Lecture 05
Using Group Functions
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do
the following:
•Identify the available group functions
•Describe the use of group functions
•Group data using the GROUP BY clause
•Include or exclude grouped rows by using the HAVING
clause
What Are Group Functions?
Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one
result per group.
EMPLOYEES
The maximum
salary in
the EMPLOYEES
table.
…
Types of Group Functions
• AVG
• COUNT
• MAX
• MIN
• SUM
Group Functions Syntax
SELECT [column,] group_function(column), ...
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column]
[ORDER BY column];
Using the AVG and SUM Functions
You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.
SELECT AVG(salary), MAX(salary),
MIN(salary), SUM(salary)
FROM employees;
Using the MIN and MAX Functions
You can use MIN and MAX for any data type.
• Date Data Type
SELECT MIN(hire_date), MAX(hire_date)
FROM employees;
Using the MIN and MAX Functions
• Character Data Type
SELECT MIN(first_name), MAX(first_name)
FROM employees;
Using the MIN and MAX Functions
• Number Data Type
SELECT MIN(department_id),
MAX(department_id)
FROM employees;
Example
Using the COUNT Function
COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;
Using the COUNT Function
• COUNT(expr) returns the number of rows with
non-null values for the expr.
• Display the number of department values in the
EMPLOYEES table, excluding the null values.
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;
Using the DISTINCT Keyword
• COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of
distinct non-null values of the expr.
• Display the number of distinct department values in
the EMPLOYEES table.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT department_id)
FROM employees;
Group Functions and Null Values
Group functions ignore null values in the column.
SELECT AVG(commission_pct)
FROM employees;
Using the NVL Function with Group
Functions
The NVL function forces group functions to include
null values.
SELECT AVG(NVL(commission_pct, 0))
FROM employees;
Creating Groups of Data
EMPLOYEES
4400
9500
The
average
3500 salary
in
EMPLOYEES
6400
table
for each
10033 department.
…
Creating Groups of Data:
The GROUP BY Clause Syntax
SELECT column, group_function(column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ORDER BY column];
Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using
the GROUP BY clause.
Using the GROUP BY Clause
All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group
functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.
SELECT department_id, MIN(salary), MAX(salary),
AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id ;
Using the GROUP BY Clause
The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the
SELECT list.
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id ;
Grouping by More Than One Column
EMPLOYEES
“Add up the
salaries in
the EMPLOYEES
table
for each job,
grouped by
department.
Using the GROUP BY Clause on
Multiple Columns
SELECT department_id dept_id, job_id, SUM(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id, job_id ;
Illegal Queries Using Group Functions
Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is
not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY
clause.
SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name)
FROM employees;
SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00937: not a single-group group function
Column missing in the GROUP BY clause
Illegal Queries Using Group Functions
• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.
• You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
• You cannot use group functions in the WHERE clause.
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE AVG(salary) > 8000
GROUP BY department_id;
WHERE AVG(salary) > 8000
*
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here
Cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups
Excluding Group Results
EMPLOYEES
The maximum
salary
per department
when it is
greater than
$10,000
…
Excluding Group Results: The
HAVING Clause
Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups:
• Rows are grouped.
• The group function is applied.
• Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.
SELECT column, group_function
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];
Using the HAVING Clause
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>10000 ;
Using the HAVING Clause
SELECT job_id, SUM(salary) PAYROLL
FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT LIKE '%REP%'
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING SUM(salary) > 13000
ORDER BY SUM(salary);
Nesting Group Functions
Display the maximum average salary.
SELECT MAX(AVG(salary))
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
Display name , salary, department id of
employees who earn salary which is the
smallest salary of all departments.
• SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,SALARY
• FROM EMPLOYEES
• WHERE SALARY =(SELECT MIN(SALARY) FROM
EMPLOYEES);
DEPARTMENT_ID SALARY
50 2100
Display name , salary, department id of
employees who earn salary which is the
smallest salary of any of departments.
• SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,SALARY
• FROM EMPLOYEES
• WHERE SALARY IN(SELECT MIN(SALARY) FROM
EMPLOYEES
• GROUP BY DEPARTMENT_ID);
Q/A
