B.

Wakim
Outline
 Introduction to Django
➢ What is Django
➢ Why Django for Web Development
 Django Architecture
➢ MVC Design in Django
➢ Steps to create New Project
 Django Models
➢ Description
➢ Field types
➢ Field options
➢ Relationships
➢ Methods
➢ Activating a model
❑ Ressources

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Introduction
 Web applications are written using a combination of
Python and JavaScript. It is executed on the server side
while JavaScript is downloaded to the client and run by the
web browser.
 Web applications created in Python are often made with
the Flask or Django module.
 A web framework is a collection of packages and modules
that allows easier development of websites.
 Most companies like Bitbucket, Pinterest, Instagram and
Dropbox used to Python frameworks by Pyramid and
Django in their web application development.

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What is Django
 Django is a web development framework that developers primarily use for backend web
development. It is written in Python and provides a set of tools and libraries to help you
build web apps quickly and efficiently.
 History
 Open sourced in 2005
 First Version released September 3, 2008
 Concepts
 MVC or MVT
 Flexible template language that can be used to generate HTML, CSV, Email or any
other format
 Supports many databases – Postgresql, MySQL, Oracle, SQLite
 Lots of extras included – middleware, sessions, caching, authentication
 DRY Principle – “Don’t Repeat Yourself”. It is a principle of software development
that aims at reducing the repetition of patterns and code duplication in favor
of abstractions and avoiding redundancy.
 Use small, reusable “apps” (app = python module with models, views,
templates, test)
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Why Django for Web Development
 Lets you divide code modules into logical groups to make it
flexible to change: MVC design pattern (MVT)
 Provides auto generated web admin to ease the website
administration
 Provides pre-packaged API for common user tasks
 Provides you template system to define HTML template for your
web pages to avoid code duplication: DRY Principle
 Allows you to define what URL be for a given Function
 Allows you to separate business logic from the HTML:
Separation of concerns
 Everything is in python

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 Django as an MVC Design Pattern
 MVT : stands for Model-View-Template. MVT is a design pattern or
design architecture that Django follows to develop web applications. It is
slightly different from the commonly known MVC(Model-View-
Controller) design pattern.
 Model: helps us handle database: it describes your data
structure/database schema
 The Model class holds essential fields and methods. For each model
class, we have a table in the database. Model is a subclass of
django.db.models.Model.
 With Django, we have a database-abstraction API that lets us
perform CRUD (Create-Retrieve-Update-Delete) operations on
mapped tables.
 View: Controls what a user sees
 View executes business logic and interacts with Model to carry data.
It also renders Template.

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 Django as an MVC Design Pattern
 Template: handles the user interface and is a presentation layer.
 The Template is basically the front-end layer and the dynamic HTML
component of a Django application.
 A template is an HTML file mixed with DTL (Django Template
Language).
 Controller
 Django framework takes care of the Controller part, which is the
software code and controls the interaction between the other two
parts- Model and View.
 URL parsing: When a user requests for a resource, Django acts as a
controller and checks if it is available. If the URL maps, View
interacts with the Model and renders a Template. Python Django
sends back a Template to the user as a response.

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  Web Browser: What users actually see
 URL: the ‘web address’
Django MVT  Provides mapping to View
 Assigning functions to URLs
 View: Where all the functions are written
 Render content to Template
 Get information from Model before
rendering content
 Put information into Model and into
Database through Form
 Template: where you store all of your Html
files
 You will have a ‘static’ folder to store
other CSS files, JavaScript files, or
Images
 Form:
 HTML Form
 Django Form: fetch data from html
form to connect to Model
 Model: DB structure + access
 Admin: to register your object in your
Model so you can manage data in Database

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How things in Django works?
 When your server receives a
request for a website, the request
is passed to Django and that tries
to analyze this request.
 The url resolver/dispatcher tries
to match the URL against a list of
patterns. It performs this match
from top to bottom. If it can find
a match, it passes the request to
the view, which is the associated
function.
 The function view can check if
the request is allowed. It also
generates a response, and then
Django sends it to the user’s web
browser.

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Steps to create New Project
 Create a project
 Start an application
 Create the database (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite)
 Define DB Settings in Settings.py
 Define your models
 Add pluggable modules
 Write your templates
 Define your views
 Create URL mapping
 Test Application
 Deploy Application (Linux, Apache, etc.)

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Directory Architecture
 MySite/
 __init__.py
 Manage.py // Script to interact with Django
 Settings.py // Config: Defines settings used by a Django application
 URLs.py$ // My Site URL mapping
 MyProject/
 __init__.py
 URLs.py // Project specific URL mapping to provide mapping to view.py
 Models.py // Data Models
 Views.py // Contains the call back functions
 Admin.py // It reads your model and provides interface to your database
 Templates

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Django Models
 Defined in models.py
 Typically inherit from django.db.models.Model
 Example Model:
from django.db import models
class TestModel(models.Model):
# Default is to set NOT NULL on all fields.
name = models.CharField(max_length = 20, null = True)
age = models.IntegerField()
count = models.IntegerField(default = 0)

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Models description
 Is the single, definitive source of data about your data.
 Contains the essential fields and behaviours of the data you are storing.
 Each model maps to a single database table.
 Example: Person model would create a database table like this:

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Models

 Field types
 The database column type (e.g. INTEGER, VARCHAR).
 The minimal validation requirements, used in Django's admin and in
automatically-generated forms.

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Models - field types
Data type Django model type
Binary models.BinaryField()
Boolean models.BooleanField()
Boolean models.NullBooleanField()
Date/time models.DateField()
Date/time models.TimeField()
Date/time models.DateTimeField()
Date/time models.DurationField()
Number models.AutoField()
Number models.BigIntegerField()
Number models.DecimalField(decimal_places=X,max_digits=
Y)
Number models.FloatField()
Number models.IntegerField()
Number models.PositiveIntegerField()
Number models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
Number options.SmallIntegerField()
Text models.CharField(max_length=N)
Text models.TextField()
Text (Specialized) models.CommaSeparatedIntegerField(max_length=5
0)
Text (Specialized) models.EmailField()
Text (Specialized) models.FileField()
Text (Specialized) models.FilePathField()
Text (Specialized) models.ImageField()
Text (Specialized) models.GenericIPAddressField()
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models.URLField() 18
Models - Field options
Field options Description
null If True, Django will store empty values as NULL in the database. Default is False.
blank If True, the field is allowed to be blank. Default is False.
null is purely database-related, whereas blank is validation-related. If a field
has blank=True, form validation will allow entry of an empty value
choices A sequence consisting itself of iterables of exactly two items (e.g. [(A, B), (A, B) ...]) to
use as choices for this field.
db_column The name of the database column to use for this field. If this isn’t given, Django will
use the field’s name.
db_index If True, a database index will be created for this field.
db_tablespace The name of the database tablespace to use for this field’s index, if this field is indexed.
default The default value for the field. This can be a value or a callable object.
editable f False, the field will not be displayed in the admin or any other ModelForm. They are
also skipped during model validation
primary_key If True, this field is the primary key for the model.
unique If True, this field must be unique throughout the table.
unique_for_date et this to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField to require that this field be unique
for the value of the date field.
unique_for_month Like unique_for_date, but requires the field to be unique with respect to the month.
unique_for_year Like unique_for_date and unique_for_month.
verbose_name human-readable name for the field. If the verbose name isn’t given, Django will
automatically create it using the field’s attribute name, converting underscores to
spaces.
help_text Extra “help” text to be displayed with the form widget. It’s useful for documentation
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Models
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 Models – Field options
 Field options: Each field takes a certain set of field-specific arguments.
 For example, CharField arguments:
require a max_length argument which specifies the size of the VARCHAR
database field used to store the data.
 null, blank, choices, default, primary_key, unique

 Default is to set NOT NULL on all fields. Override by adding null = True :
name = models.CharField(max_length=20, null = True)
 Verbose field names: are optional. They are used if you want to make your
model attribute more readable. If not defined, django automatically creates it
using field's attribute name.

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Models – Field options
 If choices are given, they’re enforced by model validation and the default form
widget will be a select box with these choices instead of the standard text field.
 The first element in each tuple is the actual value to be set on the model, and
the second element is the human-readable name. For example:

YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
('FR', 'Freshman'),
('SO', 'Sophomore'),
('JR', 'Junior'),
('SR', 'Senior'),
('GR', 'Graduate'),
]

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Models – Field options
 It’s best to define choices inside a model class, and to define a constant for each value:
from django.db import models
class Student(models.Model):
FRESHMAN = 'FR'
SOPHOMORE = 'SO'
JUNIOR = 'JR'
YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
(FRESHMAN, 'Freshman'),
(SOPHOMORE, 'Sophomore'),
(JUNIOR, 'Junior'),
(SENIOR, 'Senior'),
]
year_in_school = models.CharField(max_length=2,
choices=YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES,
default=FRESHMAN )

def is_upperclass(self):
return self.year_in_school in {self.JUNIOR, self.SENIOR}

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Models Relationship
 Many-to-one: use ForeignKey
 requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related.
 Many-to-many: use ManyToManyField.
 requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related.
 One to one: use OneToOneField
 primary key of an object when that object "extends" another object.
 requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related.

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Models Relationship
 Can have recursive relationship
 N.B: __Unicode has been renamed __str in Python3

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 Model methods
from django.db import models
class Person(models.Model):
first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
birth_date = models.DateField()

def baby_boomer_status(self):
"Returns the person's baby-boomer status."
import datetime
if self.birth_date < datetime.date(1945, 8, 1):
return "Pre-boomer"
elif self.birth_date < datetime.date(1965, 1, 1):
return "Baby boomer"
else:
return "Post-boomer"

@property
def full_name(self):
"Returns the person's full name."
return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
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Model Methods
 model.save(self, *args, **kwargs)
 model.delete(self, *args, **kwargs)
 model.get_absolute_url(self): This tells Django how to
calculate the URL for an object. Django uses this in its
admin interface, and any time it needs to figure out a URL
for an object.
 model.__str__(self)
 Override with super(MODEL, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
 Etc…

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Model method - str
 model.__str__(self):
 A Python “magic method” that returns a string representation of any
object. Always define this method; the default isn’t very helpful at all.

Class MyclubUser(models.Model):
first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
email = models.EmailField('User Email')

def __str__(self):
return self.first_name + " " + self.last_name

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Model methods
 Override predefined method:
 call the superclass method -- that's that super(Blog, self).save(*args,
**kwargs) business -- to ensure that the object still gets saved into the
database.
 pass through the arguments that can be passed to the model method --
that's what the *args, **kwargs bit does.

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Activating a Model
1. Add the app to INSTALLED_APPS in settings.py
2. python manage.py makemigrations myapp
3. python manage.py migrate
4. python manage.py check myapp
# Uses the system check framework to inspect
the app for common problems.

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Database setup – settings.py¶
 mysite/settings.py: is a normal Python module with module-level
variables representing Django settings.
 By default, the configuration uses SQLite.
 If you wish to use another database, install the appropriate database
bindings and change the following keys in the DATABASES 'default'
item to match your database connection settings:
 ENGINE: 'django.db.backends.mysql’
 NAME – The name of your database. If you are not using SQLite as
your database, additional settings such as USER, PASSWORD, and
HOST must be added.

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Database setup – settings.py ¶
 Also, note the INSTALLED_APPS setting at the top of the file
Settings.py. That holds the names of all Django applications that are
activated in this Django instance.
 Some of these applications make use of at least one database table,
though, so we need to create the tables in the database before we can
use them. To do that, run the following command:
python manage.py migrate
 The migrate command looks at the INSTALLED_APPS setting and
creates any necessary database tables according to the database
settings in your mysite/settings.py file and the database migrations
shipped with the app

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 Database setup – settings.py
 To include your app in our project, we need to add a reference to its configuration class in
the INSTALLED_APPS setting. The MyAppConfig class is in the polls/apps.py file, so its
dotted path is ' Myapp.apps.MyAppConfig '.
 Edit the mysite/settings.py file and add that dotted path to the INSTALLED_APPS
setting. It’ll look like this:
mysite/settings.py¶
INSTALLED_APPS = [
‘Myapp.apps.MyAppConfig', - OR simply Myapp
'django.contrib.admin', – The admin site.
'django.contrib.auth', – An authentication system
'django.contrib.contenttypes', – A framework for content types.
'django.contrib.sessions', – A session framework.
'django.contrib.messages', – A messaging framework.
'django.contrib.staticfiles', – A framework for managing static files.
]
 N.B: This means that if the default_app_config in your myApp/__init__.py is already equal to
myApp.apps.MyappConfig, then there is no difference between adding either
myApp.apps.MyappConfig or simply myApp to the INSTALLED_APPS setting.

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Database setup – migration
 By running makemigrations, you’re telling Django that
you’ve made some changes to your models (in this case,
you’ve made new ones) and that you’d like the changes to
be stored as a migration.
python manage.py makemigrations Myapp
 The migrate command takes all the migrations that
haven’t been applied and runs them against your database -
essentially, synchronizing the changes you made to your
models with the schema in the database.
python manage.py migrate

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Ressources
 Django – http://www.djangoproject.com
 Python Packages – https://pypi.python.org
 Django Packages – https://www.djangopackages.com
 The best place to start
http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/
 To install Django:
 python -m pip install Django OR pip install django
 Check django version: Python –m django version
 N.B: pip is the package installer for Python. You can use pip to install
packages from the Python Package Index and other indexes.
 Django Models syntax:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/topics/db/models/
 Django Models Fields Type
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/ref/models/fields/

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