Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Heat Transfer (2015 Pattern)
Unit IV Assignment
Unit IV- Heat Convection
Q.1) Define Laminar and Turbulent flows. What is Reynolds number?
Q.2) Explain Velocity and Thermal Boundary Layer.
Q.3) What is Critical Reynolds Number? State its approximate values for flow over flat
plate and through a circular tube?
Q.4) Explain Local and Average Heat Transfer Coefficient.
Q.5)
Q.6) What property is responsible for development of velocity boundary layer? What
property is for thermal boundary layer?
Q.7) What is the difference between natural and forced convection?
Q.8) Explain the physical significance of
a. Prandtl Number, b. Grashoff Number
c. Reynold Number d. Nusselt Number
Condensation and Boiling
Q.1) Compare dropwise and film-wise condensation.
Q.2) Derive the equation for local heat transfer coefficient in Film-wise condensation.
Q.3) Why dropwise condensation is preferred? What are the practical difficulties in
retaining dropwise condensation on a surface?
Q.4) Explain regimes of Pool Boiling. What is the significance of Critical Flux?
Principles of Convection
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
Q.1) Calculate the approximate Reynolds numbers and state if the flow is laminar or turbulent
for the following :
(i) A 10 m long yatch sailing at 13 km/h in sea water, = 1000 kg/m3 and = 1.3 × 10–3 kg/ms.
(ii) A compressor disc of radius 0.3 m rotating at 15000 r.p.m. in air at 5 bar and 400°C and
dynamic viscosity is given by
(iii) 0.05 kg/s of CO2 gas at 400 K flowing in a 20 mm dia. pipe and
Q.2) Calculate the approximate Grashof number and state if the flow is laminar or turbulent for
the following :
(a) A central heating radiator, 0.6 m high with a surface temperature of 75°C in a room at 18°C,
(= 1.2 kg/m3, Pr = 0.72, and = 1.8 × 10–5 kg/ms).
(b) A horizontal oil sump with a surface temperature of 40°C, 0.4 m long and 0.2 m wide
containing oil at 75°C. Take = 854 kg/m3, Pr = 546, = 0.7 × 10–3 K–1 and = 3.56 × 10–2
kg/ms.
(c) Air at 20°C (= 1.2 kg/m3, Pr = 0.72 and = 1.8 × 10–5 kg/ms) adjacent to a 60 mm dia.
horizontal light bulb, with a surface temperature of 90°C.
Q.3) Calculate the Nusselt number in following cases :
(i) A horizontal electronic component with a surface temperature of 35°C, 5 mm wide and 10
mm long, dissipating 0.1 W heat by free convection from its one side into air at 20°C. Take for
air k = 0.026 W/m.K.
(ii) A 1 kW central heating radiator 1.5 m long and 0.6 m high with a surface temperature of
80°C, dissipating heat by radiation and convection into room at 20°C (k = 0.026 W/m.K, assume
black body radiation and = 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2.K4).
(iii) Air at 6°C (k = 0.024 W/m.K) adjacent to a wall 3 m high and 0.15 m thick made of brick
with k = 0.3 W/m.K, the inside temperature of the wall is 18°C, the outside wall temperature is
12°C.
Forced Convection (External Flow)
Q.1) The crank case of an automobile is approximated as 0.6 m long, 0.2 m wide, and
0.1 m deep. Assuming that the surface temperature of the crank case is 350 K.
Estimate the rate of heat flow from the crank case to atmosphere at 276 K at a road
speed of 30 m/s. Assume that the vibration of the engine and chassis induce the
transmission from laminar to turbulent flow very near to leading edge that for practical
purposes the boundary layer is turbulent over the entire surface. Neglect the radiation
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and use for the front and rear surfaces, same heat transfer coefficient as for bottom and
sides.
Q.2) Air at 10°C and at a pressure of 100 kPa is flowing over a plate at a velocity of 3
m/s. If the plate is 30 cm wide and at a temperature of 60°C. Calculate the following
quantities at x = 0.3 m. (i) Boundary layer thickness, (ii) Local friction coefficient, (iii)
Local shearing stress, (iv) Total drag force, (v) Thermal boundary layer thickness, (vi)
Local convective heat transfer coefficient, (vii) The heat transfer from the plate.
Q.3) Air at velocity of 3 m/s and at 20°C flows over a flat plate along its length. The
length, width and thickness of the plate are 100 cm, 50 cm, and 2 cm, respectively. The
top surface of the plate is maintained at 100°C. Calculate the heat lost by the plate and
temperature of bottom surface of the plate for the steady state conditions. The thermal
conductivity of the plate may be taken as 23 W/m.K.
Q.4) A flat plate 1 m wide and 1.5 m long is maintained at 90°C in air with free stream
temperature of 10°C flowing along 1.5 m side of the plate. Determine the velocity of the
air required to have a rate of energy dissipation as 3.75 kW. Use correlations
NuL = 0.664 Re1/2 Pr1/3 for laminar flow;
And NuL = [0.036 Re0.8 – 836] Pr1/3
for turbulent flow. Take properties of air:
ρ = 1.0877 kg/m3, µ = 2.029 × 10–5 kg/ms, kf = 0.028 W/m K, Pr = 0.703, Cp = 1.007
kJ/kg K.
Q.5) The local atmospheric pressure at Mahableshwar hill station in Maharashtra (1610
m from sea level) is 83.4 kPa. Air at this pressure and 20°C flows with a velocity of 8
m/s over a 1.5 m × 6 m flat plate whose temperature is 134°C. Determine the rate of
heat transfer from the plate, if the air flows parallel to (a) 6 m long side, and (b) the 1.5
m side.
Q.6) In a glass making process, a plate of glass 0.5 m × 2 m and 3 mm in thickness is
cooled by blowing hot air on both sides of plate with velocity 1 m/s in direction parallel to
plate, such that the rate of cooling is slow. The initial glass plate temperature is 425°C
and hot air temperature is 200°C. Estimate:
(i) Initial rate of cooling in °C/min.
(ii) Time required for cooling from 425°C to 375°C.
Assume properties of glass as ρ = 2500 kg/m3, C = 0.76 kJ/kg.K and properties of air
may be taken from following table:
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TC ×106 m2/s kf W/m.K Pr kg/m3
200 34.85 .039 0.63 0.746
300 48.33 0.046 0.67 0.615
400 63.09 0.051 0.66 0.524
Forced Convection (Internal Flow: Thermal Analysis)
Q.1) Water at 20°C flows through a small tube, 1 mm in diameter at a uniform speed of
0.2 m/s. The flow is fully developed at a point beyond which a constant heat flux of 6000
W/m2 is imposed. How much farther down the tube will the water reach 74 C as its
hottest point?
Q.2) A system for heating of water from an inlet temperature of 20°C to an outlet
temperature of 60°C involves passing the water through a thick walled tube of inner and
outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm. The outer surface of the tube is well insulated, and
electrical heating within the wall provides a uniform heat generation at the rate of 10 6
W/m3. (i) What is the length of the tube to achieve the desired outlet temperature, if
water mass flow rate is 0.1 kg/s ?
(ii) What is the local heat transfer coefficient at the outlet, if the inner surface
temperature of the tube at the outlet is 70°C ?
Forced Convection (Laminar Internal Flow)
Q.1) Water entering at 10°C is heated to 40°C in the tube of 0.02 m ID at a mass flow
rate of 0.01 kg/s. The outside of the tube is covered with an insulated electric heating
element that produces a uniform heat flux of 15000 W/m2 over the surface. Neglecting
any entrance effect, determine ;
(a) Reynolds number ;
(b) The heat transfer coefficient ;
(c) The length of pipe needed for a 30°C increase in average temperature ;
(d) The inner tube surface temperature at the outlet ;
(e) The friction factor ;
(f ) The pressure drop in the pipe ;
(g) The pumping power required, if the pump is 50% efficient.
Q.2) A water heater is fabricated by a resistance wire wound uniformly over a 10 mm
diameter and 4 m long tube. The resistance element maintains a uniform heat flux of
1000 W/m2. The mass flow rate of water is 12 kg/h, and its inlet temperature is 10°C.
Estimate the surface temperature of the tube at exit.
Forced Convection (Turbulent Internal Flow)
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Q.1) What is “Hydraulic Diameter” of a duct? Explain its significance in convection heat
transfer. Calculate Hydraulic Diameter for:
a. Rectangular cross-section, with side = 10 cm and 5 cm
b. Square cross section with side = 2 cm
c. Circular cross section with radius = 2 cm
Q.2) Water at 20°C enters a 2 cm diameter tube with a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The tube is
maintained at 100°C. Find the tube length required to heat the water to a temperature of
60°C.
Q.3) Water at 20°C is to be heated by passing it through the tube. Surface of the
tube is maintained at 90°C. The diameter of the tube is 4 cm, while its length is 9.0
m. Find the mass flow rate so that the exit temperature of the water will be 60°C.
The properties of water are: = 995 kg/m3, Cp = 4.174 kJ/kg.K, kf = 0.64 W/m.K,
= 0.62 × 10–6 m2/s, = 4.25 × 10–3 K–1.
Use relation Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4.
Natural Convection
Q.1) Consider a rectangular plate 0.2 m × 0.4 m is maintained at a uniform temperature
of 80°C. It is placed in atmospheric air at 24°C. Compare the heat transfer rates from
the plate for the cases when the vertical height is (a) 0.2 m and (b) 0.4 m.
Q.2) Water at the rate of 0.8 kg/s at 90°C flows through a steel tube having 25 mm
ID and 30 mm OD. The outside surface temperature of the pipe is 84°C and
temperature of surrounding air is 20°C. The room pressure is 1 atm and pipe is 15
m long. How much heat is lost by free convection in the room ? You may use
correlation
Nu = 0.53 (Gr Pr)0.25 for 104 < Gr Pr < 109
= 0.10 (Gr Pr)1/3 for 109 < Gr Pr < 1012
Take properties of air as
= 1.0877 kg/m3, Cp = 1.0073 kJ/kg.K, = 1.9606 × 10–5 kg/ms, kf = 0.02813
W/m.K.
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Q.3) The size of CPU of a personal computer is 40 cm wide, 50 cm deep, and 10 cm
high. Its top surface is dissipating 25 W to its surrounding air at 20°C. Calculate the
temperature of the top surface.
Q.4) A circular disc heater 0.2 m in diameter is exposed to ambient air at 25°C. One
surface of the disc is insulated and other surface is maintained at 130°C. Calculate the
amount of heat transferred from the disc when it is (i) horizontal with hot surface facing
up, (ii) horizontal with hot surface facing down, and (iii) vertical.
Q.5) A computer chip, square in horizontal position, produces heat, while functioning. It
was found that there are two cooling solutions : (i) air, and (ii) water. Calculate, which is
the better, when chip temperature is 127°C and exposed in air at 27°C. The chip
protrudes from the base. The chip is 1 cm high and 5 cm × 5 cm in size.
Q.6) A hot plate 1 m × 0.5 m at 180°C is kept in still air at 20°C. Find : (i) The heat
transfer coefficient. (ii) Initial rate of cooling of the plate in °C/min. (iii) Time
required to cool the plate from 180°C to 80°C, if the heat transfer is due to
convection only.
Mass of the plate is 20 kg and specific heat is 400 J/kg.K. Assume that the 0.5 m
sides is vertical.
Q.7) A pipe carrying steam runs in a large room and is exposed to air at a
temperature of 30°C. The pipe surface temperature is 200°C. The pipe diameter is
20 cm. If total heat loss rate from the pipe per metre length is 1.9193 kW/m,
determine the pipe surface emissivity.
Use correlation Nu = 0.53 (Gr Pr)1/4
and properties of air at 115°C: kf = 0.03306 W/m.K, = 24.93 × 10–6 m2/s, Pr =
0.687.
Q.8) A four stroke motor cycle petrol engine cylinder consists of 15 annular fins. If
outside and inside diameters of each fin are 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively.
The average fin surface temperature is 475°C and they are exposed in air at 25°C.
Calculate the heat transfer rate from the fins for the following conditions : (i)
When motorcycle is at rest. (ii) When motorcycle is running at a speed of 60 km/h.
The fin may be idealised as a single horizontal flat plate of the same area.
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Natural Convection in Enclosed Spaces
Q.1) A vertical 0.8 m high, 2 m wide, double pane window consists of two sheets
of glass separated by 2 cm air gap at atmospheric pressure. If the glass surface
temperatures across the air gap are measured to be 12°C and 2°C, determine the
rate of heat transfer through the window.
Q.2) A 10 cm diameter sphere is maintained at 120°C. It is enclosed in a 12 cm
diameter concentric spherical surface maintained at 100°C. The space between two
spheres is filled with air at 200 kPa. Calculate the convective heat transfer rate
from inner sphere.
