GLOBAL POSITION SYSTEM

About GPS
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is changing the way we work and
play. You can use GPS technology when you are driving, flying, fishing, sailing, hiking,
running, biking, working, or exploring. With a GPS receiver, you have an amazing
amount of information at your fingertips. Here are just a few examples of how you can use
GPS technology.

 Know precisely how far you have run and at what pace while tracking your path so
you can find your way home.
 Pinpoint the perfect fishing spot on the water and easily relocate it.
 Get the closest location of your favorite restaurant when you are out-of-town.
 Find the nearest airport or identify the type of airspace in which you are flying
What is GPS?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that

sends and receives radio signals. A GPS receiver acquires these signals and provides you
with information. Using GPS technology, you can determine location, velocity, and time,
24 hours a day, in any weather conditions anywhere in the world—for free.

GPS, formally known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging).
Global Positioning System originally was developed for the military. Because of its
popular navigation capabilities and because you can access GPS technology using small,
inexpensive equipment, the government made the system available for civilian use. The
USA owns GPS technology and the Department of Defense maintains it.

GPS technology requires the following three segments.

 Space segment.
 Control segment.
 User segment
Space Segment
At least 24 GPS satellites orbit the earth twice a day in a specific pattern. They
travel at approximately 7,000 miles per hour about 12,000 miles above the earth’s surface.
These satellites are spaced so that a GPS receiver anywhere in the world can receive
signals from at least four of them.

 Each GPS satellite constantly sends coded radio signals (pseudorandom code) to
the earth. These GPS satellite signals contain the following information.
 The particular satellite that is sending the information.
 Where that satellite should be at any given time (the precise location of the satellite
is. called ephemeris data).
 Whether or not the satellite is working properly.
 The date and time that the satellite sent the signal.

The signals can pass through clouds, glass, and plastic. Most solid objects such as
buildings attenuate (decrease the power of) the signals. The signals cannot pass through
objects that contain a lot of metal or objects that contain water (such as underwater
locations). The GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. If solar energy is unavailable,
for example, when the satellite is in the earth’s shadow, satellites use backup batteries to
continue running. Each GPS satellite is built to last about 10 years. The Department of
Defense monitors and the satellites to ensure that GPS technology continues to run
smoothly for years to come.
Fig12: GPS MODEM
Control Segment
The control segment is responsible for constantly monitoring satellite health, signal
integrity, and orbital configuration from the ground control segment includes the
following sections:
 Master control station
 Monitor stations
 Ground antennas

Monitor Stations
At least six unmanned monitor stations are located around the world. Each station
constantly monitors and receives information from the GPS satellites and then sends the
orbital and clock information to the master control station (MCS).
Master Control Station (MCS)
The MCS) is located near Colorado Springs in Colorado. The MCS constantly
receives GPS satellite orbital and clock information from monitor stations. The controllers
in the MCS make precise corrections to the data as necessary, and send the information
(known as ephemeris data) to the GPS satellites using the ground antennas.
Ground Antennas
Ground antennas receive the corrected orbital and clock information from the
MCS, and then send the corrected information to the appropriate satellites.
User Segment
The GPS user segment consists of your GPS receiver. Your receiver collects and
processes signals from the GPS satellites that are in view and then uses that information to
determine and display your location, speed, time, and so forth. Your GPS receiver does
not transmit any information back to the satellites.

How Does GPS Technology Work?

The following points provide a summary of the technology at work:
 The control segment constantly monitors the GPS constellation and uploads
information to satellites to provide maximum user accuracy
 Your GPS receiver collects information from the GPS satellites that are in view.
 Your GPS receiver accounts for errors. For more information, refer to the Sources
of Errors.
 Your GPS receiver determines your current location, velocity, and time.
 Your GPS receiver can calculate other information, such as bearing, track, trip
distance, and distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time so forth.
 Your GPS receiver displays the applicable information on the screen.

Who Uses GPS?

GPS technology has many amazing applications on land, at sea, and in the air. You
might be surprised to learn about the following examples of how people or professions are
already using GPS technology
Agriculture
In precision farming, GPS technology helps monitor the application of fertilizer
and pesticides. GPS technology also provides location information that helps farmers
plow, harvest, map fields, and mark areas of disease or weed infestation.
Aviation
Aircraft pilots use GPS technology for en route navigation and airport approaches.
Satellite navigation provides accurate aircraft location anywhere on or near the earth.
Environment
GPS technology helps survey disaster areas and maps the movement of
environmental phenomena (such as forest fires, oil spills, or hurricanes). It is even possible
to find locations that have been submerged or altered by natural disasters.
Ground Transportation
GPS technology helps with automatic vehicle location and in-vehicle navigation
systems. Many navigation systems show the vehicle’s location on an electronic street map,
allowing drivers to keep track of where they are and to look up other destinations. Some
systems automatically create a route and give turn-by-turn directions. GPS technology
also helps monitor and plan routes for delivery vans and emergency vehicles.

Marine
GPS technology helps with marine navigation, traffic routing, underwater surveying,
navigational hazard location, and mapping. Commercial fishing fleets use it to navigate to
optimum fishing locations and to track fish migrations.
Military
Military aircraft, ships, submarines, tanks, jeeps, and equipment use GPS technology
for many purposes including basic navigation, target designation, close air support,
weapon technology, and rendezvous.
Public Safety
Emergency and other specialty fleets use satellite navigation for location and status
information.
Rail
Precise knowledge of train location is essential to prevent collisions, maintain smooth
traffic flow, and minimize costly delays. Digital maps and onboard inertial units allow
fully-automated train control.
Recreation
Outdoor and exercise enthusiasts use GPS technology to stay apprised of location,
heading, bearing, speed, distance, and time. In addition, they can accurately mark and
record any location and return to that precise spot.
Space
GPS technology helps track and control satellites in orbit. Future booster rockets
and reusable launch vehicles will launch, orbit the earth. Return, and land, all under
automatic control. Space shuttles also use GPS navigation.
Surveying
Surveyors use GPS technology for simple tasks (such as defining property lines) or for
complex tasks (such as building infrastructures in urban centers). Locating a precise point
of reference used to be very time consuming. With GPS technology, two people can
survey dozens of control points in an hour. Surveying and mapping roads and rail systems
can also be accomplished from mobile platforms to save time and money.
Timing
Delivering precise time to any user is one of the most important functions of GPS
technology. This technology helps synchronize clocks events around the world. Pager
companies depend on GPS satellites to synchronize the transmission of information
throughout their systems. Investment banking firms rely on this service every day to
record international transactions simultaneously.

How Accurate Is GPS?

GPS technology depends on the accuracy of signals that travel from GPS satellites
to a GPS receiver. You can increase accuracy by ensuring that when you use (or at least
when you turn on) your GPS receiver, you are in an area with few or no obstacles between
you and the wide open sky. When you first turn on your GPS receiver, stand in an open
area for a few moments to allow the unit to get a good fix on the satellites (especially if
you are heading into an obstructed area). This gives you better accuracy for a longer
period of time (about 4-6 hours).
It takes between 65 and 85 milliseconds for a signal to travel from GPS satellite to a
GPS receiver on the surface of the earth.
 FIG 13: GPS sample module (GARMIN)
The signals are so accurate that time can be figured to much less than a millionth of a
second, velocity can be figured to within a fraction of a mile per hour, and location can be
figured to within a few meters.

WAAS/EGNOS
The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is a system of satellites and ground
stations that provides even better position accuracy than the already highly accurate GPS.
Europe’s version of this system is the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
(EGNOS). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed the WAAS program. It
makes more airspace usable to pilots, provides more direct end route paths, and provides
new precision approach services to runways, resulting in safety and capacity
improvements in all weather conditions at all locations throughout the U.S. National
Airspace System (NAS).
Although it was designed for aviation users, WAAS supports a wide variety of
other uses, for example, more precise marine navigation. To take advantage of WAAS
technology, you must have a WAAS-capable GPS receiver in an area where WAAS
satellite coverage is available such as North America. No additional equipment or fees are
required to take advantage of WAAS.

Sources of Errors
Errors can affect the accuracy of the GPS signal. Take your GPS receiver to an
area with a wide and unobstructed view of the sky to reduce the possibility and impact of
some errors. Here are some of the most common GPS errors.
Ionosphere and Troposphere Delays
—the satellite signal slows down as it passes through the atmosphere. The system uses a
built-in model that calculates an average delay to partially correct this type of error.
Orbital Errors
—this terminology refers to inaccuracies of the satellite’s reported location.
Receiver Clock Errors
—the GPS receiver has a built-in clock that can have small timing errors.
Number of Satellites Visible
—obstructions can block signal reception, causing position errors or no position reading.
The more satellites that your GPS receiver can view, the better the fix is.
Satellite Geometry/Shading
—refers to the relative position of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite geometry
exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other. Poor geometry
results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping.
Signal Multipath
—the GPS signal bounces off of objects, such as tall buildings or large rock surfaces,
before it reaches the GPS receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal and,
therefore, causes errors.
Buying a GPS Receiver
Deciding which GPS receiver to buy can be overwhelming. Think about how you want to
use the unit, for example, traveling or running. Keep the following considerations in mind:
Product Level
—do you want the basics, or do you want all of the bells and whistles? You can find a unit
that fits your needs and budget.
Power Source
—will you be using the unit away from an auxiliary power source? You might need to
carry extra batteries. With some you can use a vehicle adapter or AC power source.
Portability
—do you have a preference between a portable or a built-in unit? Some units mount
directly in the dashboard of your boat or aircraft.
Mapping Capability
—do you want to know the general direction or street-level details of your chosen path?
Map data can include streets restaurants, tourist attractions, marine data, topography, and
so forth.
Mounts
—a mount for your GPS can be useful to keep your hands free while navigating your bike,
boat, car, or airplane. Many units
with a mount, and several additional mounts are available.
Ease of Use
—some receivers provide a tutorial or an easy-to-use touch screen interface. Some even
have turn-by-turn voice instructions you are navigating your route.
Antenna Configuration
—where are you going to use the unit? With some units, you use only the built-in antenna.
With other units, you attach an external antenna to give you better reception
Price
—which units fit your price range? An inexpensive entry-level unit can be a great way to
enter the GPS world.
Software
—whether you want to save your favorite locations or plan a trip, map software can help.
You can use your PC or go directly your GPS receiver. Your preference for map detail and
your specific activities determine which software is right for you.

Complementary Navigation Aids

Remember, a GPS receiver is a complement to navigation and should not be the
only navigational tool that you use. Using a paper map, a simple compass, and having
knowledge of manual navigation is a good, safe practice.
AarLogic GPS 3A
Pin assignment

FIG 14: GPS 3A pin assignment

 For more information about the current status of the GPS satellites, visit
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpscurr.html
 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Definition:

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for
digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established
in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate
specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It
is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.

Description:

GSM, the Global System for Mobile communications, is a digital cellular

communications system, which has rapidly gained acceptance and market share
worldwide, although it was initially developed in a European context. In addition to
digital transmission, GSM incorporates many advanced services and features, including
ISDN compatibility and worldwide roaming in other GSM networks. The advanced
services and architecture of GSM have made it a model for future third-generation
cellular systems, such as UMTS. This paper will give an overview of the services offered
by GSM, the system architecture, the radio transmission
Fig 15: structure of a GSM network

GSM Modems

A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK
Modem. Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an
available serial port on your computer.

A GSM modem can be a PC Card installed in a notebook computer, such as the Nokia
Card Phone.

A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable
and software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the
Nokia 7110 with a DLR-3 cable, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this
purpose.

A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile

phone. This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones.
For example, if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your
gateway, and you are using a mobile phone as your modem, you must utilize a mobile
phone that does not support WAP push or MMS. This is because the mobile phone
automatically processes these messages, without forwarding them via the modem
interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to correctly receive SMS text
messages longer than 160 bytes (known as “concatenated SMS” or “long SMS”). This is
because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages, and the phone
attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface. (We’ve
observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a
problem with many other Ericsson models.)

When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the
computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device
manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will
communicate with the device via this driver. An additional benefit of utilizing this driver
is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating
properly with the computer.

The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided
that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources.

Fig:16 GSM smart modem

SMART MODEM (GSM/GPRS)

INTRODUCTION:
Analogic’s GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile
modem that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be
customized to various applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is
fully type-approved and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the
features of Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc.

Smart Modem kit contain the following items:

Analogic’s GSM/GPRS Smart Modem

SMPS based power supply adapter.

3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types)

Data cable (RS232)

User Manual

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION:

The connectors integrated to the body, guarantee the reliable output and input
connections. An extractible holder is used to insert the SIM card (Micro-SIM type).
Status LED indicates the operating mode.

Fig 17: Block diagram of modem with key connections

Physical Characteristics

Dimensions 100 x 78 x 32 mm (excluding connectors)

Weight 125 grams
Housing Aluminum Profiled

Temperature Range:

Operating temperature: from -200C to +550C

Storage temperature: from -250C to +700C

Fig 18: Internal diagram of GSM modem

Installing the modem:

To install the modem, plug the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For Automotive
applications fix the modem permanently using the mounting slots (optional as per your
requirement dimensions).

Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card:

To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM holder ejector button
with Sharp edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a
little, then pulls it out and insert or remove the SIM Card
Fig 19: Inserting/Removing the sim card into the modem

Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder
do not remove the SIM card holder by force or tamper it (it may permanently damage).
Place the SIM Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important
that the SIM is placed in the right direction for its proper working condition

Connecting External Antenna:

Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The
Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz. The antenna may be ( 0 dbi, 3
dbi or short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions.

DC Supply Connection

The Modem will automatically turn ON when connection is given to it. The following is
the Power Supply Requirement:

Parameters MIN Avg Max

Supply Voltage 5V 9V 12 V
Peak Current at 5 V supply 1.8 A (during
transmission)
Average Current at 5 V supply in idle 35 mA
Mode
Average Current at 5 V supply in idle 13 mA
Mode and RS232 Power Saving
Activated
Connecting Modem to external devices:

RS232 can be used to connect to the external device through the D-SUB/ USB (for USB
model only) device that is provided in the modem.

Connectors:

Connector Function

SMA RF Antenna connector

15 pin or 9 pin D-SUB USB (optional) RS232 link Audio link (only for 15 D-
SUB) Reset (only for 15 D-SUB) USB
communication port (optional)

2 pin Phoenix tm Power Supply Connector

SIM Connector SIM Card Connection

RJ11 (For 9 D-SUB and USB only) Audio link Simple hand set connection
(4 wire) 2 wire desktop phone
connection

Description of the interfaces:

The modem comprises several interfaces:

LED Function including operating Status

External antenna (via SMA)

Serial and control link

Power Supply (Via 2 pin Phoenix tm contact)

SIM card holder

LED Status Indicator:

The LED will indicate different status of the modem:

OFF Modem Switched off

ON Modem is connecting to the network

Flashing Slowly Modem is in idle mode

Flashing rapidly Modem is in transmission/communication (GSM only)

9 - PIN D-SUB Female Connector

PIN NAME Designation Type

1 X None NC NC
2 TX Transmit Data Input
3 Rx Receive Data Output
4 DSR Data Set Ready Output
5 GND Ground Ground
6 DTR Data Terminal Ready Input
7 CTS Clear to send Output
8 RTS Request to send Input
9 X None NC NC

Protecting Modem:

Do not expose to the modem to extreme conditions such as High temperatures, direct
sunlight, High Humidity, Rain, Chemicals, Water, Dust etc. For these details see the
specifications given.

Do not drop, Shake or hit the Modem. (Warranty may void)

The Modem should not be used in extreme vibrating conditions

Handle the Antenna and cable with care.

AT commands features:

Line settings:

A serial link handler is set with the following default values Autobaud, 8 bits data, 1 stop
bit, no parity, flow control.

Command line

Commands always start with AT (which means attention) and finish with a <CR>
character.

Information responses and result codes

Responses start and end with <CR><LF>,.

If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned.

If command syntax is correct but with some incorrect parameters, the +CME ERROR:
<Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SmsErr> strings are returned with different error codes.

If the command line has been performed successfully, an OK string is returned.

In some cases, such as “AT+CPIN?” or (unsolicited) incoming events, the product does
not return the OK string as a response.

Services provided by GSM

GSM was designed having interoperability with ISDN in mind, and the services provided
by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services. Speech is the most basic, and most
important, teleservice provided by GSM.

In addition, various data services are supported, with user bit rates up to 9600 bps.
Specially equipped GSM terminals can connect with PSTN, ISDN, Packet Switched and
Circuit Switched Public Data Networks, through several possible methods, using
synchronous or asynchronous transmission. Also supported are Group 3 facsimile
service, videotex, and teletex. Other GSM services include a cell broadcast service, where
messages such as traffic reports, are broadcast to users in particular cells.

A service unique to GSM, the Short Message Service, allows users to send and receive
point-to-point alphanumeric messages up to a few tens of bytes. It is similar to paging
services, but much more comprehensive, allowing bi-directional messages, store-and-
forward delivery, and acknowledgement of successful delivery.

Supplementary services enhance the set of basic teleservices. In the Phase I

specifications, supplementary services include variations of call forwarding and call
barring, such as Call Forward on Busy or Barring of Outgoing International Calls. Many
more supplementary services, including multiparty calls, advice of charge, call waiting,
and calling line identification presentation will be offered in the Phase 2 specifications.

Architecture of the GSM network

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM
network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by the
subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station.
The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center
(MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile
and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations.
Not shown are the Operations

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM
network can be divided into three broad parts. Subscriber carries the Mobile Station. The
Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network
Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC),
performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed
network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not shown is
the Operations intendance Center, which oversees the proper operation and setup of the
network. The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the
Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem
communicates with the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface.

Fig 20: General architecture of a GSM network

Mobile Station:

The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card
called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that
the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By
inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that
terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.

The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment

Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and
other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal
mobility. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or
personal identity number.
Base Station Subsystem:

The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station
(BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the
standardized Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between
components made by different suppliers.

The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles
the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area, there will
potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a BTS are
ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.

The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It
handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below. The
BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching
Center (MSC).

Network Subsystem

The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching
Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and
additionally provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such as
registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming
subscriber. These services are provided in conjunction with several functional entities,
which together form the Network Subsystem. The MSC provides the connection to the
fixed networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN). Signalling between functional entities in the
Network Subsystem uses Signalling System Number 7 (SS7), used for trunk signalling in
ISDN and widely used in current public networks.

The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together with
the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains
all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding
GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile. The location of the mobile
is typically in the form of the signalling address of the VLR associated with the mobile as
a distributed database. station. The actual routing procedure will be described later. There
is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be implemented

The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains selected administrative information from
the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for each
mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR. Although each
functional entity can be implemented as an independent unit, all manufacturers of
switching equipment to date implement the VLR together with the MSC, so that the
geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by the VLR, thus
simplifying the signalling required. Note that the MSC contains no information about
particular mobile stations --- this information is stored in the location registers.

The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes. The Equipment
Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on
the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI). An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or
is not type approved. The Authentication Center (AuC) is a protected database that stores
a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for
authentication and encryption over the radio channel.
DM74LS244
Octal 3-STATE Buffer/Line Driver/Line Receiver
General Description
These buffers/line drivers are designed to improve both the performance and PC board
density of 3-STATE buffers/ drivers employed as memory-address drivers, clock drivers,
and bus-oriented transmitters/receivers. Featuring 400 mV of hysteresis at each low
current PNP data line input, they provide improved noise rejection and high fanout
outputs and can be used to drive terminated lines down to 133 ohms.
Features
 3-STATE outputs drive bus lines directly
 PNP inputs reduce DC loading on bus lines
 Hysteresis at data inputs improves noise margins
 Typical IOL (sink current) 24 mA
 Typical IOH (source current) 15 mA
 Typical propagation delay times
 Inverting 10.5 ns
 Noninverting 12 ns
 Typical enable/disable time 18 ns
 Typical power dissipation (enabled)
 Inverting 130 mW
 Noninverting 135 mW