Aggregate Functions
Course Code: CSC 2108 Course Title: Introduction To Database
Department of Computer Science
Faculty of Science and Technology
Lecture No: 08 Week 04 Semester: Summer 22-23
No:
Lecturer: MD SAJID BIN- FAISAL
Lecture Outline
Aggregate Functions/Group Functions/Multiple-Row Functions
Types of Group Functions
Group By Clause
Having Clause
Nesting Group Functions
What Are Group Functions?
Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group.
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000
10 1300
20 800
20 1100
20 3000 “maximum MAX(SAL)
20 3000 salary in ---------
20 2975 the EMP table” 5000
30 1600
30 2850
30 1250
30 950
30 1500
30 1250
Types of Group Functions
• AVG
• COUNT
• MAX
• MIN
• STDDEV
• SUM
• VARIANCE
Using Group Functions
SELECT [column,] group_function(column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column]
[ORDER BY column];
Using MIN and MAX Functions
You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.
SQL> SELECT MIN(hiredate), MAX(hiredate)
2 FROM emp;
MIN(HIRED MAX(HIRED
--------- ---------
17-DEC-80 12-JAN-83
Using AVG and SUM Functions
You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.
SQL> SELECT AVG(sal), MAX(sal),
2 MIN(sal), SUM(sal)
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE job LIKE 'SALES%';
AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) SUM(SAL)
-------- --------- --------- ---------
1400 1600 1250 5600
Using the COUNT Function
COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*)
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 30;
COUNT(*)
---------
6
Using the COUNT Function
COUNT(expr) returns the number of nonnull rows.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(comm)
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 30;
COUNT(COMM)
-----------
4
Group Functions and Null Values
Group functions ignore null values in the column.
SQL> SELECT AVG(comm)
2 FROM emp;
AVG(COMM)
---------
550
Using the NVL Function with Group
Functions
The NVL function forces group functions to include null values.
SQL> SELECT AVG(NVL(comm,0))
2 FROM emp;
AVG(NVL(COMM,0))
----------------
157.14286
Creating Groups of Data
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000 2916.6667
10 1300
20 800 “average DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
20 1100 salary
------- ---------
20 3000 2175 in EMP
20 3000 table 10 2916.6667
20 2975 for each 20 2175
30 1600 department” 30 1566.6667
30 2850
30 1250 1566.6667
30 950
30 1500
30 1250
Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY
Clause
SELECT column, group_function(column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ORDER BY column];
Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY clause.
Using the GROUP BY Clause
All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the
GROUP BY clause.
SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;
DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
--------- ---------
10 2916.6667
20 2175
30 1566.6667
Using the GROUP BY Clause
The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list.
SQL> SELECT AVG(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;
AVG(SAL)
---------
2916.6667
2175
1566.6667
Grouping by More Than One Column
EMP
DEPTNO JOB SAL
--------- --------- ---------
10 MANAGER 2450
DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)
10 PRESIDENT 5000
-------- --------- ---------
10 CLERK 1300
10 CLERK 1300
20 CLERK 800 “sum salaries in 10 MANAGER 2450
20 CLERK 1100 the EMP table
10 PRESIDENT 5000
20 ANALYST 3000 for each job,
20 ANALYST 6000
20 ANALYST 3000 grouped by
20 CLERK 1900
20 MANAGER 2975 department”
20 MANAGER 2975
30 SALESMAN 1600
30 CLERK 950
30 MANAGER 2850
30 MANAGER 2850
30 SALESMAN 1250
30 SALESMAN 5600
30 CLERK 950
30 SALESMAN 1500
30 SALESMAN 1250
Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns
SQL> SELECT deptno, job, sum(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno, job;
DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)
--------- --------- ---------
10 CLERK 1300
10 MANAGER 2450
10 PRESIDENT 5000
20 ANALYST 6000
20 CLERK 1900
...
9 rows selected.
Illegal Queries Using Group Functions
Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function
must be in the GROUP BY clause.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT deptno,
deptno, COUNT(ename)
COUNT(ename)
22 FROM emp; P B
BYY c
cla
lauussee
FROM emp;
n t h
hee OU P
G
G R
R OU
m ii n g
ssssiing iin t
olu
Colu
C mmnn m
SELECT
SELECT deptno,
deptno, COUNT(ename)
COUNT(ename)
**
ERROR
ERROR at
at line
line 1:
1:
ORA-00937:
ORA-00937: not
not aa single-group
single-group group
group function
function
Illegal Queries Using Group Functions
•You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.
•You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT deptno,
deptno, AVG(sal)
AVG(sal)
22 FROM
FROM emp
emp ussee
33 WHERE
WHERE AVG(sal)
AVG(sal) >> 2000
2000 ccllaau
R
R EE
44 GROUP
GROUP BY
BY deptno;
deptno; H
H EE ss
W
W uupp
t e o
hhe t ggrro
WHERE
WHERE AVG(sal)
AVG(sal) >> 2000
t
2000 ussee trriicct
** oott u rreesst
n
nnn ttoo
ERROR at line 3:C
ERROR at line 3:
C a
a
ORA-00934:
ORA-00934: group
group function
function is
is not
not allowed
allowed here
here
Excluding Group Results
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000 5000
10 1300
20 800
20 1100 “maximum DEPTNO MAX(SAL)
20 3000 salary --------- ---------
3000 per department
20 3000 10 5000
20 2975 greater than 20 3000
30 1600 $2900”
30 2850
30 1250
30 950
2850
30 1500
30 1250
Excluding Group Results: HAVING Clause
Use the HAVING clause to restrict groups
Rows are grouped.
The group function is applied.
Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.
SELECT column, group_function
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];
Using the HAVING Clause
SQL> SELECT deptno, max(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno
4 HAVING max(sal)>2900;
DEPTNO MAX(SAL)
--------- ---------
10 5000
20 3000
Using the HAVING Clause
SQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) PAYROLL
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job NOT LIKE 'SALES%'
4 GROUP BY job
5 HAVING SUM(sal)>5000
6 ORDER BY SUM(sal);
JOB PAYROLL
--------- ---------
ANALYST 6000
MANAGER 8275
Nesting Group Functions
Display the maximum average salary.
SQL> SELECT max(avg(sal))
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;
MAX(AVG(SAL))
-------------
2916.6667
Order of Evaluation
Order of evaluation of the clauses:
WHERE clause
GROUP BY clause
HAVING clause
ORDER BY clause
Books
1. Modern Database Management (Sixth Edition) by Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey A.
Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott
2. Database System Concepts (Fifth Edition) by Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, A.
Silberschatz
3. Oracle-database-10g-sql-fundamentals-1-student-guide-volume-1
4. SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code by C.J. Date
5. Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and
Management (4th Edition) by Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn E. Begg
6. Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5th Edition by RamezElmasri, Shamkant B.
Navathe
7. Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz by C. J. Date
8. An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition, by C.J. Date
References
1. https://www.db-book.com/db6/slide-dir/index.html
2. https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/20/sqlrf/SQL-Sta
ndards.html#GUID-BCCCFF75-D2A4-43AD-8CAF-C3C97D92AC63
3. https://www.slideshare.net/HaaMeemMohiyuddin1/data-knowledge-and-infor
mation
4. https://www.slideshare.net/tabinhasan/from-data-to-wisdom
5. https://www.slideshare.net/thinnaphat.bo/
