Tutorial 2

Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment

Conduction
1. The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5 cm-thick 2-m × 2-m window glass in winter are 10°C
and 3°C, respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the glass is 0.78 W/m·°C, determine
the amount of heat loss, in kJ, through the glass over a period of 5 hours. What would your
answer be if the glass were 1.5 cm thick?
[Ans: 78,624 kJ]

2. A hollow spherical iron container with outer diameter 20 cm and thickness 0.4 cm is filled
with iced water at 0°C. If the outer surface temperature is 5°C, determine the approximate
rate of heat loss from the sphere, in kW, and the rate at which ice melts in the container.
The heat from fusion of water is 333.7 kJ/kg.

[12.6 kW, 0.038 kg/s]

Convection
3. A 5-cm-external-diameter, 10-m-long hot water pipe at 80°C is losing heat to the
surrounding air at 5°C by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 25
W/m2·°C. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection, in W.
[2945 W]

4. A1.4-m-long, 0.2-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room that is maintained at

20°C. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 240°C in steady operation. Also, the voltage
drop and electric current through the wire are measured to be 110 V and 3 A, respectively.
Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat transfer
coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room.
[170.5 W/m2.°C]
 Radiation
5. Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 20°C at all times. The inner surfaces
of the walls, floors, and ceiling of the house are observed to be at an average temperature
of 12°C in winter and 23°C in summer. Determine the rates of radiation heat transfer
between this person and the surrounding surfaces in both summer and winter if the exposed
surface area, emissivity, and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6
m2, 0.95, and 32°C, respectively.
[177.2 W]

6. The outer surface of a spacecraft in space has an emissivity of 0.8 and a solar absorptivity
of 0.3. If solar radiation is incident on the spacecraft at a rate of 950 W/m2, determine the
surface temperature of the spacecraft when the radiation emitted equals the solar energy
absorbed.
[281.5 K]

Additional problem
7. Consider a flat plate solar collector placed horizontally on the flat roof of a house. The
collector is 1.5 m wide and 4.6 m long, and the average temperature of the exposed surface
of the collector is 38°C. The emissivity of the exposed surface of the collector is 0.9.
Determine the rate of heat loss from the collector by convection and radiation during a
calm day when the ambient air temperature is 21°C and the effective sky temperature for
radiation exchange is 10°C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficient on the exposed
surface to be 15 W/m2.°C.
[2734 W]
 Tutorial 3
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Steady Heat Conduction

1. Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-

thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m·°C) separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air space
(k = 0.026 W/m·°C). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-
pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room
is maintained at 24°C while the temperature of the outdoors is -5°C. Take the
convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to
be h1 = 10 W/m2·°C and h2 = 25 W/m2·°C, and disregard any heat transfer by radiation.

[114 W, 19.2°C]

2. A 4-m-high and 6-m-wide wall consists of a long 18-cm × 30-cm cross section of
horizontal bricks (k = 0.72 W/m·°C) separated by 3-cm-thick plaster layers (k = 0.22
W/m·°C). There are also 2-cm-thick plaster layers on each side of the wall, and a 2-cm-
thick rigid foam (k = 0.026 W/m·°C) on the inner side of the wall. The indoor and the
outdoor temperatures are 22°C and -4°C, and the convection heat transfer coefficients
on the inner and the outer sides are h1 = 10 W/m2·°C and h2 = 20 W/m2·°C, respectively.
Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer and disregarding radiation, determine the rate
of heat transfer through the wall.
 [456 W]

3. A 8-m-internal-diameter spherical tank made of 1.5-cm-thick stainless steel (k = 15

W/m·°C) is used to store iced water at 0°C. The tank is located in a room whose
temperature is 25°C. The outer surface of the tank is black (emissivity ε = 1), and heat
transfer between the outer surface of the tank and the surroundings is by natural
convection and radiation. The convection heat transfer coefficients at the inner and the
outer surfaces of the tank are 80 W/m2·°C and 10 W/m2·°C, respectively. Assume the
outer surface temperature to be 5°C, determine the rate of heat transfer to the iced water
in the tank.
[65,000 W]
 Tutorial 4
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Convective Heat Transfer Part 1

1. An average man has a body surface area of 1.8 m2 and a skin temperature of 33°C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient for a clothed person walking in still air is expressed as
h = 8.6V0.53 for 0.5 < V < 2 m/s, where V is the walking velocity in m/s. Assuming the
average surface temperature of the clothed person to be 30°C, determine the rate of heat
loss from an average man walking in still air at 7°C by convection at a walking velocity of
(a) 0.5 m/s, (b) 1.0 m/s, (c) 1.5 m/s, and (d) 2.0 m/s.
[246.6 W, 356 W, 441.3 W, 514.2 W]

2. Consider a flat plate positioned inside a wind tunnel, and air at 1 atm and 20°C is flowing
with a free stream velocity of 60 m/s. What is the minimum length of the plate necessary
for the Reynolds number to reach 2 × 107? If the critical Reynolds number is 5 × 105, what
type of flow regime would the airflow experience at 0.2 m from the leading edge?

3. During air cooling of oranges, grapefruit, and tangelos, the heat transfer coefficient for
combined convection, radiation, and evaporation for air velocities of 0.11<V<0.33 m/s is
determined experimentally and is expressed as h = 5.05 kairRe1/3/D, where the diameter D
is the characteristic length. Oranges are cooled by refrigerated air at 3°C and 1 atm at a
velocity of 0.3 m/s. Determine (a) the initial rate of heat transfer from a 7-cm-diameter
orange initially at 15°C with a thermal conductivity of 0.50 W/m∙°C, (b) the value of the
Nusselt number.
[3.7 W, 57.5]
 Tutorial 5
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Convective Heat Transfer Part 2

1. A 6-m long strip of sheet metal is being transported on a conveyor at a velocity of 5 m/s,
while the coating on the upper surface is being cured by infrared lamps. The coating on
the upper surface of the metal strip has an absorptivity of 0.6 and an emissivity of 0.7,
while the surrounding ambient air temperature is 25°C. Convection heat transfer occurs on
both upper and lower surfaces of the sheet metal. Determine the heat transfer coefficient
of the sheet metal. Evaluate the properties of air at 80°C.
[9.85 W/m2.K]

2. Engine oil at 80°C flows over a 6-m-long flat plate whose temperature is 30°C with a
velocity of 3 m/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer over the entire plate per unit width.
[20.5 kW]

3. Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as a 0.5-m-high, 0.40-m-

wide, and 0.8-m-long rectangular block. The bottom surface of the block is at a
temperature of 80°C and has an emissivity of 0.95. The ambient air is at 20°C, and the
road surface is at 25°C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the bottom surface of the
engine block by convection and radiation as the car travels at a velocity of 80 km/h.
Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire surface because of the constant agitation
of the engine block.
[1984 W]

4. A1.8-m-diameter spherical tank of negligible thickness contains iced water at 0ºC. Air at
25ºC flows over the tank with a velocity of 7 m/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer to
the tank and the rate at which ice melts. The heat of fusion of water at 0ºC is 333.7 kJ/kg.
[7 × 10-3 kg/s]

5. Air is to be heated by passing it over a bank of 3-m-long tubes inside which steam is
condensing at 100ºC. Air approaches the tube bank in the normal direction at 20ºC and 1
atm with a mean velocity of 5.2 m/s. The outer diameter of the tubes is 1.6 cm, and the
tubes are arranged staggered with longitudinal and transverse pitches of SL = ST = 4 cm.
There are 20 rows in the flow direction with 10 tubes in each row. Determine the rate of
heat transfer.
[74,830 W]
6. Water at 15ºC is to be heated to 65ºC by passing it over a bundle of 4-m-long 1-cm-
diameter resistance heater rods maintained at 90ºC. Water approaches the heater rod
bundle in normal direction at a mean velocity of 0.8 m/s. The rods arc arranged in-line
with longitudinal and transverse pitches of SL = 4 cm and ST = 3 cm. Determine the number
of tube rows NL in the flow direction needed to achieve the indicated temperature rise.
[206]
 Tutorial 6
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Convective Heat Transfer Part 3

1. Hot air at atmospheric pressure and 85°C enters a 10-m-long uninsulated square duct
of cross section 0.15 m × 0.15 m that passes through the attic of a house at a rate of
0.10 m3/s. The duct is observed to be nearly isothermal at 70°C. Determine the exit
temperature of the air and the rate of heat loss from the duct to the air space in the attic.
[75.7°C, 941 W]

2. Water at 15°C is heated by passing it through 2 cm-internal-diameter thin-walled

copper tubes. Heat is supplied to the water by steam that condenses outside the copper
tubes at 120°C. If water is to be heated to 65°C at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, determine the length
of the copper tube that needs to be used. Assume the entire copper tube to be at the
steam temperature of 120°C.
[2.44 m]

3. A house built on a riverside is to be cooled in summer by utilizing the cool water of the
river, which flows at an average temperature of 15°C. A 15-m-long section of a circular
duct of 20-cm diameter passes through the water. Air enters the underwater section of
the duct at 25°C at a velocity of 3 m/s. Assuming the surface of the duct to be at the
temperature of the water, determine the outlet temperature of air as it leaves the
underwater portion of the duct.
[18.6 °C]

4. Hot exhaust gases leaving a stationary diesel engine at 450°C enter a l5-cm-diameter
pipe at an average velocity of 7.2 m/s. The surface temperature of the pipe is 180°C.
Determine the pipe length if the exhaust gases are to leave the pipe at 250°C after
transferring heat to water in a heat recovery unit. Use properties of air for exhaust gases.
[12.3 m]
 Tutorial 7
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Natural Convection

1. A soda can (150 mm tall and 60 mm diameter) is initially at 36ᵒC and is to be cooled
by placing it horizontally in a refrigerator with still air at 4ᵒC (velocity = 0 m/s).
Determine the heat transfer rate from the can surface. Assume that heat transfer from
the ends of the can is negligible.
[5.08 W]

2. A can of engine oil with a length of 150 mm and a diameter of 100 mm is placed
vertically in the trunk of a car. In a hot summer day, the temperature in the trunk is
43°C. If the surface temperature of the can is 17°C, determine heat transfer rate from
the can surface. Neglect the heat transfer from the ends of the can.
[6.63 W]

3. Flue gases from an incinerator (vertical) are released to atmosphere using a stack that
is 0.6 m in diameter and 10 m high. The outer surface of the stack is at 40ᵒC and the
surrounding air is at 10ᵒC. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the stack assuming
a. There is no wind velocity
b. The stack is exposed to 20 km/h winds.
[2070 W, 11,390 W]
 Tutorial 8
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method

1. Steam in the condenser of a steam power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of

50°C (hfg = 2305 kJ/kg) with cooling water (Cp = 4180 J/kg.°C) from a nearby lake,
which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18°C and leaves at 27°C. The surface area of
the tubes is 58 m2, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2400 W/m2·°C. Determine
the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the steam
in the condenser.
[101 kg/s, 1.65 kg/s]

2. A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is to heat water (Cp = 4180 J/kg · °C) from
25°C to 60°C at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal
water (Cp = 4310 J/kg · °C) available at 140°C at a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. The inner
tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 0.8 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient
of the heat exchanger is 550 W/m2·°C, determine the length of the heat exchanger
required to achieve the desired heating.
[25.5 m]

3. A 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin (Cp = 2.5
kJ/kg.°C) from 27°C to 60°C by hot water (Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.°C) that enters the thin
walled 1.3 cm diameter tubes at 80°C and leaves at 50°C. The length of the each tube
in the heat exchanger is 120 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 23 W/m2.°C
on the glycerin (shell) side and 280 W/m2.°C on the water (tube) side. Determine the
rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling occurs and (b) after
fouling with a fouling factor of 0.00035 m.°C/W occurs on the outer surfaces of the
tubes.
[8945 W, 8880 W]

4. A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to be used to cool oil (Cp =

2200 J/kg·°C) from 150°C to 50°C at a rate of 2.5 kg/s by water (Cp = 4180 J/kg·°C)
that enters at 22°C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. The diameter of the tube is 2.5 cm, and its length
is 6 m. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger.
[34.5 kW/m2.°C]
 Effectiveness–NTU Method
5. Hot oil (Cp = 2200 J/kg·°C) is to be cooled by water (Cp = 4180 J/kg·°C) in a 2-shell-
pass and 12-tube-pass heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper
with a diameter of 1.8 cm. The length of each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 3 m,
and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 W/m2·°C. Water flows through the tubes
at a total rate of 0.1 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. The water
and the oil enter at temperatures 18°C and 160°C, respectively. Determine the rate of
heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the water and the oil.

[36.2 kW, 104.6°C, 77.7°C]

6. A cross-flow air-to-water heat exchanger with an effectiveness of 0.65 is used to heat

water (Cp = 4180 J/kg·°C) with hot air (Cp = 1010 J/kg·°C). Water enters the heat
exchanger at 20°C at a rate of 4 kg/s, while air enters at 100°C at a rate of 9 kg/s. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the water side is 260 W/m2·°C, determine the
heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger on the water side. Assume both fluids
are unmixed.
[52.4 m2]

7. Glycerin (Cp = 2400 J/kg·°C) at 20°C and 0.5 kg/s is to be heated by ethylene glycol
(Cp = 2500 J/kg·°C) at 60°C and the same mass flow rate in a thin-walled double pipe
parallel-flow heat exchanger. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 380 W/m2·°C and
the heat transfer surface area is 6.5 m2, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer and (b)
the outlet temperatures of the glycerin and the glycol.
[24 kW, 39.2°C, 40°C]

8. Steam is to be condensed on the shell side of a 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes

condenser, with 50 tubes in each pass, at 30°C (hfg = 2431 kJ/kg). Cooling water (Cp =
4180 J/kg·°C) enters the tubes at 18°C at a rate of 2200 kg/h. The tubes are thin-walled,
and have a diameter of 1.5 cm and length of 2 m per pass. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 3000 W/m2·°C, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer and (b) the rate of
condensation of steam.
[30.65 kW, 0.0126 kg/s]
 Tutorial 9
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Boiling

1. A 65-cm-long, 2-cm-diameter brass heating element is to be used to boil water at

120°C. If the surface temperature of the heating element is not to exceed 125°C,
determine the highest rate of steam production in the boiler, in kg/h.
[19.4 kg/h]

2. Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure in a 20-cm-internal diameter polished copper pan on

an electric range. If it is observed that the water level in the pan drops by 10 cm in 30
min, determine the inner surface temperature of the pan.
[111.9°C]

3. A 50-cm-long, 2-mm-diameter electric resistance wire submerged in water is used to

determine the boiling heat transfer coefficient in water at 1 atm experimentally. The
wire temperature is measured to be 130°C when a wattmeter indicates the electric power
consumed to be 3.8 kW. Using Newton’s law of cooling, determine the boiling heat
transfer coefficient.

[40320 W/m2.°C]

4. Water is boiled at sea level in a coffee maker equipped with a 30-cm long 0.4-cm-
diameter immersion-type electric heating element made of mechanically polished
stainless steel. The coffee maker initially contains 1 L of water at 14°C. Once boiling
starts, it is observed that half of the water in the coffee maker evaporates in 32 min.
Determine the power rating of the electric heating element immersed in water and the
surface temperature of the heating element. Also determine how long it will take for
this heater to raise the temperature of 1 L of cold water from 14°C to the boiling
temperature.

[10.2 min]
 Tutorial 10
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Condensation

1. Saturated steam at 55°C is to be condensed at a rate of 10 kg/h on the outside of a 3-

cm-outer-diameter horizontal tube whose surface is maintained at 45°C by the cooling
water. Determine the tube length required.
[0.70 m]

2. Saturated steam at 100°C condenses on a 2-m × 2-m plate that is tilted 30° from the
vertical. The plate is maintained at 80°C by cooling it from the other side. Determine
(a) the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire plate and (b) the rate at which
the condensate drips off the plate at the bottom.
[0.194 kg/s]

3. Saturated ammonia vapor at 10°C condenses on the outside of a 4-cm-outer-diameter,

15-m-long horizontal tube whose outer surface is maintained at -10°C. Determine (a)
the rate of heat transfer from the ammonia and (b) the rate of condensation of ammonia.
[0.18 kg/s]

4. The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 4.25 kPa. The condenser
consists of 144 horizontal tubes arranged in a 12 × 12 square array. The tubes are 8 m
long and have an outer diameter of 3 cm. If the tube surfaces are at 20°C, determine (a)
the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water and (b) the rate of
condensation of steam in the condenser.
[2.06 kg/s]

5. Saturated refrigerant-134a vapor at 35°C is to be condensed on the outer surface of a 8-

m-long, 1.2-cm-diameter horizontal tube that is maintained at a temperature of 25°C.
Determine the rate at which the refrigerant will condense, in kg/min.
[2 kg/min]
 Tutorial 11
Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment
Refrigeration Processes

1. An ice-making machine operates on the ideal vapor-compression cycle, using

refrigerant-134a. The refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 140 kPa
and leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 600 kPa. Water enters the ice machine
at 13°C and leaves as ice at -4°C. For an ice production rate of 7 kg/h, determine the
power input to the ice machine (393 kJ of heat needs to be removed from each l kg of
water at 13°C to turn it into ice at -4°C).
[0.146 kW]

2. An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle that uses refrigerant-134a as its

working fluid maintains a condenser at 800 kPa and the evaporator at -12°C. Determine
this system’s COP and the amount of power required to service a 150 kW cooling load.
[30.8 kW]

3. An actual refrigerator operates on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with

refrigerant-22 as the working fluid. The refrigerant evaporates at -15°C and condenses
at 40°C. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 83 percent. The refrigerant is
superheated by 5°C at the compressor inlet and subcooled by 5°C at the exit of the
condenser.
Determine (a) The heat removed from the cooled space and the work input, in kJ/kg
and the COP of the cycle.
Determine (b) The same parameters if the cycle operated on the ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle between the same evaporating and condensing
temperatures.
The properties of R-22 in the case of actual operation are:
h1 = 402.49 kJ/kg, h2 = 454.00 kJ/kg, h3 = 243.19 kJ/kg
The properties of R-22 in the case of ideal operation are:
h1 = 399.04 kJ/kg, h2 = 440.71 kJ/kg, h3 = 249.80 kJ/kg
state 1: compressor inlet, state 2: compressor exit, state 3: condenser exit, state 4:
evaporator inlet.
[3.093, 3.582]
4. Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at 0.2
MPa and -5°C at a rate of 0.07 kg/s, and it leaves at 1.2 MPa and 70°C. The refrigerant
is cooled in the condenser to 44°C and 1.15 MPa, and it is throttled to 0.21 MPa.
Disregarding any heat transfer and pressure drops in the connecting lines between the
components, determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the
power input to the compressor, (b) the COP of the refrigerator.
[2.6]

5. Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator at 100 kPa and -20°C at a rate
of 0.5 m3/min and leaves at 0.8 MPa. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 78
percent. The refrigerant enters the throttling valve at 0.75 MPa and 26°C and leaves the
evaporator as saturated vapor at -26°C. Determine (a) the power input to the
compressor, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the pressure
drop.
[1.73 kPa]