Okay, I can help you create a Java inference code for your face anti-spoofing pipeline.
Here's how we'll approach this:
1. Dependencies: We'll primarily use OpenCV for image processing tasks
(cropping, grayscale, resizing) and the official XGBoost4J-Spark (which includes
XGBoost4J core) for loading and running your XGBoost model.
2. LBP Implementation: We'll translate your Python LBP logic into Java.
3. Pipeline Construction: We'll create a Java class that orchestrates all the steps.
Let's get started.
Dependencies and Installation
You'll need to include the following dependencies in your Java project. If you're using
Maven, add these to your pom.xml:
XML
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.openpnp</groupId>
<artifactId>opencv</artifactId>
<version>4.9.0-0</version> </dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>ml.dmlc</groupId>
<artifactId>xgboost4j_2.12</artifactId> <version>1.7.6</version> </dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>2.0.7</version> </dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId> <version>2.0.7</version> <scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Notes on Dependencies:
● OpenCV:
○ The version 4.9.0-0 is an example; you should check the Maven Central
Repository for the latest version of org.openpnp:opencv.
○ You also need the OpenCV native libraries installed on your system and
accessible to your Java application (e.g., on the java.library.path). You can
download them from the OpenCV website. Alternatively, some OpenCV Java
bindings package the natives, or you can use a helper library like
nu.pattern:opencv which bundles natives for common platforms. For simplicity
in this example, we'll assume the native libraries are set up correctly.
● XGBoost4J:
○ The version 1.7.6 is an example. Check Maven Central for
ml.dmlc:xgboost4j_2.12 (or xgboost4j_2.13).
○ The _2.12 suffix refers to the Scala version it's built against. This is usually fine
for Java projects.
● SLF4J: XGBoost4J uses SLF4J for logging. You need an SLF4J API and an
implementation (like slf4j-simple for basic console logging).
Installation:
1. Maven: If you are using Maven, simply add the dependencies to your pom.xml
file, and Maven will download them for you.
2. Gradle: If you are using Gradle, add the equivalent dependencies to your
build.gradle file.
Gradle
dependencies {
implementation 'org.openpnp:opencv:4.9.0-0' // Check for latest
implementation 'ml.dmlc:xgboost4j_2.12:1.7.6' // Check for latest
implementation 'org.slf4j:slf4j-api:2.0.7'
runtimeOnly 'org.slf4j:slf4j-simple:2.0.7'
}
3. Manual JARs: If not using a build tool, you'd need to download the JAR files and
their dependencies manually and add them to your project's classpath. This is not
recommended for projects with multiple dependencies.
4. OpenCV Natives:
○ Download the OpenCV release for your OS from https://opencv.org/releases/.
○ Extract it. The native library (e.g., opencv_ javaXXX.dll on Windows,
libopencv_ javaXXX.so on Linux, libopencv_ javaXXX.dylib on macOS) will be in
a subfolder like build/java/x64 (for 64-bit systems).
○ You need to tell Java where to find this native library. You can do this by:
■ Setting the JVM argument:
-Djava.library.path=/path/to/opencv/native/library/folder
■ Or, by loading it programmatically in your code using
System.load("/path/to/your/opencv_ javaXXX.dll"); or
System.loadLibrary(Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME); before you use any
OpenCV classes.
Java Inference Code
Here's the Java code. Save it as FaceAntiSpoofing.java.
Java
import org.opencv.core.Core;
import org.opencv.core.Mat;
import org.opencv.core.MatOfRect;
import org.opencv.core.Rect;
import org.opencv.core.Size;
import org.opencv.imgcodecs.Imgcodecs;
import org.opencv.imgproc.Imgproc;
import ml.dmlc.xgboost4j.java.Booster;
import ml.dmlc.xgboost4j.java.DMatrix;
import ml.dmlc.xgboost4j.java.XGBoost;
import ml.dmlc.xgboost4j.java.XGBoostError;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap; // For XGBoost metadata if needed, though not for direct .bin loading
public class FaceAntiSpoofing {
private Booster xgbModel;
static {
// Load OpenCV native library
// Option 1: Use OpenCV's helper (preferred if your OpenCV jar includes natives or setup correctly)
try {
System.loadLibrary(Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME);
} catch (UnsatisfiedLinkError e) {
System.err.println("Native code library failed to load.\n"
+ "Ensure OpenCV native libraries are in your java.library.path.\n" + e);
System.exit(1);
}
// Option 2: Explicitly load if you know the full path (less portable)
// System.load("/path/to/your/opencv_java490.dll"); // Example for Windows
}
public FaceAntiSpoofing(String modelPath) throws XGBoostError, IOException {
// Load the XGBoost model.
// Assumes the model was saved using booster.saveModel("model.bin") in Python.
this.xgbModel = XGBoost.loadModel(modelPath);
}
/**
* Crops the image based on the bounding box.
*
* @param image Mat object of the original image.
* @param x X-coordinate of the top-left corner of the bounding box.
* @param y Y-coordinate of the top-left corner of the bounding box.
* @param w Width of the bounding box.
* @param h Height of the bounding box.
* @return Cropped Mat image.
*/
public Mat cropBoundingBox(Mat image, int x, int y, int w, int h) {
Rect roi = new Rect(x, y, w, h);
// Ensure ROI is within image boundaries
int imgWidth = image.cols();
int imgHeight = image.rows();
validatedX = Math.max(0, x);
int
int validatedY = Math.max(0, y);
int validatedW = Math.min(w, imgWidth - validatedX);
int validatedH = Math.min(h, imgHeight - validatedY);
if (validatedW <= 0 || validatedH <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bounding box has zero or negative dimensions
after validation or is outside image.");
}
Rect validatedRoi = new Rect(validatedX, validatedY, validatedW, validatedH);
return new Mat(image, validatedRoi);
}
/**
* Converts an image to grayscale.
*
* @param image Input Mat image (BGR or color).
* @return Grayscale Mat image.
*/
public Mat convertToGrayscale(Mat image) {
Mat grayImage = new Mat();
Imgproc.cvtColor(image, grayImage, Imgproc.COLOR_BGR2GRAY); // Assuming input
is BGR
return grayImage;
}
/**
* Resizes an image to the specified dimensions.
*
* @param image Input Mat image.
* @param width Target width.
* @param height Target height.
* @return Resized Mat image.
*/
public Mat resizeImage(Mat image, int width, int height) {
Mat resizedImage = new Mat();
Size newSize = new Size(width, height);
Imgproc.resize(image, resizedImage, newSize, 0, 0, Imgproc.INTER_AREA); //
INTER_AREA is good for shrinking
return resizedImage;
}
/**
* Computes the LBP image from a grayscale image.
*
* @param grayImage Grayscale Mat image (CV_8UC1).
* @return LBP Mat image (CV_8UC1).
*/
public Mat computeLBP(Mat grayImage) {
if (grayImage.channels() != 1) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Input image for LBP must be grayscale.");
}
if (grayImage.depth() != org.opencv.core.CvType.CV_8U) {
// If not, convert it. This might happen if the original image was loaded differently
// or if a previous step didn't produce CV_8U.
Mat temp = new Mat();
grayImage.convertTo(temp, org.opencv.core.CvType.CV_8U);
grayImage = temp;
}
int H = grayImage.rows();
int W = grayImage.cols();
Mat lbpImage = new Mat(H, W, org.opencv.core.CvType.CV_8UC1, new
org.opencv.core.Scalar(0));
// Define relative positions of 8 neighbors (clockwise from top-left corresponding to python)
// Python offsets: [(-1, -1), (-1, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (1, -1), (0, -1)]
// Corresponding (rowOffset, colOffset)
int[][] offsets = {
{-1, -1}, {-1, 0}, {-1, 1}, // Top row
{0, 1}, // Middle right
{1, 1}, {1, 0}, {1, -1}, // Bottom row
{0, -1} // Middle left
};
byte[]
grayData = new byte[H * W];
grayImage.get(0, 0, grayData);
byte[] lbpData = new byte[H * W];
for (int r = 1; r < H - 1; r++) { // Iterate excluding borders for simplicity
for (int c = 1; c < W - 1; c++) {
byte centerPixel = grayData[r * W + c];
int centerValue = centerPixel & 0xFF; // Convert to unsigned byte value
int lbpCode = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < offsets.length; i++) {
int neighborRow = r + offsets[i][0];
int neighborCol = c + offsets[i][1];
byte neighborPixel = grayData[neighborRow * W + neighborCol];
int neighborValue = neighborPixel & 0xFF; // Convert to unsigned
if (neighborValue >= centerValue) {
lbpCode |= (1 << (7 - i)); // Python code: (shifted >= img) << (7 - idx)
}
}
lbpData[r * W + c] = (byte) lbpCode;
}
}
lbpImage.put(0,0, lbpData);
return lbpImage;
}
/**
* Extracts a 256-bin histogram from the LBP image.
*
* @param lbpImage LBP Mat image.
* @return A float array of 256 elements representing the histogram.
*/
public float[] extractLBPHistogram(Mat lbpImage) {
int nBins = 256;
float[] hist = new float[nBins];
Arrays.fill(hist, 0.0f);
int H = lbpImage.rows();
int W = lbpImage.cols();
byte[] lbpData = new byte[H*W];
lbpImage.get(0,0,lbpData);
// Iterate through LBP image pixels, excluding borders if LBP was not calculated there
// The LBP computation above leaves borders as 0. If you want to include them, adjust.
for (int r = 1; r < H - 1; r++) { // Match the LBP computation range
for (int c = 1; c < W - 1; c++) {
int pixelValue = lbpData[r * W + c] & 0xFF; // Read as unsigned byte
if (pixelValue >= 0 && pixelValue < nBins) { // Should always be true for LBP
hist[pixelValue]++;
}
}
}
// Normalization is not requested as per "unnormalized" in the prompt.
// If normalization were needed (e.g., to sum to 1):
// float total = 0;
// for (float h : hist) total += h;
// if (total > 0) {
// for (int i = 0; i < nBins; i++) hist[i] /= total;
// }
return hist;
}
/**
* Performs inference using the XGBoost model.
*
* @param lbpVector The 256-length LBP histogram.
* @return 0 for spoof, 1 for live.
* @throws XGBoostError
*/
public int predict(float[] lbpVector) throws XGBoostError {
// The DMatrix constructor for a single instance often expects a 2D array or specific format.
// For a single feature vector:
DMatrix dMatrix = new DMatrix(lbpVector, 1, lbpVector.length, Float.NaN); // 1 row,
lbpVector.length columns, missingValue = NaN
float[][] predictions = xgbModel.predict(dMatrix);
// Assuming binary classification, predict will return a probability for class 1.
// If it's > 0.5, class 1, else class 0.
// This might need adjustment based on how your XGBoost model outputs (raw scores vs
probabilities)
// and if it's multi-class or binary. The prompt implies binary.
if (predictions != null && predictions.length > 0 && predictions[0].length > 0) {
float predictionScore = predictions[0][0];
return (predictionScore > 0.5f) ? 1 : 0; // Typical threshold for binary classification
} else {
throw new XGBoostError("Prediction returned empty or invalid result.");
}
}
public String runAntiSpoofingPipeline(String imagePath, int x, int y, int w, int h) {
try {
// Load the image
Mat originalImage = Imgcodecs.imread(imagePath);
if (originalImage.empty()) {
System.err.println("Cannot read image: " + imagePath);
return "Error: Cannot read image";
}
// 1. Crop the bounding box
Mat croppedFace = cropBoundingBox(originalImage, x, y, w, h);
// Imgcodecs.imwrite("debug_1_cropped.png", croppedFace); // For debugging
// 2. Make the image grayscale
Mat grayFace = convertToGrayscale(croppedFace);
// Imgcodecs.imwrite("debug_2_gray.png", grayFace); // For debugging
// 3. Resize the cropped image to 80x80
Mat resizedFace = resizeImage(grayFace, 80, 80);
// Imgcodecs.imwrite("debug_3_resized.png", resizedFace); // For debugging
// 4. Compute LBP to a 256-length vector (unnormalized)
Mat lbpImage = computeLBP(resizedFace);
// Imgcodecs.imwrite("debug_4_lbp_image.png", lbpImage); // For debugging
float[] lbpVector = extractLBPHistogram(lbpImage);
// System.out.println("LBP Histogram: " + Arrays.toString(lbpVector)); // For debugging
// 5. Pass the vector to the xgboost model
int result = predict(lbpVector);
// 6. If the result is class 0, then it is spoof, else if 1 then live
return (result == 0) ? "Spoof" : "Live";
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return "Error: " + e.getMessage();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
(args.length < 6) {
if
System.out.println("Usage: java FaceAntiSpoofing <modelPath.bin> <imagePath> <x> <y>
<w> <h>");
return;
}
String modelPath = args[0];
String imagePath = args[1];
int x = Integer.parseInt(args[2]);
int y = Integer.parseInt(args[3]);
int w = Integer.parseInt(args[4]);
int h = Integer.parseInt(args[5]);
try {
FaceAntiSpoofing antiSpoofer = new FaceAntiSpoofing(modelPath);
String result = antiSpoofer.runAntiSpoofingPipeline(imagePath, x, y, w, h);
System.out.println("Prediction: " + result);
} catch (XGBoostError | IOException e) {
System.err.println("Failed to initialize or run anti-spoofing: " + e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Explanation and Important Points:
1. OpenCV Loading (static block):
○ System.loadLibrary(Core.NATIVE_LIBRARY_NAME); is crucial. It loads the
native OpenCV libraries. Make sure the folder containing these libraries is in
your java.library.path.
2. XGBoost Model Loading:
○ this.xgbModel = XGBoost.loadModel(modelPath); loads your .bin model file.
This assumes your Python XGBoost model was saved using
bst.save_model('your_model_name.bin').
3. cropBoundingBox:
○ Uses OpenCV's Rect and Mat submatrix capability.
○ Includes basic validation to ensure the ROI is within image bounds.
4. convertToGrayscale:
○ Uses Imgproc.cvtColor with Imgproc.COLOR_BGR2GRAY. OpenCV loads
images in BGR format by default.
5. resizeImage:
○ Uses Imgproc.resize. Imgproc.INTER_AREA is generally recommended for
downscaling (shrinking) images as it provides moiré-free results.
6. computeLBP:
○ This method mimics your Python LBP calculation.
○ It iterates through each pixel (excluding borders for simplicity, as the
neighbors would go out of bounds).
○ The offsets array matches the Python neighbor order.
○ centerPixel & 0xFF is important to treat the byte as an unsigned value (0-255)
when comparing.
○ lbpCode |= (1 << (7 - i)); constructs the LBP byte. The (7-i) ensures the bits are
set in the same order as your Python code (most significant bit for the first
neighbor in offsets).
○ The LBP image is created as CV_8UC1.
○ Border Handling: The current LBP implementation does not compute LBP
values for the 1-pixel border of the image to avoid out-of-bounds access. The
border pixels in lbpImage will remain 0. This is a common approach. Your
Python shifted logic with slicing implicitly handles borders by either padding
or by how the slices are taken if dimensions don't match, which results in 0s
for out-of-bound comparisons. This Java version simplifies by skipping border
pixels.
7. extractLBPHistogram:
○ Creates an array of 256 floats (for the 256 possible LBP patterns).
○ Iterates through the LBP image (again, matching the region where LBP was
computed) and increments the corresponding bin in the histogram.
○ It explicitly states "unnormalized," so no normalization is applied.
8. predict:
○ Converts the float[] LBP histogram into XGBoost's DMatrix. The value
Float.NaN is often used for missing values in XGBoost, though for LBP
histograms, you typically don't have missing values.
○ xgbModel.predict(dMatrix) returns a 2D float array float[][]. For binary
classification with a single instance, this is usually {{probability_of_class_1}} or
{{raw_score}}.
○ return (predictionScore > 0.5f) ? 1 : 0; is a common way to convert a
probability to a class label. If your model outputs raw scores, you might need
to adjust this (e.g., score > 0). Verify your XGBoost model's output format
and decision threshold.
9. runAntiSpoofingPipeline:
○ Orchestrates all the steps from loading the image to getting the prediction.
○ Includes Imgcodecs.imwrite calls commented out. You can uncomment them
to save intermediate images for debugging.
10.main Method:
○ Provides a simple command-line interface to test the pipeline.
○ Example usage: java -Djava.library.path=/path/to/opencv/build/java/x64
FaceAntiSpoofing model.bin input_image.jpg 100 120 150 150
How to Compile and Run
1. Ensure Dependencies are Met:
○ JDK (e.g., Java 11 or later).
○ Maven (if using pom.xml).
○ OpenCV native libraries correctly set up in java.library.path.
2. Compile (using Maven as an example):
○ Place FaceAntiSpoofing.java in src/main/java/your/package/name/.
○ Modify pom.xml with the correct package if needed.
○ From your project's root directory (where pom.xml is):
Bash
mvn clean compile package
This will create a JAR file in the target/ directory (e.g.,
yourproject-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar).
3. Run:
○ From IDE: If you're using an IDE like IntelliJ IDEA or Eclipse, you can usually
right-click the FaceAntiSpoofing.java file and run the main method. Make sure
to set the VM Options for java.library.path in your run configuration (e.g.,
-Djava.library.path=C:/path/to/opencv/build/java/x64).
○ From Command Line (using the packaged JAR):
Bash
java -Djava.library.path=/path/to/opencv/native/libs -cp
target/yourproject-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar your.package.name.FaceAntiSpoofing
your_model.bin path/to/your/image.jpg x y w h
Replace /path/to/opencv/native/libs with the actual path to your OpenCV
native libraries folder (e.g., opencv/build/java/x64). Replace
your.package.name. with the actual package you used. If you didn't use a
package (default package), it would be just FaceAntiSpoofing. Replace
your_model.bin, path/to/your/image.jpg, and x y w h with your actual model
file, image file, and bounding box coordinates.
Important Considerations and Potential Refinements:
● Error Handling: The provided code has basic error handling. You might want to
add more robust error checking, logging, and specific exceptions.
● XGBoost Output: Double-check if your XGBoost model outputs probabilities or
raw scores. The threshold 0.5f is standard for probabilities in binary classification.
If it's raw scores, the threshold might be 0.0f.
● LBP Border Handling: The current Java LBP calculation skips the 1-pixel border.
If your Python LBP implementation (especially the shifted array indexing) has a
specific way of handling borders that populates them (e.g., with replication or
zeros that then get compared), the results might differ slightly at the borders. For
an 80x80 image, the impact of the border on the overall histogram is usually
small, but it's a point of potential minor divergence. The Python code's slicing and
assignment like shifted[dy:, :] = img[:H - dy, :] implicitly pads with zeros if the
source is smaller than the target due to the shift, or truncates. The comparison
shifted >= img would then use these zeros. The Java code simplifies this by not
computing for the border.
● Performance: For real-time applications, you might want to optimize further. For
single image inference, this should be reasonably fast. Batch processing with
DMatrix would be more efficient if you have multiple images.
● Image Loading: Imgcodecs.imread loads images in BGR order. If your model was
trained with RGB images and you didn't convert in Python, you might need an
Imgproc.cvtColor(originalImage, originalImage, Imgproc.COLOR_BGR2RGB); step
early on, though grayscale conversion negates this difference later.
This comprehensive solution should allow you to implement your face anti-spoofing
pipeline in Java. Remember to test thoroughly with known inputs and outputs to
ensure correctness.
Sources
1. https://github.com/AbdoAitrais/ILISI-SMART-HOME-SMA
2. https://github.com/arch1tek/wine-prediction-app
3. https://www.flowable.com/open-source/docs/bpmn/ch02-GettingStarted
4. https://github.com/1jadwiga/Testy
5.
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/75092747/error-loading-parallel-processing-modules-in-java
-using-opencv
6. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/41349736/find-a-contour-checked-in-java-with-opencv
7. http://qiita.com/rockhopper/items/bb3d46f01df5f6499123
8. https://github.com/apache/incubator-hivemall
9. https://github.com/betaros/hadoop-big-data-doc
10. https://github.com/cesc47/Fruit-Tracking-with-RGB-D-camera
11. https://github.com/luizcavalcanti/dip
