Pulse Communication
Pulse Modulation
If the amplitude, width or position of a pulse is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous values of the baseband modulating signal, then such a technique is
called as pulse modulation. The types of pulse modulation techniques are
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of pulses of high frequency carrier
pulse train is varied in accordance with the modulating signal.
The pulses in a PAM signal may of Flat top type or natural type or ideal type.
PAM can be described by sampling process – 1. Natural sampling
2. Flat top sampling
Sampling Theorem
A continuous time signal can be completely represented in its sampled form and
recovered back from sampled form if the sampling frequency 𝑓𝑠 is
𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑚
or
1
𝑇𝑠 ≤
2𝑓𝑚
where, 𝑓𝑚 = highest freq. component of modulating signal
& 𝑓𝑠 = sampling rate or Nyquist rate.
Generation of PAM
There are two operations involved in the generation of PAM signal.
1. Instantaneous sampling of the message signal m(t) every Ts seconds, where the
sampling rate fs = 1/Ts is chosen in accordance with the sampling theorem.
2. Lengthening the duration of each sample so obtained to some constant value T.
Sample and Hold Circuit for Generating Flat top sampled PAM
Working
• The sample and hold circuit consists of two Field Effect Transistor switches and
a capacitor.
• The sampling switch is closed for a short duration by a short pulse applied to
the gate G1 of the transistor During this period, the capacitor C is quickly
charged up to a voltage equal to the instantaneous sample value of the
incoming signal.
• Now, the sampling switch is opened and the capacitor holds the charge The
discharge switch is then closed by a pulse applied to gate G2 of the other
transistor Due to this, the capacitor is discharged to zero volts The discharges
switch is then opened and thus capacitor has no voltage.
• The output of the sample and hold circuit consists of a sequence of flat top
samples.
Circuits for Generating Natural Sampled PAM
1. Multiplier
2. Linear Amplifier
Modulating
signal
Carrier pulse
signal
Working
• A linear amplifier acts as a modulator, which receives the pulse train and the
message signal (which has been sampled and quantized) as input. It amplifies
the pulses in a manner that the output pulse amplitudes are proportional to the
corresponding sample values of the message signal.
• The amplitude of each pulse in the modulated PAM signal will directly
correspond to the amplitude of the sample value of the message signal at that
specific time.
• The output of the linear amplifier is the PAM signal, where the amplitudes of
the pulses vary according to the instantaneous amplitude of the message
signal.
Demodulating PAM Signal
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
In pulse width modulation, the width of pulses of high frequency carrier pulse train
is varied in accordance with the modulating signal.
Generation of PWM
Direct Method of PWM generation using Monostable Multivibrator
trigger 2 555 3 PWM
Control signal
m
control signal – modulating signal
Indirect Method – from PAM signal
Demodulating PWM Signal
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
In pulse position modulation, the position of pulses of high frequency carrier pulse
train is varied in accordance with the modulating signal.
Generation of PPM
Circuit for PWM to PPM Generation
Demodulating PPM Signal
PULSE MODULATION – DEFINITIONS
In pulse-modulation systems, the unmodulated carrier is usually a series of
regularly recurrent pulses; information is conveyed by modulating some
parameter of the transmitted pulses such as the amplitude, duration, time of
occurrence, or shape of pulse. This type of modulation is based on the
“sampling principle,” which states that a continuous message waveform that
has a spectrum of finite width could be recovered from a set of discrete
instantaneous samples whose rate is higher than twice the highest signal
frequency. This discrete set of periodic samples of the message function is
used to modulate some parameter of the carrier pulses.
All the modulation techniques that use a continuous sinusoidal carrier
wave modulated by analog or digital signals are sometimes referred to
as continuous-wave (CW) modulation techniques. In pulse modulation,
the carrier is not a continuous wave but a periodic pulse train whose
amplitude, duration, or position is varied in accordance with the
message.
In pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), the series of periodically recurring
pulses is modulated in amplitude by the corresponding instantaneous
samples of the message function.
In pulse-time modulation (PTM), the instantaneous samples of the message
function are used to vary the time of occurrence of some parameter of the
pulsed carrier. Pulse-duration, pulse-position, and pulse-frequency
modulation are particular forms of pulse-time modulation. In pulse-duration
modulation (PDM), the time of occurrence of either the leading or trailing
edge of each pulse (or both) is varied from its unmodulated position by the
samples of the modulating wave. This is also called pulse-length or pulse-
width modulation (PWM). In pulse-position (or phase) modulation (PPM), the
samples of the modulating wave are used to vary the position in time of a
pulse, relative to its unmodulated time of occurrence.
PPM consists of equal-width pulses derived from the trailing edge
of PDM pulses. PPM has an advantage over PDM since the latter
can require significant transmitter power for transmitting pulses of
long duration.
In pulse-frequency modulation (PFM), the samples of the message function
are used to modulate the frequency of the series of carrier pulses.
The pulse-modulation systems enumerated so far are examples of uncoded
pulse systems. In pulse-code modulation (PCM), the modulating signal
waveform is sampled at regular intervals as in conventional pulse
modulation. However, in PCM, the samples are first quantized into discrete
steps; i.e., within a specified range of expected sample values, only certain
discrete levels are allowed, and these are transmitted over the system by
means of a code pattern of a series of pulses.
PWM Vs PFM
The frequency is constant, and output voltage is adjusted with duty cycle
On- (or off-) time is fixed, and off- (or on-) time is adjusted
Refer file : analog communication Prabhakar kapula.pdf
https://techweb.rohm.com/knowledge/dcdc/dcdc_sr/dcdc_sr01/897
