JAIRAM PUBLIC SCHOOL, SALEM – 8

(CBSE-Senior Secondary)
Student Name : Grade : XII
Sub : Math Date
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILTY
CONTINUITY :
Continuity at a point:
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a ,where a ∈ domain of f(X) if
(i) LHL =RHL = f(x)
lim ¿ = lim ¿ = f(a)
−¿ +¿
x→ a f (x)¿ x→ a f (x)¿

(ii) lim f (x ) = f(a)

x →a

LHL= lim ¿
(iii) −¿
x → a f (x)=lim f (a−h)¿
h →0

RHL= lim ¿
+¿
x →a f (x)=lim f (a +h)¿
h →0

LHL =RHL = f(a)

Reasons of Discontinuity
IF f(x) is not continuous at x=a , we say that f(x) is discontinuous at x = a
(i) lim ¿ and lim ¿ exist but they are not equal.
−¿ +¿
x→ a f (x)¿ x→ a f (x)¿

(ii) lim ¿ = lim ¿ ≠ f(a)

−¿ +¿
x→ a f (x)¿ x→ a f (x)¿

(iii) Atleast one of the limits does not exist the graph of the function will show a break
at the location of discontinuous from a geometric standpoint

Properties of continuous function:

Let f(x) and g(x) be continuous function at x=a then
(i) C f(x) is continuous function
(ii) f(x) + g(x) is continuous function
(iii) f(x) – g(x) is continuous function
(iv) f(x) / g(x) is continuous function
(v) (f(g(x))) is continuous function

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List of continuous functions:
Function of f(x) Interval in which f(x) is
continuous
1 Constant C (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
2 x , n ∈ Z and n≥ 0
n
(-∞ ,+∞ ¿
3 x
−n
, n ∈ Z and n is positive integer (-∞ ,+∞ ¿ –{0}
4 Modulus function (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
5 Polynomial function (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
6 Rational function (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
x
7 e (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
8 Log function (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
x
9 a , a>0 (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
10 Sin x , Cos x (-∞ ,+∞ ¿
11 tan x π
(-∞ ,+∞ ¿ – {(2n+1) 2 : n∈ I }

12 Cot x (-∞ ,+∞ ¿ – {n π : n∈I }

13 Sec x π
(-∞ ,+∞ ¿ – {(2n+1) 2 : n∈ I }

14 Cosec x (-∞ ,+∞ ¿ – {n π : n∈I }

Formula:
sin x
(i) lim =1
x →0 x
log x
(ii) lim =1
x →0 x
log a x
(iii) lim =1
x →0 ax
1
lim 1 =0
(iv) h→ 0
eh
log(1+ x)
(v) lim =1
x →0 x
1
(vi) lim h X sin ⁡( h ¿ )¿ = 0 X (oscillating number between -1 to 1) = 0
h→ 0
n n
x −a n −1
(vii) lim =n a
x →a x−a
tan x
(viii) lim x =1
x →0

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 tan( x−a)
(ix) lim =1
x →a x−a
−1
sin x
(x) lim =1
x →0 x
−1
tan x
(xi) lim =1
x →0 x

L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ( To find missing value )

IF f(x) and g(x) are continuous and differentiable at x =a then
' ''
f (x) f (x) f (x )
lim =¿ lim ' =lim ' ' ¿so on till determinants form vanishes
x →a g(x ) x→ a g (x) x →a g (x)

Practice Question:
1. Show that the function f(x) given by

{
sin x
+ cos x x ≠ 0
F(x) = x continuous at x = 0.
2 x=0
2. Examine the function f(t) given by

{
cos t π
t≠
π 2
−t π
F(t) = 2 for continuity at t = 2
π
1t=
2
1
3. Discus the continuity of the function f(x) at x = 2 where

{
1 1
−x 0 ≤ x <
2 2
1
F(x) = 1 x=
2
3 1
− x < x ≤1
2 2

4. Show that f(x) = 3 {

5 x−4 0< x ≤ 1
4 x −3 x 1< x< 2
is continuous at x = 1
5. Show that the function f(x) = 2x - |x| is continuous at x = 0
6. Determine the value of K for which the following function is continuous at x = 3
x 2−9
f(x) = = x−3
{ x≠3
k x=3
7. Discus the continuity of the function f(x) =|x−1|+|x−2| at x=1 and x = 2
8. Find the value of the constant λ so that the function given below is continuous at x = -1

F(x) =
{
x 2−2 x−3
x+ 1
x ≠−1
λ x=−1
9. Find the value of the constant K so that the function given below is continuous at x = 0

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 {
1−cos 2 x
x≠0
F(x) = 2 x2
k x=0
10.If the function f(x) defined by

{
log ( 1+ ax )−log ⁡(1−bx )
x≠0
f(x) = x is continuous at x = 0 .Find K
k x=0

11.Find the value of the constant a so that the function given below is continuous at x = 0

{
sin 2 ax
x ≠0
F(x) = x 2
1 x=0
12.Find the value of the constant ' a ' so that the function given below is continuous at x = 0

{
1−cos 4 x
if x< 0
x2
F(x) = a if x=0 Determine the value of a so that f(x) is continuous at x =0.
√x if x> 0
√16+ √ x−4
x 3
( 4 −1)
13.Determine f(0) so that the function f(x) defined by f(x) = x x2 becomes
sin log ⁡(1+ )
4 3
continuous at x = 0
14.If f(x) =
√2 cosx−1 , x ≠ π . Find the value of f( π ) so that f(x) becomes continuous at x = π
cotx−1 4 4 4
15.Show that the function f(x) = |sinx+ cosx| is continuous at x = π .
16.Find the value of ' a ' for which f defined by

{
π
a sin ( x+1 ) x ≤ 0
2
F(x) = tanx−sinx is continuous at x =0.
x> 0
x3
17.Discuss the continuity of
{2 x−1 x <0
F(x) = 2 x+ 1 x ≥ 0 at x=0
18. Find the value of the constant K so that the function given below is continuous at x = 0

{
sin 2 x
x≠0
F(x) = 5 x
k x=0
19.Find the value of the constant ' a ' so that the function given below is continuous at x = 2
{ax +5 x ≤ 2
f(x) = x−1 x>2
20.Find K the given function is continuous at the indicated point

(i) f(x) =
{ x 2−25
x−5
x≠5
k x=5
at x=5

{ 4 x <1
2
(ii) f(x) = k x x ≥ 1 at x= 1

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 {
2
k (x +2)x ≤0
(iii) f(x) = at x =0
3 x +1 x> 0
(iv) Find a and b

{
1 if x ≤3
F( x) = ax +b if 3< x <5 is continuous at x=3 and x = 5
7 if x ≥ 5

{
2 x +1 if x <2
(v) F(x) = k x=2 at x =2
3 x−1 x>2

{
1−cos 2 x
x< 0
2 x2
(vi) F(x) = k x=0 at x=0
x
x> 0
|x|
(vii) Find ‘a’ and ‘b’
{ax +1 x ≤3
f(x) = bx +3 x >3 at x= 3

Differentiability
Differentiability at a point
Let f(x) be a real valued function defined on an open interval (a,b) and c∈(a,b) then, f(x) is
f ( x ) −f (c)
said to be differentiable or derivable at x=c,iff lim exist finitely
x →c x−c
' f ( x )−f (c )
f ( c )=lim
x→c x −c
f ( x ) −f (c)
F(x) is differentiable at x=c ⟺ lim exists finitely
x →c x−c
lim ¿ lim ¿
⟺ x→ c
−¿ f ( x ) −f (c)
¿
= x→ c +¿ f ( x ) −f (c)
¿
x−c x−c
lim ¿ lim ¿
⟺ h→0
f ( c−h ) −f (c)
−¿
¿
= h→0 +¿ f ( c+h) − f (c)
¿
−h h
'
⟺ L f ( c ) = R f (c)Relation between continuity and differentiability:
'

 If a function is differentiable at a point it is necessarily continuous at that point But

converse is not true.
EX:
|x| is continuous at x = 0but it is not differentiable at x = 0
 Let f and g be real functions such that f ∘ g is defined if
g is continuous at x=a
f is continuous at x=a then f ∘ g is also continuous at x=a.
Practice problems:
{ x−1 if x <2
1. Show that the function f(x) = 2 x−3 if x ≥ 2 is not differentiable at x =2.
2. Show that the function f(x) = |x +1|+|x−1| for all x∈R , is not differentiable at x=-1 and x=1
3. Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x|x| at x=0.
4. Show that the function

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 {
1
x sin when x ≠ 0
F(x) = x is continuous but not differentiable at x=0.
0 when x=0
5. Discuss the differentiability of

{
F(x) = x e
(|1x|+ 1x ), x ≠0
1−

0 , x=0
at x=0

{
2
x x≤c
6. For what choice of a and b is the function f(x) = is differentiable at x=c.
ax +b x >c
7. Show that f(x) = |x−3| is continuous at x=3
8. Show that the function f defined as follows

{
3 x−2 0< x ≤1
f(x) = 2 x 2−x 1< x ≤ 2 is continuous at x=2 but not differentiable
5 x−4 x> 2
9. Discuss thr continuity and differentiability of the function f(x) =|x|+|x −1| in the interval (-
1,2)
10.Find whether the following function is differentiable at x=1 and x=2 or not

{
x x ≤1
F(x) = 2−x 1≤ x ≤2
2
−2+3 x−x X > 2

{
a x 2−b if |x|<1
11.IF f(x) = 1
if |x|≥1 is differentiable at x=1 find a and b.
|x|
12.Find the values of a and b if the function f(x) defined by

{
2
f(x) = x +3 x +a x ≤ 1 is differentiable at x=1
bx +2 x> 1
13.Discuss the continuity and differentiability of

{
1−x x <1
F(x) = ( 1−x ) (3−x ) 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
3−x x >2
14.Discuss the differentiability of f(x) =|x−1|+|x−2|

{
2
15. If f(x) = x +3 x +a for x ≤ 1 is everywhere differentiable .find the value of a and b
bx +2 for x>1

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