S.

No Question
1 Lte Architechture & Interfaces
2 Slot,Sub Frame & Frame Size
3 Whatis the Size of RB in Time & freq. Domain
4 DL &UL Channels, Physical Signals and Their position in
Frame

How will the UE identify if it is LTE FDD/TDD during initial

5
stage while attaching to Network.

6 Explain about RSI & RACH Planning

7 How is Pci Planning Done

8 Explain Csfb Call Procedure

9 What are Different Csfb Features

10 Csfb is from Lte to 3G or 2G ?

11 How to Reduce Csfb Delay?

 When should R9 Redirection be Used and When PS
12
Handover be used for Csfb ?

13 which qci is used for data in lte? Is it GBR or Non-GBR

14 What can be the Reason for low Throughput

15 How do u study PRB utilization & What can be done to solve

it through Optimization

16 What is PRACH Utilization

17 How to Solve Handover and Call Drop Issues

18 Call Establishment Flow

19 What is the Range of interference in FDD Lte ?

20
How can you Identify X2 Interface issues and Solve them.

21 What is Rs Power, Pa & Pb

22 Describe SIB Info. In Lte

23 What are the Events in lte?

24 What is the Strategy for inter-Freq Handover in ur Network?

25 How many Lte Carriers are there in your Network

26 Do u have TDD in ur Network?

27 Carrier Aggregation is between which carriers ?

28 What is CA ?

29 What is 2CC & 3CC?

30 MLB
31 Cell Reselection
32 Handover
33 What is the Value of Qrxlev min. value in ur Network?
34 What is the Procedure for ANR & how it works ?
35 What is ICIC ?

36 What is Inter symbol inteference ?

37 Why there is no OFDMA in uplink ?

38 How many Typed of TDD frames can be ?

39 How Traffic Balancing Is Done ?

40 Wht are the predefined setting from 3G end for csfb ?

41 Wht is drx and what is short n long cycle drx ?

42 Ack and NACK are the responsibility of which layer ?

Wht is the difference between cyclic prefix and extended

43
cyclic prefix ?

How can you restrict a User to camp on the cell especially at

44
border area ?

45 Events and Festivals

Wht are the major steps taken to cater heavy prb utilization
46
immediately to maintain the KPI?
47 Timers in LTE

48 What is the function of t304 timer ?

Wht are different features to improve coverage and through

49
put for cell edge users?
 Difference between open loop and closed loop power
50
control?

51 What is ulcomp feature ?

52 What is single stream beamforming especially in tdd ?

53 How many transmission modes in lte?

54 Diff between transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing

55 How does mimo work

56 Openloop and close loop mimo

57
Wht is the mandatory thing to have for volte
58 Wht is IMS

59 Wht is srvcc

60 volte call flow

61 VoLte Features
 Sub-Questions
Functions of All Network Elements & Interfaces

DMRS,SRS, PSS & SSS

what is the difference b/w pci collision and confusion

Explain about Flash Csfb & Fast Return feature

Which one is faster. PS handover or redirection ?

Fromula for Throughput Calculation

is it based on A4 or A5 ?

What is the Multi Carrier Strategy? What is the purpose of each

Layer ?

What are CA Settings in ur Network ?

What is MLB Strategy ?

What are the Priorities for Cell Reselection ?
RSRP settings for Handover

Settings for ANR ? How u can blacklist few Neighbor cells?

What is PAPR ?

What is the Setting ?

What are the Major things to consider in traffic balancing?

Like SIB 19 Settings in 3G?

Enter and Exit DRX Threshold for Drx in your Network ?

Incase of ARQ and HARQ ?

Any Features for this?

how do you manage heavy traffic and Load ?

For Ex: Adjusting the Value for UeInactivity timer & Switching OFF
DRX.
Their Exact Function.Start,Stop &What Happens on Expiry?

wht is its value of T304 in ur network?

Drawbacks for closed loop Power Control ?

Gain and Drawbacks

Wht is tm7 ?
Gain and Drawbacks for each feature. Can two features be
implemented together ?
 Answer

Slot=0.5ms , Sub-Frame=1ms, frame=10ms.

1RB=12 sub carriers in Freq Domain, 1 Slot in Time Domain.

For FDD PSS and SSS are in adjacent OFDM symbols in the first slot of Subframes 0 and 5. Last and second-to-last,
respectively.
For TDD the PSS occupies third symbol of Slot 2 in 1 of subframes 1 and third symbol of Slot 12 in Subframe 6. SSS
occupies last symbol of slot 1 in Subframe 0 and last symbol of slot 11 in subframe 5.

1. Preamble format must be selected as per the Planned Cell radius.

2. Cyclic shift(Zero Correlation zone (Ncs)) Value must be selected as per the Planned cell radius Necessary to generate 64
Preamble.
Each Cell is asigned a Unique PCI by avoiding Mod 3 Interference,Pci Collision & Confusion. Pci Collision means two cells
have Same Pci, Pci Confusion means two neighbor cells of a serving cell have same Pci.

Originating Side:
• Ue send a Voice call req. to MME. MME checks for IMS bearers, then instructs Ue to fall back to 2G/3G N/w.
• The Ue Falls back to legacy N/w.
• The Ue initiates a call based on normal originating Call Flow on 2G/3G N/w.
Terminating Side:
• Msc server send a paging req. to MME over SGs interface.
• The MME forwards the paging req. instructing the Ue to Fall back to 2G/3G N/w.
• Ue falls back to 2G/3G N/w. Ue send a paging response msg to MSC server and Answers the call based on normal
terminating flow.
• Paging response msg. is sent in 3G for Terminating Csfb Call.

• R9 PS Redirection (RIM based or Flash Csfb): Rrc Release msg contains UTRA carrier info, SIB’s and PSC of target 3G cells.
In Flash Csfb, SIB’s reception time is saved (0.9 to 1.1 sec) rest all other procedures are same as R8 PS Redirection. This is
achieved through RIM procedure.
• Fast Return: SIB19 contains Inter-RAT freq. and priority info. To be used in the cell for the absolute RAT priority cell
reselection algorithm, As a result the time for the UE to return from the 3G to the LTE is long.
• The Fast Return from UMTS to LTE feature is introduced to reduce the time and improve user experience. Using the
UMTS-to-LTE Fast Return function, a UE can quickly return to the LTE network after the UE finishes all services (Including
Csfb).
• After the UE is identified as a CSFB UE and the UE finishes all services in the UMTS cell, the RNC triggers the RRC
connection release procedure.
• The RNC includes the information about the neighboring LTE cells whose frequencies have higher absolute priorities than
the frequency of the UMTS cell in an RRC CONNECTION RELEASE message. Upon receiving the message, the UE selects a
target cell based on the information and attempts to camp on this cell.

Lte to 3G

Apart from properly setting the basic Csfb Config, two Optimization Actions can be taken from Lte Side to Reduce Csfb
Delay.
1. Enable Idlecsfbredirectoptswitch to Skip Security phase in Lte Rrc before Fallback to reduce Delay.
2. Make sure all Csfb call Attempts are Flash Csfb and not Normal Csfb.
• Theoretically H.O. policy will take less time compared to Redirection.
• During H.O, the Target cell is specific and admission to target cell is interrogated during Preparation phase of H.O in
order to reserve resources.
• In R9 Redirection, the Ue is not redirected to specific cell. Instead Ue is redirected to a carrier not cell. Ue will receive
SIB’s for all 3G neighbor cells to Lte cell. Resource reservation on 3G cells is not performed during redirection.
• Practically R9 Redirection takes less time compared to PS H.O. because Preparation phase of H.O takes higher time as it is
interrogating BW Lte & 3G NW.
• In case of a network having very few NE’s in Core NW and Few RNC’s & MME’s, the delay for P.S. H.O can be lower than
R9 redirection.
Qci-9 is used for Data in Lte, It is Non-GBR.

Low Throughput can be due to Capacity or Radio Related Issue.

• For Capacity related Issue, Offload the Traffic to Co-Located carriers through Physical Actions or MLB

Radio related Issues:

• MIMO Performance (Low Rank 2 %) especially in rural Areas.
• DL Interference due to Poor SINR (CQI value will reflect)
• Low SINR during high load (Interference from Neighbor cell)
• Large Overlapping from Neighbor cell to Source cell.
• Improper Power control Settings: if Inter-site distance is low (PA=0, PB=1), If Inter-Site distance is Large (PA=-3, PB=1)

PRACH Occupies 6 PRB's in freq domain and it's position in time domain is Specified by the paramater PRACH Config. Index
which specifies the Occasions of PRACH channel in a Lte frame. PRACH Utilization refers to the No. of UE's performing
Random Access procedure through PRACH Channel.
Call Drops Can be Due to radio related reason or MME related Reason.
Below are Radio related reasons:
1. UL Sync Fail
The main reason for this Drop is the Ue is not sync in physical layer. This triggers re-establishment procedure.Optimization
Action
• Increase the UL Sync timer from 180ms to 400ms.
2. SRB & DRB Reset (Max. Rlc Retransmissions reached)
3. Drop due to Handover Failure
During Handover, if T304 expires, Ue will Initiate Re-establishment with cause value Handover failure. If this Re-
establishment fails and Ue is unable to recover Radio Link, the S-EnB will release the context after expiry of internal timer
(X2 Reloc Overall timer=t304+t301+t311).
4. Drop due to No Response
If EnB send Rrc reconfig. Msg, then it expects response from UE.If Ue does not send Rrc reconfig complete msg to EnB and
internal timer on EnB expires, then the Enb initiates a release.
5. PDCCH Decoding Failures

6. Handover Drop due to MME

• A Handover induced drop can also pegged under MME. A Handover Drop is pegged under Radio due to X2 Reloc overall
timer Expiry.
• The main difference between handover failure pegged in radio and MME is the time the UE takes to initiate the new RRC
Connection. If the UE initiates a new RRC connection before the source eNB’s X2 Reloc Overall Timer expiry then it will be
pegged under MME drop while if the UE is unable to initiate a new RRC Connection in time, the source eNB will release the
context due to X2 Reloc Overall Timer expiry resulting in a radio drop.
7. Max. UL Retransmissions reached :
Handover Problems
 H.O. Prep. Failures are caused mainly due to X2 Link failures or S1 Link failures in case of S1-nased H.O. Not a Radio Issue.
 H.O. Exec. Failure can be Radio related or Link (S1 or X2) related.
 Most common HO Exec. Failure is due to DL-Interference on S-cell or UL-Interference on T-cell.
 If any Radio related steps like Rrc reconfig, Rach process, Rrc Reconfig complete msg. fails. H.O. Exec. Will fail.
 In Case of Poor H.O succ rate, Penalize Handover by giving Offsets

There is No Exact Value for High UL Interference in Lte, But from Prctical Cases Interefrence value of -105dbm is
considered as high value which can Effect KPI's.

RS power is the Power of Reference Signal RE which is set by MO: PDSCHCFG, Pa is the Offset given to RS Power to
calculate EPRE of PDSCH Type A Symbols and Pb is the Offset given to PDSCH Type B symbol with respect to PDSCH type A
Symbol.
RS Power, Pa & Pb, defines the Power of each Resource Element in Lte.
System Info. Is sent by eNB to UE in Idle mode to Inform Ue of N/w Access Info.
MIB & SIB1, SIB2 reception is mandatory for a UE to Access the N/w.
MIB: It is carried by PBCH. It consists of Cell BW in No. of Subcarriers, PHICH Config. & SFN.
SIB1: Parameters related to Cell Access and Cell Selection and Scheduling Info. of S.I. msgs.
SIB2: Common Radio parameters used by all UE’s in a Cell.
SIB3: Common Cell reselection parameters for all UE’s and Intra-Freq Cell Reselection Parameters.
SIB4: Intra-Freq Neighbor cell List, reselection parameters of each Neighbor cell and Intra-Freq cell Reselection Blacklist
SIB5: Non-Serving EUTRA Freq List and Reselection parameters of each Freq used for cell Reselection.
Inter-Freq Neighbor cell List and Reselection parameters for each Neighbor cell. Inter-Freq Cell reselection Blacklist.
SIB6: UTRA Neighbor Freq List and Reselection parameters of each Freq. used for Cell Reselection.
SIB7: GERAN Neighbor Freq List and Reselection parameters of each Freq. used for Cell Reselection.

Event A1: Serving is higher than a Threshold

Event A2: Serving is lower than a Threshold
Event A3: Neighbor cell is higher than Serving by an Offset
Event A4: Neighbor Cell is higher than a Threshold
Event A5: Serving is lower than Threshold 1 and Neighbor is higher than Threshold 2
Event B1: IRAT Neighbor is higher than a Threshold
Event B2: Serving Cell is lower than Threshold 1 and IRAT Neighbor is higher than a Threshold 2.

Inter-Freq Handover Strategy is A2 & A4 Based.

4: L2.6 & L2100 Capacity Layers, L1800 & L800 Indoor Capacity & Coverage Layers..

No
Basically in our NW, CA strategy is of two types:
• 4 Carrier CA strategy in which CA can have all four carriers aggregated to provide 4CC.
• 3 carrier CA Strategy in which CA has 3 aggregated Carriers to provide 3CC ( L2.1 is non continuous so 3 Carrier Strategy is
also used in CA)

In CA, the Ue is served by multiple aggregated carriers to provide high Data Rates by utilizing idle RB’s in Inter-Freq
neighbor cells.
CA Settings:
Group Based mode
Pcc Anchoring is OFF
Event A4= -105dbm to Trigger CA configuration
Event A2= -109dbm to Trigger Scell Removal
SccBlindCfgSwitch=OFF
Active buffer Delay Thd =0 & ActiveBufferLenThd =0, means Scell will Always be Activated as soon as it’s Configured.
DeactiveThroughputThd=10kb
DeactiveBufferLenThd=3kb
SccDeactCqiThd=0, Scell will Never be Deactivated

In 2CC & 3CC CA Scenarios, 2 carriers and 3 Carriers are aggregated respectively in DL.
PRB only. SynchronizedUE
L2.6=7, L2.1=6, L1800=6, L800=5.
For Coverage based Inter-Freq H.O: A2= -113 , A4= -105.
-128 dbm

Due to Multipath propogation in Wireless channel, same symbols arrive at the receiver at different times which causes
Delay Spread which results in Inter symbol Interference, this is Mitigated in LTE by using OFDMA which uses Larger symbol
duration.

Due to Cell center and Cell Edge user, the Diff between Peak and Avg. Power is high,In DL this does not cause any
Problem.Due to High PAPR in OFDMA, it is not used in UL as it requires very Complex and Expensive Power Amplifier in
UE's, So SC-FDMA is used in UL instead of OFDMA.

There are 7 Types of TDD Type 2 Frames. DL/UL Config 0,1,2,6 have 5ms Switching and 3,4,5 have Full frame Switching.
Each Half Frame Carries 5 SF, SF 1 & 6 has Specialized fields Dwpts, UpPTS & GP. SF 0&5 along with DWPTS are always used
for DL and UPPTS and the Following SF are always used for uplink.

Lte Used DRX Algorithm to reduce UE Power Consumption by Switching bw Active and Sleep States. Long DRX Cylce have
Long Sleep Duration where as Short DRX Cycle has Short Sleep Duration.
A Ue initially Follows Long DRX Cycle and If Data Arrives in Active time, it Switches to Short DRX Cycle and contiues to
follow Short DRX Cycle for DRX Short cycle Timer. when it expires it again follows Long DRX Cycle.
1. Long DRX cycle Saves more UE Battery but Induces more Service Delay
2. Short DRX cycle Saves less UE Battery but reduces Service Delay

ARQ is the Responsibility of RLC Layer, Whereas HARQ is the Responsibility of MAC Layer.

Cyclic Prefix is used to Compensate for Delay Spread caused due to ISI. Normal Cyclic Prefix is Used for shorter cell Raduis
and Extended Cyclic Prefix is used for Large Cell raduis which induces very Large Delay Spread.

Forbid Access Feature can be used to restict the Access of a user to Lte cell from certain Distance. Forbid Access is a Layer
3 function. When it is enabled, Ue sends RA Preamble and Complete MAC Random Access Process, When Ue sends Rrc
req. it will be Rejected by Enb. Rrc Succ. Rate formula can be modified to remove Failures due to Forbid Access. Forbid
access feature is not recommmended.

1. Switch Off DRX

2. Decrease Ue Inactivity Timer
3. Increase T302 to decrease signalling storms caused by Frequent Rrc Connections
4. Switch Off Fast ANR
5. Decrease Physical Channel Overheads
6. Improve PDCCH Efficiency
• RB Allocation Strategy as RoundUP
• PDCCH resource Expansion for Ue’s with small Volume Services
7. Increase value for Default Paging Cycle to reduce PRB Utilization.
8. Reduce Radio Resource Consumption caused by Retransmissions
• Set PDCP Discard timer to recommended Value(DiscardTimer=DiscardTimer_Infinity)
• Enable PUSCH Dtx Detection
• Decrease RB Wastage caused by False SR detection
• Reduce radio resource consumption caused by unnecessarily retransmission of polling PDU and status report
T300:
Start: when Ue Sends Rrc Conn Req
Stops: When Ue Receives Rrc Connection Setup, reject
At Expiry: Inform Upper Layers abt failure to establish Rrc Connection
T301:
Start: When Ue Send Rrc re-establishment Req.
Stops: at Reception of Rrc Reestablishment or Reestablishment reject
At Expiry: Go to Idle Mode
T302:
Start: At Reception of Rrc Reject
Stops: Upon Entering Rrc Connected State or Cell Reselection
At Expiry: Inform higher Layers abt barring Alleviation.
T304: (EUTRAN)
Start: It Indicates Timer Length for Intra Rat HO. If Ue does not complete H.O. before timer expires, The Ue Reverts back to
associated Config. And Initiates Rrc-Reestablishment
Start: reception of Rrc Connection reconfig. Or Mobility from Eutra Command.
Stops: At Successful Completion of H.O.
At Expiry: Initiate Rrc Re-establishment Procedure.
T310:
Start: when Ue Receives Consecutive N310 Out of sync indications from lower Layers.
Stops: When Ue receives Consecutive N311 In-sync Indications from Lower Layers or Triggering HO Procedure
At Expiry: If Security is Not Activated, UE goes to Rrc Idle Mode, If Security is activated: Rrc Reestablishment procedure is
initiated.
T320: (for Load balancing)
Start: Receiving T320 in Rrc Release msg.
Stops: when Entering Rrc Connected State, cell Reselection to another RAT.

T304: (EUTRAN)
Start: It Indicates Timer Length for Intra Rat HO. If Ue does not complete H.O. before timer expires, The Ue Reverts back to
associated Config. And Initiates Rrc-Reestablishment
Start: reception of Rrc Connection reconfig. Or Mobility from Eutra Command.
Stops: At Successful Completion of H.O.
At Expiry: Initiate Rrc Re-establishment Procedure. T304=1000 ms.

UL COMP & TTI Bundling, ROHC

In Open Loop Power Control, the Ue Initially Calculates UL Tx Power based on Expcected received Power by Enb and Path
Loss. The adjustment to this Value is based on Power ramping step Parameter provided by Enb.
In Closed Loop Power Control, The Ue Calculates Initial UL Tx Power based on Expected received power by Enb and Path
Loss. The EnodeB periodically Issues TPC Commands to Increase or decrease the Power based on transmit power density
of UE to adapt to changes in Channel conditions and Traffic Load based on estimated PSD and Target PSD.
The Drawback of Closed Loop Power Control is it Increases PDCCH Load as TPC commands are Carried by DCI formats 3,3A
on PDCCH. It mitigated issues of Slow fading which was a drawback in Open Loop Power Control.

• UL COMP converts Inter cell Interference into useful info. By coordinating multiple cells. UL COMP consists of Joint
Reception (JR) where transmissions from a UE are received by multiple points and are passed to the serving cell for
processing.
• UL COMP Improves Spectral efficiency, Network coverage & Improves cell performance especially for cell edge Ue
performance.
• UL COMP uses IRC & MRC algorithms.
• When Event A3 is triggered the EnB starts UL COMP procedure (MRC). UL COMP Procedure will continue until Ue sends
Event A3 for Intra-Freq Handover.
• The Default Threshold is 10db and Optimized Value is 5db
• Gain:
1. User UL Throughput & User UL Throughput (RmvSmallPkt) & (RmvLastTTI) enhanced respectively by +4.24%, +7.56% &
+5.27%.
2. UL MAC iBLER rate & UL MAC Retransmission rate & PUSCH iBLER for VoIP enhanced respect by -2.76% & -1.65% & -
7.08%

Total 9 TM modes. Tm7 supports single layer Beamforming.

MIMO Works in Two Operating Modes:

1. Transmit Diversity
2. Spatial Multiplexing
If the UE can’t differentiate b/w two data streams transmitted on two Tx antennas then Ue Reports Rank as 1, the MIMO
works in Transmit Diversity Mode wherein All Antennas Transmit the same Data which results in Better Signal Quality at
receiver.
If a Ue can differentiate b/w Multiple Data streams Transmitted on Diff. Antennas, the Ue report Rank higher than 1, the
MIMO works in Spatial Multiplexing Mode resulting in Higher Throughput.
In Lte, MIMO Algorithm works by Transmitting Diff. Data Streams on Multiple Antennas resulting in increased data rates.
Based on Channel Orthognality, MIMO Works in Two Operating Modes:
1. Transmit Diversity
2. Spatial Multiplexing
If the UE can’t differentiate b/w two data streams transmitted on two Tx antennas then Ue Reports Rank as 1, the MIMO
works in Transmit Diversity Mode wherein All Antennas Transmit the same Data which results in Better Signal Quality at
receiver.
If a Ue can differentiate b/w Multiple Data streams Transmitted on Diff. Antennas, the Ue report Rank higher than 1, the
MIMO works in Spatial Multiplexing Mode resulting in Higher Throughput.
MIMO Transmission Modes implies the Needed Feedback indicators from Ue.
TM1: 1TX port (only CQI is sent): Diversity Mode only
TM2: 2 TX Port or higher (only CQI is sent): Diversity Mode only
TM3: 2 TX Port or Higher (CQI & RI is sent): Diversity and Multiplexing mode
TM4: 2 TX Port or Higher (CQI, PMI & RI is sent): Diversity and Multiplexing mode
TM6: 2 TX Port or Higher (CQI, PMI is sent): Diversity mode only, PMI is used to decrease channel Orthognality.
MIMO can be implemented in Fixed Mode or Adaptive Mode
1. Fixed Mode: It mostly uses TM3 or TM4 modes.
2. Adaptive Mode: OL Adaptive will toggle b/w TM2 & TM3. CL Adaptive will toggle b/w TM4 & TM6.

1. In Closed Loop MIMO, UE send PMI as a Feedback along with CQI to ENB instructing it to adjust the phase of baseband
signal in order to Increase the channel Orthognality, thereby increasing the Probability of triggering Rank 2.In Open Loop
MIMO, Ue do not Send PMI feedback. CSI feedback in OL MIMO can be Only CQI & RI.

For Volte Service, IMS should be deployed and Ue should support VoLTE.
QCI9, QCI 5 & QCI1 bearers must be established
IMS is IP Multimedia Sub system. IMS Core NW within VoLTE Architechture provides the service layer for Multimedia
telephony
When Lte Coverage is Poor, Srvcc enalbes VoLTE services to be carried in the Cs domain of 3G RAT ensuring service
continuity.
1. Semi-persistent Scheduling (SPS):
Increases system Capacity. Dynamic Scheduling is every 1ms whereas SPS is every 20ms.
SPS has many drawbacks especially with Apple Devices so not used widely
2. ROHC
Compresses the IP Header from 40B to 1B. Improves coverage of cell Edge users and improves capacity when capacity is
limited due to insufficient PRB’s.
ROHC is implemented to Solve issues of high BER, High RTT, it reduces Packet Loss.
3. TTI bundling:
It enables to send a data block in 4 Consecutive TTI’s which are bound together and treated as same resource.
When UE’s Channel Quality is poor and Tx Power is limited, TTI Bundling increases Cell Edge Coverage of PUSCH by approx.
1db HARQ RTT changes from 8 to 16 ms. Four UL Sub frames have only 1 PHICH feedback. HARQ combining gains are used
to Increase UL Coverage.
4. Ul Rlc Segmentation
The No. of Ul Rlc Segments is dependent on TBS size determined by Ul Scheduling. The Smaller the TBS, the greater the no.
of UL Rlc Segments. When channel Quality is poor, Small TBS size results in large no. of UL Rlc segments which leads to
Long delay of VoLTE packets and Loss of UL VoLTE Packets, Large Rlc & MAC Headers, Large consumption of CCE’s & RB’s
by UL dynamic scheduling.
Ul Rlc Segmentation restricts the TBS size in UL dynamic Scheduling to control the no. of UL Rlc segments for VoLTE
packets. This improves Voice quality when channel quality is poor.

• TTI Bundling is not used with UL Rlc Segmentation. TTI Bundling is Preferred over UL Rlc Segmentation as it generates
excessive PDCCH overheads.
S.No Question
1 Brief Explanation about your Experience in Optimization ?

2 How to Solve low Throuput Issues?

3 For a Specific Vip Customer, How can you try to Solve or further improve
Throughput ?
4 Csfb Call Flow

5 How Csfb Call Setup Time can be reduced?

6 What is the Difference Between Normal Csfb and Falsh Csfb ?

7 If a User is unable Reselect back to LTE from 3G after finishing his Csfb Call,
what can be the issue ?
8 What is IBler and what is its optimum value ?
9 Call drop issues ?

10 What is call drop due to RLF failure and how to resolve it ?

11 what is DL fss and wht are its drawbacks. Is it activated on ur network ?

list out the diff features u have worked personally on and also state if u have
12
roll out that feature in ur network ?

13 What is Scheduling and which scheduling is used in ur Network

14 what is pre allocation and smart pre allocation ?

What is MLB and wht is the criteria set for MLB in ur network ( based on prb
15
or user) ?

16 few questions related on Traffic balancing

17 How many carriers in ur network and -how did u do balancing among diff
carriers ?
18 How much volte exp u have ?
19 what are the pre requisites for enabling volte

20 What is tti bundling ?

21 What is Rlc segmentation ?

Can both be enabled at the same time in the network? Rlc segmentation and
22
tti bundling ?

23 Any solved issues or cases in volte ?

Two UE in nearby location, will these two have interference amongst each
24
other?
25 Huawei Tools Experience ?
26 Have you performed any Trace Analysis or Layer 3 Analysis ?
27 Throughput improvement features
39 Traffic Balancing
40
41
 Sub-Questions

Considering all RF condition and physical parameters are all good, give
solution from features point if view.

Firstly what is the Avg. Call Setup time in your Network? Are there any
parameters and features for reducing Setup time further ?

Differences b/w Different types of schedduling Policies.

Familiar with OMSTAR & FMA ?

1. CL-Adaptive MIMO instead of Fixed MIMO mode (Slow Users)

2. Enhanced DL-FSS

3. Initial Cqi Adjustment (PreciseMcsAdaptSwitch)

4. Handoverstatic MCS

5. Carrier Aggregation

6. Pre Allocation & Smart Pre-Allocation

7. Packet Awareness Scheduling

8. UL-PAMC (It will Increase IBLER & rBLER)

9. Last 2 Retransmissions in HARQ (it will Improve rBLER)

10. Downlink Flexible IBLER Target adaption

11. VoLTE Handover Strategy

12. MBOCS

13. PDCCH Capacity Expansion

14. VoLTE Exit DRX

15. PCC Anchoring

16. PUSCH Dtx

17. Initial Delta Cqi with Step

18. UL COMP

19. RACH Parameters Tuning

Explain Traffic Balancing Process in Detail.

 Answers
LTE Rollout & MS Project

From Radio Side below Actions can be taken

1. Improve SINR by Reducing Interference in DL
2. Increasing Rank 2% by implementing CL-Adaptive MIMO
3. Reduce Overlapping of Neighbor cells
4. Reduce Physical channels overheads
5. Tune power control settings in DL
Remaining Action can be taken by tuning Parameters & Implementing features
Throughput Improvement Features

6.6 secs. Enable the IdleCsfbRedirectOpt Switch, which will cause Ue to Skip security in Lte before Rrc release. Enable Flash Cs
with Blind Redirection instead of measurement based Redirection.

In Normal Csfb , During Redirection, the RrcRelease msg. contains only UTRA Carrier , wherein Flash Csfb, Rrcrelease msg. con
SIB's of Target RAT Cell along with UTRA Carrier thereby reducing Csfb Call Setup time by Approx. 1 secs.

Fast return is not enabled due to which Ue takes longer time to reselect back to Lte.

10%
Poor Coverage, RLF,SRB & DRB Reset, Neighbors not defined etc..
When Ue Cannot Decode PDCCH for N311 times, T310 Starts and if the Radio Link is not recovered and T310 expires, then RLF
occurs. Improve the Radio Conditions or Increase T310 & N310, N311, But User Experience will get impacted by Increasing the
timers, so it should be tuned accordingly.

when Fss activated, The E-nb will Schedule the Users with best channel quality based on Sub band cqi reported by Ue thereby
increasing the Throughput. Drawback of Fss is that, it will generate Excessive UL Overheads due to aperiodic Cqi's reported by
leading to Incresse in iBLER and Dtx. DL Fss has compatibility issue with CL-MIMO.

1. CL-Adaptive MIMO
2. HO StaticMcs timer
3. DL-Enhanced FSS
4. MBOCS
5. PDCCH Capacity Improvement
6. VoLTE H.O. Strategy
7. RACH Parameters Globalization
8. Pre Allocation & Smart PreAllocation
9. Pcc Anchoring for Idle UE’s
10. PUSCH DTX Switch
11. UL COMP
12. VoLTE Exit DRX

1. Round Robin: It will consider Ue wait time while scheduling

2. Max C/I: it will consider Cqi for scheduling. High Cqi users will be allocated more RB’s compared to Low Cqi users
3. Proportionate fair: It is a combination of RR & Max C/I. Ue wait time and RF conditions (Cqi) both are considered for schedu
4. EPF: it is an Enhancement to PF. Ue priorities at bearer level are considered along with Cqi & Ue wait time.
1. The preallocation duration does not take effect for normal preallocation, and preallocation cannot be performed in DRX mo
2. Smart Pre Allocation can be performed in DRX and Pre Allocation Duration can be assigned for Smart Preallocation, thereby
saving UL Resources compared to Normal Preallocation.
MLB algorithm is used to Transfer Appropriate Ue's from highly Loaded cells to Lightly cells thereby Achieving Load Balancing
Carriers. MLB Strategy for Zain : Prb only, Ue transfer type: UL Sync Ue. Load Evaluston period= 30secs ,inter-Freq MLB Thresh
800-50 ,1800-60 , 2100-60 , 2600-70&90 , LoadOffset=8, LoadDiffThd=15, T320ForLoadBalance=10min.

4 Carriers in Our Network.

2 Year
IMS should be Deployed. (qci1 qci2 qci5) should be Enabled.
In TTI Bundling, Ue Transmits identical Data on Four consecutive TTI's in a bundle. When Ue's channel Quality is Poor & Transm
power is limited,TTI bundling Improves Coverage through HARQ combining. TTI bundling is triggered when SINR is dropped be
a Threshold. (TTI bundling ON in Zain) ,, target SINR=255 (SINR is dynamically calculated based on the channel quality and the
of voice packets)

The No. of Rlc segments depends on TBS size. During poor channel quality and Limited Ul Power, Small TBS results in Large no
UL Rlc Segments results in Delay of Volte packets & Larhe Rlc & MAC Headers. Ul Rlc Segmentaion feature restricts TBS size in
dynamic scheduling to controlth no. of UL Rlc segments in VoLTE. Ul Rlc Segmentation gives very goon Gain in terms of UL
Coverage and MOS Score Stabilization at cell Edge.

NO. Either one should be Used. TTI Bundling Is preferred over Rlc Segmentation, as Rlc segmentation has a drawback of incre
Rlc Overhead of Multiple Rlc Segments and each Rlc Pdu mapped onto TB needs Separate PDCCH Assignment(Excessive PDC
Overhead). further more Retransmissions will Increase Control Signalling Overheads. Ul rlc Segmentation does not takes Eff
when UE enters TTI Bundling state.
Yes. During P3 Benchmarking Analysis. MOS Improvement Through Features. (VoLTE Exit DRX)
if they are in same cell then no interference as both are assigned diff RBs, if on a diff cell then might have interference

Yes.
Yes. During P3 Benchmarking Analysis.

CL-Loop Adaptive MIMO will Increase User Throughput due to High Rank 2% triggering as PMI is transmittted in CSI feedback a
with CQI & RI. It is recommended for Low Speed users. When it is used with DL-FSS, ibLER will be Increased. 50 to 70%
Improvement in DL Peak Throughput wil CL-MIMO.

It is eRan 15 feature and enhancement to DL-FSS from previous versions. But it offers No Improvement in DL Throughput. PDC
symbol 3% is increased due to Excessive signalling Overheads generated as Ue's will transmit sub-band Cqi's. PuSCH MCS Inde
Signalling and Retransmissions is also Gretaly increased.

when this Switch is Enabled, the eNodeB selects the TBS with a higher index for the first downlink HARQ retransmission. In
addition, when the initial CQI adjustment amount is relatively conservative, the eNodeB increases and compensates for the CQ
adjustment amount.
• It is the duration within which the eNodeB performs downlink scheduling based on a low (MCS) order in handovers.
• The eNodeB starts this timer after determining a UE has entered the handover area or has been handed over to the target c
The eNodeB performs downlink scheduling based on a low MCS order during the running of this timer.
• After the timer expires, the eNodeB performs downlink scheduling based on a new MCS order after CQI adjustment.
• Tuning from 60ms to 10ms.
In CA, multiple carriers(contiguous & Non-Contiguous) are Aggregated to Provide High Data rates to a Ue.

• In Pre-Allocation instead of sending the SR on PUCCH , the resources are Preallocated by assigning UL Grant on PDCCH
• A User can directly send data on PUSCH. PreAllocation size is configurable and Periodicity can be 1,2 or 3 T.T.I
• Gain : Pre Allocation reduces Latency
• Drawback: Throughput is reduced when PreAllocation is enabled. PreAllocation duration does not take effect for normal
PreAllocation. PreAllocation does not work in DRX.
• To Overcome the Drawbacks of PreAllocation, SmartPreAllocation was introduced. It works in DRX and Throughput is Improv
compared to Normal PreAllocation. (SmartPre Allocation duration,PreAllocsizeforsparse)

• Normally the Scheduler gives high priority to High Traffic or Large buffer User.
• For Highly Loaded cells, the Users with small amount of data are kept in lower scheduling priority, so in High Traffic scenario
Throughput users will have high Latency compared to Large Buffer users.
• Packet Awareness scheduling feature gives higher priority to Low Packet or Low throughput users in Order to reduce their
Latency & improve User perception.

• UL PAMC introduces Cell Level SINR Adjustment value based on which each Ue which has just accessed the Network can now
obtain a more accurate initial Ue-level SINR Adjustment value for subsequent initial MCS Selection.
• These UEs used to use a fixed initial SINR adjustment value, and therefore the adjusted SINR could not promptly approach th
expected value when the UEs are scheduled infrequently because of low traffic volume.
• This slow change in the adjusted SINR causes failure to accurately indicate UL channel quality, affecting UL UE throughput.
• Positive Gain: UL Throughput is improved
• Drawback: It increases IBLER & rBLER.

• Once Qci-1 is established in Any Carrier, The Ue will Immediately Handover to 1800 Band.
• The Purpose is to Enhance VoLTE User Experience by Handing over Ue to L1800 Band as L2.6 Band is Non-Contiguous and
Effected by External Interference.

• Gain:
1. DL Packet loss rate of QCI-1 is enhanced by 13.85% and 4.86% improved UL packet loss rate.
2. QCI-1 DL packet delay improved by 8.45%
3. VoIP IBLER improved in PDSCH by 6.7% and PUSCH 5.22%
4. Call setup time almost stable.
• Multi-band Optimal Carrier Selection (MBOCS) enables eNodeB’s to quickly select carriers that will provide a better user
experience for UEs requiring large volumes of data transmission.
• Pre-requisites are Multiband network with more than 2 carriers, UMPT board, PRB Usage is >20%.
• Every 100ms, The EnB Evaluates Cell Load by Calculating each Ue TTI Number according to its Data Volume. If the Sum of All
transmit TTI number is large, Cell Load is higher.
• Evaluate factors between neighbor candidate cell and source cell:
1. Cell Available RB’s
2. Spectral Efficiency(SINR) difference between source cell and target cell
3. Parallel transmitting UEs & their data volume

• Gain:
1. DL User Throughput Increased by 12.1%
2. UL User Throughput Increased by 3%
3. DL MAC Retransmission rate improved by 3.1%
4. DL MAC iBLER improved by 3.3%
5. DL MAC rBLER improved by 0.1%
6. DL Spectrum Efficiency Increased by 2.8%
7. Inter-Freq Load based H.O. attempts reduced by 21%.
• Drawback:
1. Number of Handovers will Increase
2. The CPU Load will Increase Slightly.

• PDCCH Dynamic Assignment according to Traffic for Efficient Resource Utilization

• PDCCH Allocation is based on BLER & Cqi. Ex: If an EnB gets Cqi as 13 from Ue it will Allocate Agg. layer as 2.If this Ue moves
Bad RF conditions, and EnB experiences BLER then EnB increases Agg. Layer to 4 providing more Robustness to PDCCH. Anothe
way to Increase the PDCCH Robustness is to Increase PDCCH Power.
• By Using Dynamic Power Adjustment for PDCCH, it will Increase PDCCH power with same Aggregation layer to Increase the
Robustness. So the Ue will use 2CCE and remaining 2CCE’s are saved for PDSCH.
• Another approach is to tune the PDCCH BLER target. If the BLER target is slightly increased, then the eNB will use the same
PDCCH agg. layer for longer and this will reduce expansion of PDCCH resulting in a lower CCE utilization and reduced overhead
However, if the BLER target is increased excessively, the UEs might fail to decode the PDCCH resulting in retransmissions.
• Another Approach is increasing the Coding rate for PDCCH Agg. Layers. But increasing it reduces the robustness of the PDCC
and therefore, a balance must be maintained.

• Indicates the VoLTE packet loss rate threshold for exiting DRX, which is used by the DRX algorithm to determine whether UE
DRX
• If the uplink or downlink packet loss rate is greater than or equal to this threshold in two consecutive 2.5s time windows, the
eNodeB stops voice quality monitoring and determines that the voice quality is poor and then instructs UEs to exit DRX.
• Recommended Value is 5%
• Gain:
1. Improvement in UL packet Uu loss rate by 5.5% and improvement in DL packet Uu loss rate by 9.2%
2. Improvement in PDSCH iBLER for VOIP by 23.4% and PUSCH iBLER for VOIP by 3.0%.
3. Improvement in DL packet delay for QCI-1 by 6.3%.
• Drawback:
1. Increase in DL CCE usage for VOIP by 9.4% and UL CCE usage for VOIP by 15.1%.
• When Pcc Anchoring is enabled, EnB will send Dedicated Cell reselection priorities for CA Ue in Rrc Connection release msg.
instructing the Ue to Camp on Carriers as per the Preferred Pcell/PCC priority configured on EnB.
• This will balance the Traffic between the Carriers for CA supported UE’s.
• Pcc Anchoring can be used as an Additional Step for Traffic Balancing for CA Ue’s.

• For UEs which fail to detect UL GRANT or SR false alarm appear in DRX state, if this optimization is disabled, it will lead to the
uplink retransmission repeatedly and waste the uplink PUSCH resource and the uplink error code rate will increase obviously.
• After enable this optimization, if the HARQ feedback state of one uplink schedule is DTX, eNodeB will deliver UL GRANT agai
instead of starting HARQ retransmission. If the next HARQ feedback is still DTX, eNodeB will stop the scheduling triggered by t
SR.
• Gain: Reduce the uplink retransmission consumption when Ue’s fail to detect UL GRANT or SR false alarm appear in DRX stat
Radio resource efficiency increases, the RBLER decreases.
• Drawback: The scheduling delay for UEs in weak coverage areas increases. Rrc Reestablishment Suuc rate is Reduced due to
number of Reestablishments is reduced and Reestablishment Failures are Increased due to No Context.

• This parameter will Adjust Cqi based on Target BLER. If this parameter is set to a large value, the initial MCS index for a UE is
which may lead to a high BLER. If this parameter is set to a small value, the initial MCS index for a UE is low.
• Tuning : Initial Delta Cqi -4 to 0 & Cqi Adjustment Step from 0.1 to 0.9.
• This will Allow Cqi to Converge more faster after Initial Access and Improves DL Throughput.

• UL COMP converts Inter cell Interference into useful info. By coordinating multiple cells. UL COMP consists of Joint Receptio
where transmissions from a UE are received by multiple points and are passed to the serving cell for processing.
• UL COMP Improves Spectral efficiency, Network coverage & Improves cell performance especially for cell edge Ue performa
• UL COMP uses IRC & MRC algorithms.
• When Event A3 is triggered the EnB starts UL COMP procedure (MRC). UL COMP Procedure will continue until Ue sends Even
for Intra-Freq Handover.
• The Default Threshold is 10db and Optimized Value is 5db
• Gain:
1. User UL Throughput & User UL Throughput (RmvSmallPkt) & (RmvLastTTI) enhanced respectively by +4.24%, +7.56% & +5.2
2. UL MAC iBLER rate & UL MAC Retransmission rate & PUSCH iBLER for VoIP enhanced respect by -2.76% & -1.65% & -7.08%

• PrachIrcSwitch of the IrcSwitch parameter and the PrachIntrfRejSwitch parameter together control the interference rejectio
technique applied to the PRACH.
• When the PrachIntrfRejSwitch parameter is set to on, PrachIrcSwitch of the IrcSwitch parameter takes effect. 1. If the
PrachIrcSwitch option is deselected, MRC is applied to the PRACH. 2. If the PrachIrcSwitch option is selected, MRC/IRC adapta
is applied to the PRACH.
• Gain: Improvement in RACH success rate by 11.2 % due to reduction in RACH failures by 89.23%
Cqi is reported every 1ms or 10 ms ?
Sri is sent once or for every UL transmission.