10/27/2023

Dr. Dileep Kumar Singh

Head, JLU-SOET
dileep.singh@jlu.edu.in

Problem Solving and Program

Design using C

Problem Solving And Program Design in C

UNIT –V

B Tech/ B Tech (Hons.) CSE – 1st Sem.

File Input / Output

Console oriented Input/Output

• Console oriented – use terminal (keyboard/screen)

• scanf(“%d”,&i) – read data from keyboard

• printf(“%d”,i) – print data to monitor

• Suitable for small volumes of data

• Data lost when program terminated

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Real-life applications
• Large data volumes

• E.g. physical experiments, population records etc.

• Need for flexible approach to store/retrieve data

• Concept of files

Files
• File – place on disc where group of related data is stored
– E.g. your C programs, executables

• High-level programming languages support file operations

– Naming
– Opening
– Reading
– Writing
– Closing

Defining and opening file

• To store data file in secondary memory (disc) must
specify to OS

– Filename (e.g. sort.c, input.data)

– Data structure (e.g. FILE)

– Purpose (e.g. reading, writing, appending)

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Filename
• String of characters that make up a valid filename for OS

• May contain two parts

– Primary
– Optional period with extension

• Examples: a.out, prog.c, temp, text.out

General format for opening file

FILE *fp; //variable fp is pointer to type FILE

fp = fopen(“filename”, “mode”);

//opens file with name filename , assigns identifier to fp

• fp
– contains all information about file
– Communication link between system and program
• Mode can be
– r open file for reading only
– w open file for writing only
– a open file for appending (adding) data

Different modes
• Writing mode
– if file already exists then contents are deleted,
– else new file with specified name created
• Appending mode
– if file already exists then file opened with contents safe
– else new file created
• Reading mode
– if file already exists then opened with contents safe
– else error occurs.
FILE *p1, *p2;
p1 = fopen(“data”,”r”);
p2= fopen(“results”, w”);

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Additional modes
• r+ open to beginning for both reading/writing

• w+ same as w except both for reading and writing

• a+ same as ‘a’ except both for reading and writing

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Closing a file
• File must be closed as soon as all operations on it
completed

• Ensures
– All outstanding information associated with file flushed
out from buffers
– All links to file broken
– Accidental misuse of file prevented

• If want to change mode of file, then first close and open

again

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Closing a file
Syntax: fclose(file_pointer);

Example:

FILE *p1, *p2;

p1 = fopen(“INPUT.txt”, “r”);
p2 =fopen(“OUTPUT.txt”, “w”);
……..
……..
fclose(p1);
fclose(p2);
• pointer can be reused after closing

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Input/Output operations on files

• C provides several different functions for reading/writing

• getc() – read a character

• putc() – write a character
• fprintf() – write set of data values
• fscanf() – read set of data values
• getw() – read integer
• putw() – write integer

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getc() and putc()

• handle one character at a time like getchar() and
putchar()
• syntax: putc(c,fp1);
– c : a character variable
– fp1 : pointer to file opened with mode w
• syntax: c = getc(fp2);
– c : a character variable
– fp2 : pointer to file opened with mode r
• file pointer moves by one character position after
every getc() and putc()
• getc() returns end-of-file marker EOF when file end
reached

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Program to read/write using getc/putc

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{ FILE *fp1;
char c;
f1= fopen(“INPUT”, “w”); /* open file for writing */

while((c=getchar()) != EOF) /*get char from keyboard until CTL-Z*/

putc(c,f1); /*write a character to INPUT */

fclose(f1); /* close INPUT */

f1=fopen(“INPUT”, “r”); /* reopen file */

while((c=getc(f1))!=EOF) /*read character from file INPUT*/

printf(“%c”, c); /* print character to screen */

fclose(f1);
} /*end main */

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fscanf() and fprintf()

• similar to scanf() and printf()
• in addition provide file-pointer
• given the following
– file-pointer f1 (points to file opened in write mode)
– file-pointer f2 (points to file opened in read mode)
– integer variable i
– float variable f
• Example:
fprintf(f1, “%d %f\n”, i, f);
fprintf(stdout, “%f \n”, f); /*note: stdout refers to screen */
fscanf(f2, “%d %f”, &i, &f);

• fscanf returns EOF when end-of-file reached

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getw() and putw()

• handle one integer at a time
• syntax: putw(i,fp1);
– i : an integer variable
– fp1 : pointer to file ipened with mode w
• syntax: i = getw(fp2);
– i : an integer variable
– fp2 : pointer to file opened with mode r
• file pointer moves by one integer position, data stored
in binary format native to local system
• getw() returns end-of-file marker EOF when file end
reached

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C program using getw, putw,fscanf, fprintf

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
main() main()
{ int i,sum1=0; { int i, sum2=0;
FILE *f1; FILE *f2;
/* open files */
/* open files */
f2 = fopen("int_data.txt","w");
f1 = fopen("int_data.bin","w"); /* write integers to files in binary and
/* write integers to files in binary text format*/
and text format*/ for(i=10;i<15;i++) printf(f2,"%d\n",i);
for(i=10;i<15;i++) putw(i,f1); fclose(f2);
fclose(f1); f2 = fopen("int_data.txt","r");
f1 = fopen("int_data.bin","r"); while(fscanf(f2,"%d",&i)!=EOF)
while((i=getw(f1))!=EOF) { sum2+=i; printf("text file:
i=%d\n",i);
{ sum1+=i; } /*end while fscanf*/
printf("binary file: i=%d\n",i); printf("text sum=%d\n",sum2);
} /* end while getw */ fclose(f2);
printf("binary sum=%d,sum1); }
fclose(f1);
}

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On execution of previous Programs

$ ./a.out $ ./a.out
binary file: i=10 text file: i=10
binary file: i=11 text file: i=11
binary file: i=12 text file: i=12
binary file: i=13 text file: i=13
binary file: i=14 text file: i=14
binary sum=60, text sum=60
$ cat int_data.txt $ more int_data.bin
^@^@^@^K^@^@^@^L^@^@^@^
10 M^@^@^@^N^@^@^@
11 $
12
13
14

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Errors that occur during I/O

• Typical errors that occur

– trying to read beyond end-of-file

– trying to use a file that has not been opened

– perform operation on file not permitted by ‘fopen’ mode

– open file with invalid filename

– write to write-protected file

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Error handling
• given file-pointer, check if EOF reached, errors
while handling file, problems opening file etc.
• check if EOF reached: feof()
• feof() takes file-pointer as input, returns nonzero
if all data read and zero otherwise
if(feof(fp))
printf(“End of data\n”);

• ferror() takes file-pointer as input, returns

nonzero integer if error detected else returns
zero
if(ferror(fp) !=0)
printf(“An error has occurred\n”);

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Error while opening file

• if file cannot be opened then fopen returns a NULL pointer

• Good practice to check if pointer is NULL before

proceeding

fp = fopen(“input.dat”, “r”);

if (fp == NULL)
printf(“File could not be opened \n ”);

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Random access to files

• how to jump to a given position (byte number) in a file without
reading all the previous data?
• fseek (file-pointer, offset, position);
• position: 0 (beginning), 1 (current), 2 (end)
• offset: number of locations to move from position
Example: fseek(fp,-m, 1); /* move back by m bytes from current
position */
fseek(fp,m,0); /* move to (m+1)th byte in file */
fseek(fp, -10, 2); /* what is this? */

• ftell(fp) returns current byte position in file

• rewind(fp) resets position to start of file

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THANKS

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