should allow

learners and teachers use gadgets in class. However,

constant reminder should be instigated in the various

negative effects of these gadgets. Balbagulo et. al. (2021).

According to Carmen et. Al. (2019) in her research

entitled The Impact of Gadgets to the Academic Performance

 26

of Grade 12 ABM Students in Bestlink College of the

Philippines, School Year 2018-2019; using gadgets becomes

common and vital to all people anywhere and anytime now.

Many people are using gadgets as part of their daily lives.

Even in academics, students use gadgets to expedite the

things they need to finish in connection with their school

works and other compliance.

According to Contillo et. al. (2019), in our present

generation, students are obsessed in using gadgets. They

usually want to buy the latest release of these gadgets to

satisfy their desires in terms of entertainment and getting

the newest model. As a result, students tend to involve

gadgets in their everyday lives including in their studies.

Students tend to use more time in using gadgets than on

studying. This apparently affects the student's studying

habits and academic performance. Gadgets affect the study

habit of a student in many aspects in using gadget a student

start becoming stupid, dependable, and careless and do all

his or her work with the help of gadgets.

In an article by Child Hope Philippines (2021) about

The Importance of Technology in Education, Technology is so

advanced, so much that it now drives business growth. Hence,

companies maximize this to improve their performance, so

they hire tech-savvy candidates who can contribute to their

 27

businesses. In line with this, school is good training

ground for future professionals. It can help these kids by

integrating technology into their system through their

materials, facilities, rooms, and even modules. On the other

hand, kids nowadays ate digital natives. Using tech for

their daily studies can help them more than it can drag to

down.

According to the article of Mayo (2022) Over the past

decade the education system underwent a huge paradigm shift.

The education system has been revamped completely and is now

much different than it used to be years ago. There was a

time when students faced difficulty, they used to visit a

library and search through huge bookshelves to find out the

information that they needed. Nowadays, you just have to

type what you are looking for on your mobile phone or any

technology and gadgets available, and hundreds of different

results will show for the same thing in just a fraction of a

second. Modern-day tech gadgets such as computers,

smartphones, laptops, and tablets have become a necessity

for many students around the world to get access to study

material and help regarding studies. These devices and

gadgets are not only for fun but ate helpful in studies and

education too. In the Philippines, the use of the internet

and technology in education has become more widespread than

 28

ever. It is now the need of Filipino students to get access

to technology for effective learning. The use of technology

in education has helped to solve challenges being faced by

the education sector in the Philippines and improved the

quality of education in the country.

The Philippines as a country would benefit greatly from

provi ding more of its student with high-tech learning

tools. A WorldRemit article explains that "especially in

emerging countries, such as the Philippines" it is important

that "students can get familliar with technology at a young

age." This is because technology "sparks many market

possibilities -- even enhance to compete against developed

economies". Yours Humanly (2020).

Addiction to cellphone will affects the people

physically, psychologically, and socially. Therefore, much

mobile phones use has been found to be associated with

health problems. Furthermore, inappropriate use of cell

phone/ mobile phone by students presents may harmful

effects. For example, the use of cell phone during lectures

cause classroom' disturbances affecting performances of the

students (Bastida,2018).

In the study was a conducted in the tertiary school in

the Philippines shows that a lot of their students agreed to

lessen their screen time usage due to major effects that it

 29

is caused. The students linked the too much usage of gadgets

to poor sleep schedule hence they agreed to lessen their

screen time exposure due to the major health concerns.

(Asio,2022)

Learners are reliant on utilizing gadgets for

entertainment and educational purposes. Meanwhile, academic

procastination level is moderate, mainly due to

distractions. Both sexes have high degrees of gadget

dependency, so both have high demands or are susceptible to

excess gadget use. There is a high degree of gadget

dependency for ROC and a moderate for RODM regarding

learning modality. Those under ROC have virtual meetings,

which contributes to their higher level of dependence.

(Garcia,et.al,2021)

According to Mendez et.al (2014) on their study "Mobile

Learning: How students use mobile devices to support

learning". The result of their study reveal that students

are using mobile devices for both Academic and for support

outside in the classroom. They also find out majority of the

students utilize their mobile devices as learning tool

through the use of applications or "apps".

Synthesis
 30

Gadget is defined as one of the most convenient and

powerful tool in today's generation. Various actions will be

done in just one click away. When we communicate from people

abroad we use gadgets or any types of gadget. If people were

too lazy to go out they just tap the screen ad the product

is out. Gadget has many purpose in our society, especially

in our education

As for educational purposes, we use gadgets with

internet instead of books for faster and wider coverage of

information we can gather. That is we have other options to

select an appropriate data we can find. However, too much

usage of gadgets and excessive learning may has negative

effects. It explains that internal and external factors

influences using too much gadget and learning outcomes.

Internal factors affects our physical attributes, spritually

tired and psychological health, consisting of intelligence,

attention, interest, and

talents. On the other hand, externa factors include how

parents educate, the relationship between family members,

and the home atmosphere.

Most of the conducted studies revealed that the factors of

gadget frequently affecting the academic performance of

students: how they use gadget often in educational purposes

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or not, and how do they balanced their time between

academics and other habits.

Nowadays, gadget offers us efficiency and convenience but at

the same time the gadget also became our reason to be

irresponsible and undisciplined on our actions. We are

becoming greedy on where the gadget could take us.

Specifically, students who use AI ChatGpt to do their own

home works. Often times like these must take to control. We,

as parents, guidance, and teachers should promote fairness,

persuade, and guide the students to do their academics

wisely and use the gadget properly.