CLASS 9TH
CHAPTER 8
MOTION
REVISION NOTES
What is MOTION?
1. When an object changes its position over a course of time, the phenomenon is said to be
motion.
2. Motion is mathematically described in the terms of: displacement, distance, velocity,
acceleration, speed, and time.
3. Motion is relative. The total path covered by an object is said to be the distance travelled
by it.
4. Mechanics is the branch of Physics that deals with the behavior of moving objects.
MOTION & REST:
● An object is said to be in motion if its position in relation to its surroundings changes in a
given time.
● An object is said to be at rest if its position in relation to its surroundings does not
change.
● The point from which the comparison is done that point is known as ‘reference point’ or
the ‘origin’.
TYPES OF MOTIONS:
1. TRANSLATORY MOTION: A particle in translatory motion moves from one point in space
to another. This movement may be in a straight line or in a curved path.
Rectilinear motion is defined as motion along a straight line.
Curvilinear motion is defined as movement along a curved path.
2. ROTATORY MOTION: The particles of the body describe concentric circles around the
axis of motion in rotatory motion.
3. VIBRATIONAL MOTION: Particles in vibratory motion move back and forth around a
fixed point. For ex: movement of a pendulum.
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT:
● The magnitude of the length covered by a moving object is called distance. It has no
direction.
● Displacement is the shortest distance between two points or the distance between the
starting and final positions with respect to time. It has magnitude as well direction.
● Displacement can be zero, but distance cannot.
DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT:
NOTE:
MAGNITUDE:
o Magnitude is defined as the maximum extent of size and the direction of an object.
o Two types of magnitude quantities are:
o Scalar quantity: physical quantities which only have magnitude but no direction. For ex:
time, distance, mass, temperature, area, volume
o Vector quantity: physical quantities which have both magnitude and direction. For ex:
Velocity, displacement, weight, momentum, force, acceleration, etc.
UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION:
1. When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time it is in UNIFORM
MOTION.
2. When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time it is said to be in
NON-UNIFORM MOTION.
SPEED:
▪ The magnitude of distance travelled by an object in per unit time is known as SPEED.
▪ It is the ratio of the distance covered and the time taken.
▪ The SI unit of speed is meter/second and also given by kilometers/hours.
▪ In cases of non-uniform motion, the concept of average speed is used, i.e., the ratio of
total distance travelled and the total time taken.
▪ Average speed (V) = total distance/total time taken.
▪ Speed is a SCALAR quantity, it only have magnitude but no direction.
VELOCITY:
▪ The quantity that specifies both the speed and direction of motion of an object it is
known as velocity.
▪ The velocity of an object can be uniform or variable, it can change by changing the
speed of the object of the direction of the motion or both.
▪ The magnitude of its rate can be measured in the terms of average velocity.
▪ Velocity of an object is a vector quantity, a quantity with both direction and
magnitude.
▪ The SI unit of velocity is meter/second or kilometer/hour.
▪ Average velocity of an object is the arithmetic mean of the initial velocity and the final
velocity of an object over a period of time.
▪ Average velocity (vav) = initial velocity (u) + final velocity (v) /2
ACCLERATION:
▪ The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time.
▪ In non-uniform motion, the velocity varies with time and it cannot be zero.
▪ Acceleration is a vector quantity and is denoted by ‘a’.
▪ Acceleration is given by the ratio of the change in the velocity and the time taken.
▪ Acceleration (a) = final velocity (v) – initial velocity (u) / time taken (t)
▪ The motion while acceleration is known as ACCELERATED MOTION.
▪ If the acceleration is in the direction of the motion of the object, it taken as positive
acceleration.
▪ If the acceleration is in the opposite direction of the motion of the object, it taken as
negative acceleration.
▪ If the velocity of an object increases or decreases with equal intervals of time, it is said to
be uniform in nature.
▪ If the velocity of an object increases or decreases with unequal intervals of time, it is said
to be non-uniform in nature.
▪ The SI unit of acceleration is meter/second2
DERIVATIONS of equations of motion by graphical method:
1. VELOCITY-TIME RELATION:
2. POSITION-TIME RELATION:
3. POSITION-VELOCITY RELATION:
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:
1. If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform
circular motion.
2. Velocity is changing as direction keeps changing.
3. Acceleration is constant.
4. Velocity= 2πr/t
IMPORTANT FORMULAS:
