Module Name & Code: CSAPA301 PCB AND COMPUTER SYSTEM ASSEMBLING

Competence: ASSEMBLE PCB AND COMPUTER SYSTEM

Learning outcome 1: Prepare Tools, material and Equipment (Learning hours: 15)

 Indicative content
 Introduction to computer system
 Preparation of workplace
 Identification of tools, materials and equipment
 Calibration of equipment

Learning outcome 2: Assemble PCB using SMT (Learning hours: 60)

 Introduction to PCB
 Identification of PCB technologies
 Description of Surface Mount technology for PCBA
 Performing SMT PCB Assembly process

Learning outcome 3: Connect computer system parts (Learning hours: 25)

 Description of computer hardware parts

 Connection of Desktop Computer parts
 Connection of Laptop Computer parts
 Test of assembled computer
 Documentation of Assembly report

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Learning outcome 1: Prepare Tools, material and Equipment (Learning hours: 15)

1.1. Introduction to computer system

An introduction to computer systems involves understanding the fundamental

components of a computer, which can be broadly categorized into hardware and
software.

1. Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. These components
are tangible and include the following key parts:

- Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain of the computer. It performs
arithmetic and logical operations and controls the execution of instructions in programs.

- Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is used to temporarily store data
and program instructions that the CPU is actively using. It provides fast and volatile
storage.

- Storage Devices: These include hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), optical drives,
and external storage devices. They are used for long-term data storage and retrieval.

- Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer,

connecting and providing communication between all the hardware components.

- Input Devices: Input devices include the keyboard, mouse, touchpad, and other
peripherals used to input data and commands into the computer.

- Output Devices: Output devices include the monitor, printer, speakers, and other
devices used to display or produce results from the computer.

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- Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU is responsible for rendering graphics
and images, and it's essential for tasks like gaming and image/video processing.

- Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU provides electrical power to the computer,
converting electricity from an outlet into a form usable by the computer components.

- Connectivity Ports: These include USB, HDMI, Ethernet, and other ports used to
connect external devices and networks to the computer.

- Cooling Systems: Cooling systems, such as fans and heat sinks, are vital to regulate
the temperature of the CPU and other components to prevent overheating.

2. Software
Software encompasses all the non-tangible instructions and data that the computer
uses to perform tasks. It is divided into two main categories:

- System Software: This includes the operating system, device drivers, and utility
programs. The operating system manages hardware resources and provides a platform
for other software to run. Device drivers enable hardware devices to communicate with
the operating system, and utility programs perform system maintenance tasks.

- Application Software: Application software includes all the programs and

applications that users interact with, such as word processors, web browsers, games,
and specialized software for various tasks.

1.2. Preparation of workplace

Proper preparation of the workplace involves setting up a suitable working environment,
implementing safety procedures, identifying and classifying hazards, and applying
appropriate hazard control measures.
 Set up Working Environment

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-Layout: Organize the workspace layout for efficient workflow, ensuring that
employees have enough space to move around without obstacles.
-Ergonomics: Provide ergonomic furniture and equipment to reduce strain and
fatigue. Properly adjust chairs, monitors, and workstations to promote good posture.
-Lighting: Ensure proper lighting to reduce eye strain and create a comfortable
working environment.
-Ventilation: Maintain adequate ventilation and temperature control to provide a
comfortable atmosphere for employees.
-Noise Control: Minimize noise levels to create a less stressful work environment,
considering soundproofing if necessary.
-Organization: Keep the workplace organized with storage solutions, such as shelves,
cabinets, and file systems, to prevent clutter.
 Application of safety procedures

1. Identification and classification of Hazards

Hazard identification is a process, which involves recognizing and understanding of
potential sources of harm, danger, or risk in the work environment. The following are
it’s classifications:
-Physical Hazards: Identify physical hazards like exposed wires, uneven flooring,
slippery surfaces, and heavy machinery.
-Chemical Hazards: Recognize chemical hazards, such as toxic substances,
flammable materials, and hazardous waste.
-Biological Hazards: Be aware of biological hazards like bacteria, viruses, and other
pathogens that can lead to health risks.
-Ergonomic Hazards: Identify ergonomic hazards related to poor posture, repetitive
tasks, and improper workstation setups.
-Psychosocial Hazards: Recognize psychosocial hazards, such as stress, harassment,
and workplace bullying.

1. Hazards control measures

-Engineering Controls: Implement physical changes or modifications to reduce or
eliminate hazards. For example, installing safety guards on machinery or improving
ventilation systems.

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-Administrative Controls: Establish policies and procedures to manage hazards,
including employee training, rotation of tasks, and scheduling breaks.
-Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Require employees to use appropriate PPE
when working in hazardous conditions.
-Emergency Response Plans: Develop and communicate plans for addressing
emergencies and accidents, including first aid and fire evacuation procedures.
-Regular Inspections: Conduct regular workplace inspections to identify and address
potential hazards and ensure that safety measures are in place.
-Employee Involvement: Encourage employees to report hazards, provide feedback
on safety measures, and participate in safety committees.
-Documentation: Maintain records of safety procedures, incident reports, and safety
training to track and improve workplace safety.
Identification of tools, materials, and equipment is a critical aspect of various industries,
including electronics manufacturing and maintenance. Here, we'll focus on the
identification of items commonly used in Surface Mount Technology (SMT) and
electronics work, along with the selection criteria for these items:
1.3. Identification of tools, materials and equipment
1. SMT Line
- SMT lines are production systems used in electronics manufacturing for assembling
Surface Mount Devices (SMDs) on printed circuit boards (PCBs). They typically consist
of various machines, conveyors, and inspection equipment.

2. Hand Tools
- Hand tools are manual devices used for various tasks such as component
placement, soldering, and inspection. Examples include tweezers, pliers, screwdrivers,
and cutters.

3. ESD Tools
- Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) tools are designed to prevent damage to sensitive
electronic components from electrostatic discharge. ESD tools include ESD-safe
tweezers, mats, wrist straps, and packaging materials.

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4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- PPE includes safety gear worn to protect individuals from workplace hazards. In
electronics manufacturing, this might include ESD-safe clothing, safety goggles, gloves,
and masks.

5. Cleaning Tools
- Cleaning tools are used to maintain equipment and workspaces. They include
brushes, swabs, and cleaning solvents for removing contaminants.

6. Diagnostic Tools and Equipment

- These tools are used to troubleshoot and diagnose electronic issues. Examples
include multimeters, oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, and diagnostic software.

7. SMD Components
- Surface Mount Device (SMD) components are miniature electronic parts that are
mounted directly onto PCBs. These components include resistors, capacitors, diodes,
integrated circuits, and connectors.

8. PTH Components
- Plated Through-Hole (PTH) components are electronic parts that have wire leads
and are inserted through holes in PCBs. Examples include through-hole resistors,
capacitors, and connectors.

9. Soldering Equipment
- Soldering equipment is used to join electronic components to PCBs. It includes
soldering irons, soldering stations, hot air rework stations, and soldering guns.

10. Soldering Materials

- Soldering materials include solder wire, solder paste, and flux. The selection of the
appropriate solder depends on the specific application and the type of components
being soldered.

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11. Solvent Cleaning Equipment
- Solvent cleaning equipment is used for cleaning and degreasing electronic
components and PCBs. This equipment may include ultrasonic cleaning tanks and vapor
degreasers.

12. PCB
- Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) provide the foundation for electronic components.
They are flat boards with conductive pathways for connecting components. PCBs come
in various types, such as single-sided, double-sided, and multilayer boards.

 Selection Criteria of Tools, Materials, and Equipment

When choosing tools, materials, and equipment for electronics work, consider the
following criteria:

1. Compatibility: Ensure that the tools, materials, and equipment are compatible
with the specific tasks and components being worked on.

2. Quality: Select high-quality items to ensure accuracy, reliability, and safety in

the workplace.

3. ESD-Safe: For electronics work, especially with sensitive components, prioritize

ESD-safe tools and equipment to prevent electrostatic discharge damage.

4. Size and Precision: Choose tools and equipment that are the right size and
offer the necessary precision for the job.

5. Safety: Prioritize safety features and practices when selecting PPE and
equipment to protect workers from hazards.

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 6. Environmental Impact: Consider the environmental impact of materials and
cleaning solvents, and opt for eco-friendly options when possible.

7. Budget: Balance your equipment choices with your budget constraints while still
prioritizing quality and safety.

8. Manufacturer and Supplier: Source tools, materials, and equipment from

reputable manufacturers and suppliers with a proven track record in the industry.

9. Maintenance: Consider the maintenance requirements of equipment and tools

to ensure longevity and reliability.

10. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that the tools and materials meet industry
and safety standards and regulations.

1.4. Calibration of equipment

Is the process of comparing a measuring instrument or device to a standard reference
to ensure its accuracy and reliability. Calibration is critical in various fields, including
electrical, mechanical, and temperature measurements. Here's an overview of each type
of calibration and how calibration procedures are applied:

1. Electrical Calibration
- Description: Electrical calibration involves verifying and adjusting the accuracy of
electrical measurement instruments such as voltmeters, ammeters, multimeters,
oscilloscopes, and power analyzers. It ensures that these instruments provide precise
measurements of voltage, current, resistance, and other electrical parameters.
- Procedure: To perform electrical calibration, a standard reference signal or
electrical source is used. The device under calibration (DUC) is connected to the
reference source, and its readings are compared to the known values provided by the
reference source. Adjustments are made to the DUC if necessary to bring its
measurements in line with the reference.

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2. Mechanical Calibration
- Description: Mechanical calibration focuses on measuring and calibrating
mechanical systems and instruments, including tools for length, pressure, torque, and
force measurements. It ensures that mechanical instruments provide accurate and
reliable readings.
- Procedure: Mechanical calibration involves using calibrated reference standards,
such as gauge blocks, weights, or torque standards, to assess the accuracy of the
device under calibration. The DUC is compared to the reference standard, and
adjustments are made to the DUC if deviations are detected. For example, in length
calibration, the DUC's scale might be adjusted to match the known length of the
reference standard.

3. Temperature Calibration:
- Description: Temperature calibration ensures the accuracy of temperature
measurement instruments, including thermometers, temperature sensors, and
temperature controllers. Accurate temperature measurements are critical in various
applications, such as industrial processes, research, and healthcare.
- Procedure: Temperature calibration involves exposing the DUC to a stable
temperature source or bath with a known and controlled temperature. The DUC's
readings are then compared to the known temperature, and adjustments are made if
discrepancies are found. Calibrations can be performed using a variety of techniques,
including dry-block calibrators, liquid baths, and infrared sources.

 Application of Calibration Procedures

Calibration is applied in various industries and applications to ensure the accuracy and
reliability of measurements. Some common applications include:
- Laboratories: Calibration is essential for scientific research, where precise
measurements are critical.
- Manufacturing: In manufacturing, calibration is used to ensure the accuracy of
equipment used in quality control, production, and testing.
- Aerospace: Aircraft and spacecraft rely on calibrated instrumentation for
navigation and safety.
- Healthcare: Medical devices and instruments must be calibrated for accurate
patient diagnostics and treatment.

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 - Energy and Utilities: Power plants, utilities, and energy production facilities use
calibration to maintain equipment accuracy and efficiency.
- Automotive: Vehicle testing and emissions analysis require calibrated equipment
for accurate results.
- Environmental Monitoring: Instruments used for air quality, water quality, and
environmental studies require calibration.
- Metrology: Metrologists calibrate measurement standards used in various
industries.

Learning outcome 2: Assemble PCB using SMT (Learning hours: 60)

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