SUBJECT:

PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C

SUB_CODE: BPOP203

Prepared by
CHANDANA D.C
Assistant professor
Information Science and Engineering Department

MODULE-4
Strings and Pointers: Introduction, string taxonomy, operations on strings,
Miscellaneous string and character functions, arrays of strings. Pointers:
Introduction to pointers, declaring pointer variables, Types of pointers, passing
arguments to functions using pointers
 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

MODULE-4
STRINGS
1. Introduction to Strings
 A group of characters together is called string.
 String is always enclosed within double quotes(“:”)
 String always ends with deli meter (NULL,’\0’).

1.1 Declaration of a string:

A string is declared like an array of character.
Syntax:

Data type string name [size];

Example: char str [10];

1.2 Initialization of a string:

Syntax: data type string name [size]=value;

Example:
1. Char str []={‘H’, ’e’, ’l’, ’l’, ’o’, ’\0’};
Here compiler will automatically calculate the size based on the number of elements
initialized.so,in this example 6 memory slots will be reserved to store the string variable.

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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

2. Char str [10]=”HELLO”;

The compiler created a character array of size 10, stores the value “HELLO” in it, and
finally terminates the value with a null character. Rest of the elementin the array is
automatically initialized to NULL.
3. Char str[5]=”HELLO”;

1.3 Reading strings:

If we declare a string by writing

Char str[100];

Then str can be read from the user by using three ways:

1. Using scanf function.

2. Using gets () function.
3. Using getchar() ,getch() or getche() function repeatedly.

The string can be read using scanf() by writing

Scanf(“%s”,str);

The main drawback with this function is that it terminates as soon as it finds a blank space.

Example: if the user enters “Hello world”, then str will contain only “Hello”. This is because the
moment a blank space is encountered, the string is terminated by the scanf() function.

The next method of reading a string is by using gets() function.

Syntax: gets(str);

gets() is a simple function that overcomes the drawbacks of scanf().The gets() function takes the
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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

starting address of the string which will hold the input .

Example:

Writing strings:

The strings can be displayed on screen using three ways:

1. Using printf() function.

2. Using puts() function.
3. Using putchar() function repeatedly.

The string can be displayed using printf() by writing

Printf(“%s”,str);

The next method of writing a string is by using the puts function.The string can be displayed by
writing

Puts(str);

Puts() is a simple function that overcomes the drawbacks of printf ().the puts() function writes a
line of output on the screen. It terminates the line with a newline character (‘\n’).it returns an
EOF(end of file)(-1)if an error occurs and returns a positive number on success.
Example program:

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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

2.String taxonomy
In c we can store a string either in fixed length format or in variable length format.

string

Fixed Variable
length length

Length Delimited
controlled

1.Fixed length string:

When storing a string in a fixed length format, you need to specify an appropriate size for the
string variable. If the size is too small, then you will not be able to store all the elements in the
string. On the other hand, if the string size is large, then unnecessarily memory space will be
wasted.

2.Variable length string:

The string can be expanded or contracted to accommodate the elements in it.

Example: Declare string variable to store the name of a student. If student has a long name of
say 20 characters, then the string can be expanded to accommodate 20 characters, on the other
hand, a student name has only 5 characters, then the string variable can be contracted to store
only 5 characters.

Length –controlled string:

In length controlled string you need to specify the number of characters in the string. This count
is used by string manipulation function to determine the actual length of the string variable.

Delimited string:

In this format the string is ended with a delimiter. The delimiter is then used to identify the end
of the string.

For example, in English language every sentence is ended with a full-stop, similarly in C we can
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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

use any character such as comma, semicolon, colon, dash, null character etc. as the delimiter of a
string. However, the null character is the most commonly used string delimiter in the C language.

3.String operations:
1. Length operation:
The number of characters in the string constitutes the length of the string.
Example: Length (“C programming is fun”)
Output: return 20

Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
Char str[100],i=0,length;
Clrscr();
Printf(“\n enter the string:”);
gets(str);
while(str[i]!=’\0’)
i++;
length=I;
printf(“\\n the length of the string is:%d”,length);
getch();
}
2.Converting characters of a string into upper case:

 We have already seen that in memory the ASCII codes are stored instead of the real value.
The ASCII code for A-Z varies from 65 to 91 and ASCII code for a-z ranges from 97-123.
 If we have to convert a lower case character to upper case then we just need to subs tract 32
from the ASCII value of the character.

Example Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
Char str[100],upper_str[100];
int i=0,j=0;
printf(“\n enter the string:”);
gets(str);
while(str[i]!=”\0”)
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{
if(str[i]>=”a” && str[i]<=”z”)
upper_str[j]=str[i]-32;
else
upper_str[i]=str[i];
i++;
j++;
}
Upper_str[j]=”\0”;
Printf(“\n the string converted into upper case is:”);
Puts(upper_str);
return 0;
}

Output:

enter the string : hello

The string converted into lower case is : HELLO

3.Converting characters of a string into lower case:

 The ASCII code for A-Z varies from 65 to 91 and the ASCII code for a-z ranges from 97-
123.
 If we have to convert an upper case character into lower case, then we just need to add 32
to its ASCII value.
Printf(“\n the string converted into lower case is:”);

Output: Puts(lower_str);

return 0;

Enter the string :Hello

The string converted into lower case is :hello

Example Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
Char str[100],upper_str[100];
int i=0,j=0;
printf(“\n enter the string:”);
gets(str);
while(str[i]!=”\0”)

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{
if(str[i]>=”a” && str[i]<=”z”)
lower_str[j]=str[i]-32;
else
lower_str[i]=str[i];
i++;
j++;
}
lower_str[j]=”\0”;
}

4.Concatenating two strings to form a new string:

If s1 and s2 are two strings, then concatenation operation produces a string which contains
characters of s1 followed by the characters of s2.

Example Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
Char str1[100],str2[100],str3[100];
int i=0,j=0;
printf(“\n enter the first string :”);
gets(str1);
printf(“\n enter the second string:”);
gets(str2);
while(str1[i]!=’\0’)
{
Str3[j]=str1[i];
i++;
j++;
}
i=0;
while(str2[i] !=’\0’)
{
Str3[j]=str2[i];
i++;
j++;

Str3[j]=’\0’;

Printf(“\n the concentrated string is:”);

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Puts(str3);
getch();
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the first string : Hello

Enter the second string : How are you?
The concentrated string is : Hello,How are you?

5.Appending strings:

 Appending one string to another involves copying the contents of the source string at the
end of the destination string.
 Example: if s1 and s2 are two strings, then appending s1 to s2 means we have to add the
contents of s1 to s2.
 Here s1 is the source string and s2 is the destination string. The appending operation
would leave the source string s1 unchanged and the destination string s2=s2+s1.

Example program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
Char Dest_str[100],source_str[50];int i=0,j=0;
printf(“\n enter the source string:”);
gets(source_str);
printf(“\n enter the destination string:”);
gets(Dest_str);
while(Dest_str[i]!=’\0’)
i++;
while(source_str[j]!=’\0’)

{
Dest_str[i]=source_
str[j];i++;
j++;
}
Dest_str[i]=’\0’;
Printf(“\n After appending , the destination string is :”);
Puts(Dest_str);
return 0;

}
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Output:

Enter the source string :How are you?

Enter the destination string:Hi,
After appending,the destination string is :Hi,How are you?
6.Comparing two strings:

If s1 and s2 are two strings then comparing two strings will give either of these results:
1. S1 and S2 are equal
2 . S1> S2,when in dictionary order s1 will come after s2.
3 S1<S2 ,when in dictionary order s1 precedes s2.

Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{

Char str1[50],str2[50];
\int i=0,len1=0,len2=0,same=0;
printf(“\n enter the first string :”);
gets(str1);
printf(“\n enter the second string ”);
gets(str2);
len1=strlen(str1);
len2=strlen(str2);
if(len1==len2)
{
While(i=len1)
{
if(str1[i]==str2[i])i++;
else
break;
}
if(i==len1)
{
Same=1;
Printf(“\n the two strings are equal”);
}
}
if(len1!=len2)
printf(“\n the two strings are not equal ”);
if (same==0)
{
if(str1[i]>str2[i])

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{
printf(“\n string1 is greater
than string2”);else
if(str1[i]<str2[i]))
printf(“\n string2 is greater than string1”);
}
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT
Enter the first string: Hello
Enter the second string: Hello
The two strings are equal

7.Reversing a string:

If s1=“Hello”, then reverse of s1=”olleH”.To reverse a string we just need to swap the first
character with the last. Second character with the second last character and so on.

Note:

There is a library function strrev (s1) that reverses all the characters in the string except
the null character. It is defined in string.h.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{

Char str[100],reverse_str[100],temp;
int i=0,j=0;
printf(“\n enter the string”);
gets(str);
j=strlen(str)-1;
while(i<j)
{

temp=str[j];
str[j]=str[i];
str[i]=temp;
i++;
j--;

}
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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

Printf(“\n the reversed string is :”);

Puts(str);
getch();
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the string :Hi there
The reversed string is:ereht iH

8.Extracting a substring from the left of a string:

In order to extract a substring from the main string we need to copy the content of the string
starting from the first position to the nth position where n is the number of characters to be
extracted.

Example:
If s1=”Hello world”,then substr_left(s1,7)=Hello w

9.Extracting a substring from the right of a string:

In order to extract a substring from the right side of the main string we need to first calculate the
position.

Example:

If s1=”Hello world” ,then substr_right(s1,7)=”o world”

10.Extracting a substring from the Middle of a string:

To extract a substring from a given string requires information about three things.The main
string the position of the first character of the substring in the given string and maximum number
of characters/length of the substring.

Example:

Str[]=”Welcome to the world of programming”;

Then, Substring(str,15,5)=world

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11.Insertion:

The insertion operation insert a string S, in the main text T, at the Kth position. The general syntax of
this operation is : INSERT(text,position,string).

Example: INSERT(“xyzxyz”,3,”AAA”)=”xyzAAAxyz”.

#include<stdio.>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
Char text[100], str[20], ins_text[100];
int i=0,j=0,k=0,pos;
Printf(“\n enter the main text:”);
gets (text);
printf(“\n enter the string to be inserted:”);
gets(str);
printf(“\n enter the position at which the string has to be inserted:””);
scanf(“%d”,&pos);
ehile(text[i]!=’\0’)
{
if(i==pos)
{
While(str[k]!=’\0’)
{
ins_text[j]=str[k];
j++;
k++;
}
}

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12.Indexing:

Index operation returns the position in the string where the string pattern first occurs.

Example:
INDEX(“Welcome to the world of programming”,”world”)=15

13 Deletion:

The deletion operation deletes a substring from a given text.we write it as

DELETE(text,position,length).

Example:

DELETE(“ABCDXXXABCD”,5,3)=”ABCDABCD”

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{

Char text[200],str[20],new_text[200];

int i=0,j=0,found=0,k,n=0,copy_loop=0;
printf(“\n enter the main text:”);
gets(text);
fflush(stdin);
printf(“\n enter the string to be deleted:”);
gets(str);
fflush9stdin);
while(text[i]!=’\0’)
{

j=0,found=0,k=i;
while(text[k]==str[j] && str[j]!=’\0’)
{

k++;
j++;

if(str[j]==’\0’)

copy_loop=k;
new_text[n]=text[copy_loop];

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i++;
copy_loop++;
n++;
}
new_str[n]=’\0’;
printf(“\n the new string is :”);
puts(new_text);
getch();
return 0;

Output:

Enter the main text :Hello,how are you?

Enter the string to be deleted :,how are you?

The new string is:Hello

14.Relpacement:

Replacement operation is used to replace the pattern p1 by another pattern t2 . This is done by
writing, REPLACE (text, pattern1, pattern2)

Example:

(“AAABBBCCC”,”BBB”,”X”)=AAAXCCC

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Miscellaneous string and character functions:

Function Usage Example

isalnum(int c) Checks whether character c is isalpha(‘A’);
an alphanumeric character
isalpha(int c) Checks whether character c is isalpha(‘z’);
an alphanumeric character
iscntrl(int c) Checks whether character c is Scanf(“%d”,&c);
a control character iscntrl(c);
isdigit(int c) Checks whether character c is isdigit(3);
a digit
isgraph() Checks whether character c is isgraph(‘!’);
a graphic or printing
character.The function
excludes the white space
character
isprint(int c) Checks whether character c is isprint(‘@’);
a printing character.the
function includes the white
space charcter
Islower(int c) Checks whether the character Islower(‘k’);
c is in lower case
Isupper(int c) Checks whether the character Isupper(‘K’);
c is in upper case
Ispunct(int c) Checks whether the character Isspace(‘’)
c is a white space character
Isxdigit(int c) Checks whether the character Isxdigi(‘F’);
c is a hexadecimal digit
tolower(int c) Converts the character c to tolower(‘K’)
lower case Returns k
toupper(int c) Converts the character c to Tolower(‘k’)
upper case returns K

5.String Manipulation functions:

1.Strcat() function:

Syntax: char*strcat(char *str1,const char*str2);

The strcat() function appends the string pointed by str2 to the end of the string pointed to by str1.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

int main()

Char str1[50]=””Programming”;

Char str2[]=”in c”;

Strcat(str1,str2);

Printf(“\n str1: %s”,str1);

return 0;

Output:

Str1:Programming in c

2.strncat() function:

Syntax:
char *strncat(char *str1,const char *str2,size_t n);

This appends the string pointed to by str2 to the end of the string pointed to by str1 upto n
characters long.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

Char str1[50]=”programming”;

Char str2[]=”in c”;

Strncat(str1,str2,2);

Printf(“\n str1:%s”,str1);

return 0;

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Output:

Str1:programming in

2. Strchr() function:

Syntax:

Char*strchr (const char *str, int c);

This function searches for the first occurrence of the character c in the string pointed to by the
argument str. The function returns a pointer pointing to the first matching character, or null if no
match was found.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

Char str[50]=”programming in c”;

Char *pos;

Pos=strchr(str,’n’);

if(pos)

printf(“\n n is found in str at position %d”,pos);

else

printf(“”\n n is not present in the string”);

return 0;

Output:

n is found in str at position 9

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3.Strrchr()function:

Syntax:

Char*strrchr(const char *str,int c);

The strchr() function searches for the first occurrence of the character c beginning at the rear end
and working towards the front in the string pointed to by the argument str.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

Char str[50]=”programming in c”;

Char *pos;

if(pos)

printf(“\n the last position of n is :%d”,pos-str);

else

printf(“\n n is not present in the string”);

return 0;

Output:

The last position of n is:13

3.strcmp() function:

Syntax:

int strcmp(const char * str1,const char *str2);

the strcmp compares the string pointed to by str1 to the string pointed to by str2.The function
return zero if the strings are equal. Otherwise,it returns a value less than zero or greater than zero
if str1 is less than or greater than str2 .

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Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

Char str1[10]=”HELLO”;

Char str2[10]=”HEY”;

if(strcmp(str1,str2)==0)

printf(“\n the two strings are identical”);

else

printf(“\n the two strings are not identical”);

return 0;

Output:

The two strings are not identical

4.Strcpy() function:

Syntax:

Char *strcpy(char *str1,const char *str2);

This function copies the string pointed to by str2 to str1 including the null character of str2.it
returns the argument str1.

Example:

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

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int main()

Char str1[10]=”HELLO”;

Char str2[10]=”HEY”;

strncpy(str1,str2,2)

printf(“\nstr1:%s”,str1);

return 0;

Output:

HE

5.strlen() function:

Syntax:

Size_t strlen(const char *str);

This function calculates the length of the string str upto but not including the null character, i.e
the function returns the number of characters in the string.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

Char str[]=”HELLO”;

Printf(“\n length of str is :”%d”,strlen(str));

return 0;

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Output:

Length of str is :5

6.strstr() function:

Syntax:

Char*strstr(const char * str1,const char *str2);

The function is used to find the first occurrence of string str2 in the string str1. It returns a
pointer to the first occurrence of str2 in str1.If no match is found then null pointer is returned.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

Char str1[]=”HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU”;

Char str2[]=”DAY”;

Char *ptr;

Ptr=strstr(str1,str2));

if(ptr)

printf(“\n substring found”);

else

printf(“\n substring not found”);

return 0;

Output:

Substring found

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Array of string:

 String is an array of characters.

 For example if we say, char name[]=”Mohan”, then name is a string(character array) that
has five characters.
 Now suppose that there are 20 students in a class and we need a string that stores names
of all the 20 students.Here we need a string of strings or an array of strings.Such an array
of strings would store 20 individual strings.An array of sring is declared as,

Char name[20][30];

Here the first index will specify how many strings are needed and the second index specifies the
length of every individual string.So here we allocate space for 20 names where each name can be
a maximum of 30 characters long.

Syntax:

Data type array name [row size] [column size];

Memory representation of an array of strings

Char name[5][10]={“Ram”,”Mohan”,”Shyam”,”Hari”,”Gopal”};

Name[0] R A M \0

M O H A N \0
Name[1]

S H Y A M \0
Name[2]
H A R I \0
Name[3]
G O P A L \0
Name[4]

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Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, string length. Convince
the parameter passing techniques.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int length(char str[]);
int compare(char str1[],char str2[]);
void concatenate(char str1[],char str2[]);
void main()
{
char str1[30],str2[30];
int choice,a;
printf("Enter 1 - String Comparision\n");
printf("Enter 2 - String Length\n");
printf("Enter 3 - String Conctenation\n");
printf("Enter 4 - Exit\n");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1: printf("Enter String 1 :");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("Enter String 2 :");
scanf("%s",str2);
a = compare(str1,str2);
if(a == 0)
{
printf("%s and %s are equal\n",str1,str2);
}
else
{
printf("%s and %s are not equal\n ",str1,str2);

}
break;
case 2: printf("Enter String :");
scanf("%s",str1);
a = length(str1);
printf("Length of %s = %d\n",str1,a);

break;
case 3: printf("Enter String 1 :");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("Enter String 2 :");
scanf("%s",str2);
concatenate(str1,str2);
break;

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case 4: exit(0);
break;
default : printf("Enter proper choice\n");
exit(0);
}
}
int length(char str[])
{

int i = 0;
while(str[i] !='\0')
{

i++;
}
return i;
}
int compare(char str1[],char str2[])
{
int i = 0;
while(str1[i] == str2[i])
{
if(str1[i] == '\0' || str2[i] == '\0')
break;
i++;
}
return str1[i] - str2[i];
}
void concatenate(char str1[] ,char str2[])
{
int i = 0, j = 0;
while(str1[i] !='\0')
{
i++;
}
while(str2[j] !='\0')
{
str1[i] = str2[j];
i++;
j++;
}
str1[i] = '\0';
printf("Concatenated string is %s \n",str1);
}

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Write a program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not. (without using any built-
in string function
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(){
char string1[20];
int i, length;
int flag = 0;

printf("Enter a string:");
scanf("%s", string1);

length = strlen(string1);

for(i=0;i < length ;i++){

if(string1[i] != string1[length-i-1]){
flag = 1;
break;
}
}

if (flag) {
printf("%s is not a palindrome", string1);
}
else {
printf("%s is a palindrome", string1);
}
return 0;
}
Write a ‘C’ function to count the number of vowels and consonants in a string.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s[1000];
int i,vowels=0,consonants=0;
printf("Enter the string : ");
gets(s);
for(i=0;s[i];i++)
{
if((s[i]>=65 && s[i]<=90)|| (s[i]>=97 && s[i]<=122))
{

if(s[i]=='a'|| s[i]=='e'||s[i]=='i'||s[i]=='o'||s[i]=='u'||s[i]=='A'||s[i]=='E'||s[i]=='I'||s[i]=='O' ||s[i]=='U')

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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

vowels++;
else
consonants++;
}
}
printf("vowels = %d\n",vowels);
printf("consonants = %d\n",consonants);
return 0;
}

Write a C program to swap two strings

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char first[100], second[100], t[100];
printf("Enter first string\n");
gets(first);
printf("Enter second string\n");
gets(second);
printf("\nBefore Swapping\n");
printf("First string: %s\n", first);
printf("Second string: %s\n\n", second);
strcpy(t, first);
strcpy(first, second);
strcpy(second, t);
printf("After Swapping\n");
printf("First string: %s\n", first);
printf("Second string: %s\n", second);

}  

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 Module 4 Principles of programming using C

QUESTION BANK

1. Define string? With example explain how to declare and initialization of stings 5M
2. Explain string input/output functions with examples. 8M
3. List and explain different types of string taxonomy 5M
4. List and Explain Any Five String Operations 10M
5. With example explain array of strings 5 M
6. Explain any five string manipulation functions with example. 10M
7. Write a program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not. (without using any
built-in string function). 5M
8. Write a ‘C’ function to count the number of vowels and consonants in a string. 5M
9. Write a C program to swap two strings. 5M
10. Mention the purpose of a Null Character in C strings 2M
11. Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, string length. Convince
the parameter passing techniques.10M

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*****************"If you want to shine like a sun, first burn like the sun."*****************

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