Number Systems and Codes
by Dr. Sanjiv Tokekar
Numeral System
•A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a
writing system for expressing numbers; that is, a
mathematical notation for representing numbers of a
given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent
manner.
•The simplest numeral system is the unary numeral
system, in which every natural number is represented
by a corresponding number of symbols. If the symbol
/ is chosen, for example, then the number seven
would be represented by ///////.
•The unary notation can be abbreviated by introducing
different symbols for certain new values. Very
commonly, these values are powers of 2; so for
instance, if / stands for one, − for ten and + for 100,
then the number 304 can be compactly represented
as +++ //// and the number 123 as + − − /// without
any need for zero. This is called sign-value notation.
•Roman Numerals : I V X L C D M
•I =1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000
Roman Numerals
The Decimal Number System
•The decimal number system contains ten unique symbols
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9.
•Since ten symbols are used it is called decimal system.
• It is base 2 or radix 2 system.
• It is positional weighted system. The weight of the
symbol depends on position of the symbol.
• Each symbol in the number is called a digit.
Left most digit is called Most Significant Digit (MSD).
Right most digit is called Least Significant Digit (LSD).
•The part on left side of decimal point is
called integer part.
•The part on the right side of decimal point
is called fractional part.
•Suppose a decimal number is
• 534.78
•In weighted system.
2 1 0 -1 -2
•5x10 + 3x10 + 4x10 + 7X10 + 8x10
In general, the value of any mixed decimal number
dndn-1dn-2…d1d0.d-1d-2…d-k
is given by
(dnx10n ) + (dn-1 x10n-1) +…+(d1 x101)+ (d0x100) +
-1 -2
(d-1x10 )+(d-2x10 ) + …
9’s and 10’s Complements
• 9’s complement of a decimal number is the
subtraction of it’s each digits from 9.
• 9’s complement of 234 is 765.
• 10's complement of a decimal number can be found
by adding 1 to the 9's complement of that decimal
number.
• 10’s complement of 432 is 568.
Subtraction using 9’s Complement
•Let us two digit numbers 00..99.
•If we use 9’s complement then +00...49 are positive
numbers and 50...99 are negative numbers (-49…-00).
•There are two zero in the system positive zero and
negative zero.
•Suppose we subtract 45-21 using 9’s complement
addition.
•9’s compliment of 21 is 78.
•Now 45+78 = 123. The 1 is carry 1 to be added
remaining digits. Final answer is 23+1 = 24
• 45 -21
• 45+99-21+1=45-21+100
• 15-32
• 15+99-32=99-17=82
•Now consider 15-32.
•9’s compliments of 32 is 67.
•15+67 = 82 ( If no carry means answer is negative and
in 9’s compliment form )
•9’s compliment of 82 is 17 hence answer is -17.
• -2+ (-1) add in 9’s complement.
• 7+8 = 15 = 1+5=6 equivalent to -3.
•- 3+-4 add in 9’s complement / 3+4 in 9’s
complement, 3+4=7. Wrong –ve number.
• 6+5 = 11 =1+1=2 wrong +ve number.
Subtraction using 10’s Complement
•Let us two digit numbers 00..99.
•If we use 10’s complement then 00...49 are positive
numbers and 50...99 are negative numbers (-50…-01).
•There is only one zero in the system.
•Suppose we subtract 48-23 using 10’s complement
addition.
•10’s compliment of 23 is 76+1 =77.
•Now 48+77 = 125. The 1 is carry 1 to be neglected .
Final answer is 25.
•Now consider 23-41.
•10’s compliments of 41 is 58+1 = 59
•23+59 = 82 ( If no carry means answer is negative and
in 10’s compliment form )
•10’s compliment of 82 is 17+1 hence answer is -18.
The Binary Number System
•The binary number system is positional number
system. This system has only two symbols 0 and 1.
• Let us have a binary number
dndn-1dn-2…d1d0.d-1d-2…d-k
equivalent decimal of above is given by
n n-1 1 0 -1
(dnx2 ) + (dn-1 x2 ) +…+(d1 x2 )+ (d0x2 ) + (d-1x2 )+
(d-2x2-2) + …
Counting in Binary
•Two bit binary numbers : 00 ,01, 10, 11.
•Three bit binary numbers : 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111.
•Five bit binary numbers : 00000, 00001, 00010, 00011, …11100,
11110, 11111.
•Binary to Decimal Conversion
•1101 equivalent decimal is ( 1x8 + 1x4+0X2+1x1 = 13 )
•110110 equivalent decimal is (1x32 + 1x16 + 0x8+1x4 +1x2+1x0 =
54 )
•101.11 equivalent decimal is (1x4+0x2+1x1+1x0.5 +1X.25 = 5.75)
•1001.011 convert to decimal
• 0.10
• 1x2-1 =1/2=0.5
• .01 = 1x2^(-2) = ¼ = 0.25
•Let us have a base b number given by
dndn-1dn-2…d1d0.d-1d-2…d-k
equivalent decimal of above is given by
n n-1 1 0 -1
(dnxb ) + (dn-1 xb ) +…+(d1 xb )+ (d0xb ) + (d-1xb )+
(d-2xb-2) + …
The binary number system is used in electronics
systems because electronic devices can have two
states like transistor is on or off.
Decimal to Binary Conversion
• 234
• 2 ) 234
• 2) 117 0
• 2) 58 1
• 2) 29 0
• 2) 14 1
• 2) 7 0
• 2) 3 1
• 2) 1 1
• 2) 0 1
• Binary number is 11101010 ( 1x128 +1x64+1x32+1x8+1x2 = 234)
• 9.625
• 2) 9
• 2) 4 1
• 2) 2 0
• 2) 1 0
• 2) 0 1
• Integer Part 1001
• .625
• 2x.625 = 1.25 1
• 2x0.25 = 0.5 0
• 2x0.5 = 1.0 1
• Fractional Part 0.101
• Total 1001.101
• 13.8125
• 2 ) 13
• 2) 6 1
• 2) 3 0
• 2) 1 1
• 2) 0 1
• Integer part 1101 = Decimal 8+4+1 =13
• .8125
.8125x2 = 1.625 1
.625x2 = 1.25 1
.25x2 = 0.5 0
0.5x2 = 1.0 1
Fractional Part 0.1101
Total 1101.1101
• 0.6
• 0.6 x2 = 1.2 1
• 0.2 x2 = 0.4 0
• 0.4x 2 = 0.8 0
• 0.8x2 = 1.6 1
• 0.6 x2 =1.2 1
• 0.100110011001
• 0.3
• 0.3 x2 = 0.6 0
• 0.6 x2 = 1.2 1
• 0.2 x2 = 0.4 0
• 0.4x 2 = 0.8 0
• 0.8x2 = 1.6 1
• 0.6 x2 =1.2 1
• .0,1001,1001….
• Four bit number (Binary)
• 0000, 0001,…1110,1111
• Unsigned ( 0000…1111) (00…15)
• 1’s Compliment (0000…0111) (0..7) (1000…1111) (-7..-0)
• 0111 – 0101 1’s Compliment System.
• 0111+1010 = 10001
• 0001+1=0010
• 0011 – 0110 1’s Compliment System.(3-6)
• 0011+1001 = 1100 (1’s Compliment) 0011 (-3)
• 5-5 = 0101-0101 = 0101+1010 = 1111
• 0+0 = 0000+0000 =0000, -0+-0 = 1111+0000 = 1111, -0 +(-0) = 1111+1111 = 11110
• Carry to be added final answer 1110+1 =1111
