Lines and Angles
Geometrical Concepts
Point
It is an exact location. It is a fine dot which has neither length nor breadth nor thickness but has
position i.e., it has no magnitude. It is denoted by capital letters A, B, C, O etc.
Line Segment
The straight path joining two points A and B is called a line segment AB. It has end points and a
definite length. (no breadth or thickness)
Ray
A line segment which can be extended in only one direction is called a ray.
Line
When a line segment is extended indefinitely in both directions it forms a line.
Collinear Points
If two or more points lie on the same line, then they are called collinear points.
Non-collinear Points
Points which do not lie on the same line are called non-collinear points.
Example: E, F, G, H, I
Intersecting Lines
Two lines having a common point are called intersecting lines. The common point is known as the
point of intersection.
Concurrent Lines
If two or more lines intersect at the same point, then they are known as concurrent lines.
Plane
A plane is a surface such that every point of the line joining any two points on it, lies on it.
Surface of a smooth wall, surface of a paper.
Angles
When two straight lines meet at a point they form an angle.
The point at which the arms meet (O) is known as the vertex of the angle.
The amount of turning from one arm (OA) to other (OB) is called the measure of the angle
(∠AOB) and written as m∠AOB.
An angle is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds.
If a ray rotates about the starting initial position, in anticlockwise direction, comes back to its
original position after 1 complete revolution then it has rotated through 360o.
1 complete rotation is divided into 360 equal parts. Each part is 1o.
Each part (1o) is divided into 60 equal parts, each part measuring one minute, written as 1'.
1' is divided into 60 equal parts, each part measuring 1 second, written as 1".
Degrees -----> minutes --------> seconds
1o = 60'
Recall that the union of two rays forms an angle.
In the figure, observe the different types of angles:
Right Angle
An angle whose measure is 90o is called a right angle.
Acute Angle
An angle whose measure is less than one right angle (i.e., less than 90o), is called an acute angle.
Obtuse Angle
An angle whose measure is more than one right angle and less than two right angles (i.e., less than
180o and more than 90o) is called an obtuse angle.
Straight Angle
An angle whose measure is 180o is called a straight angle.
Reflex Angle
An angle whose measure is more than 180o and less than 360o is called a reflex angle.
Complete Angle
An angle whose measure is 360o is called a complete angle.
Equal Angles
Two angles are said to be equal, if they have the same measure.
Adjacent angles
Two angles having a common vertex and a common arm, such that the other arms of these angles
are on opposite sides of the common arm, are called adjacent angles.
Complementary Angles
If the sum of the two angles is one right angle (i.e., 90o), they are called complementary angles.
Supplementary Angles
Two angles are said to be supplementary, if the sum of their measures is 180o.
Angles measuring 130o and 50o are supplementary angles.
Two supplementary angles are the supplement of each other.
Vertically Opposite Angles
When two straight lines intersect each other at a point, the pairs of opposite angles so formed are
called vertically opposite angles.
Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
Bisector of an Angle
If a ray or a straight line passing through the vertex of that angle, divides the angle into two angles
of equal measurement, then that line is known as the Bisector of that angle.
Parallel Lines
Two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and they do not intersect each other even if they are
extended on either side.
However, there are lines that do not intersect and yet are not parallel. They are skew lines. Skew
lines are lines that are not coplanar and do not intersect. AE and HG are skew lines.
Transversal
Observe the three lines 'l', 'm' and 't'.
In the diagram 'l' and 'm' are two parallel lines. 't' intersects 'l' at two distinct points 'A' and 'B' and
'm' at 'C' and 'D'. Line t is called a transversal.
A transversal is a line that intersects (or cuts) two or more parallel lines at distinct points.
Angles Formed by a Transversal
In the diagram ⃡AB and ⃡CDare two parallel lines. PQRS is a transversal intersecting ⃡AB at Q and
⃡CD at R. Eight angles are formed, they are numbered from 1 to 8. By virtue of their locations, some
of the angles can be paired together. The paired angles are given special names (apart from adjacent
angles and vertical angles).
Interior Angles on the Same side of the Transversal
Alternate Angles
A pair of angles are said to be alternate angles if
(i) both are interior angles
(ii) they are on the opposite sides of the transversal and
(iii) they are not adjacent angles.
Alternate angles are sometimes also called alternate interior angles.
In the diagram,
Corresponding Angles
A pair of angles are said to be corresponding angles if
One is an interior angle and the other is an exterior angle
They are on the same side of the transversal and
They are not adjacent angles.
The four pairs of corresponding angles are given below.
Parallel Lines - Theorem 1
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate angles are equal.
Given:
AB||CD and EFGH is a transversal.
To prove:
Proof:
(Vertically opposite angles)
From (i) and (ii),
Converse of Theorem 1
If a transversal intersects two lines in such a way that a pair of alternate interior angles are equal,
then the two lines are parallel.
Given:
Transversal EFGH intersects lines AB and CD such that a pair of alternate angles are equal.
To prove:
AB||CD
Proof:
(Given)
(Vertically opposite angles)
(corresponding angles)
AB||CD (corresponding angles axiom)
Parallel Lines - Theorem 2
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of consecutive interior angles are
supplementary.
Given:
AB||CD, EFGH is a transversal.
To prove:
Proof:
(Linear pair)
(corresponding angles axiom)
Similarly, we can prove that
Converse of Theorem 2
If a transversal intersects two lines in such a way that a pair of consecutive interior angles are
supplementary, then the two lines are parallel.
Given:
To prove:
AB || CD
Proof:
…(i) [Linear pair (ray FB stands on EFGH)]
(Corresponding angles postulate)
…(ii) (given)
From (i) and (ii), we have
These are corresponding angles.
AB || CD
Interior and Exterior Angles of a Triangle
In a triangle when we refer to an angle, we mean the angle bounded by the two sides. The three
angles lie in the interior region of the triangle. These angles are called the interior angles of the
triangle. Now observe the triangle in which the sides are produced.
In the fig, is extended to O. An angle OXZ is formed. is produced to P forming an angle
YZP. Similarly, is produced to M forming angle MYX. These angles OXZ, YZP and MYX
are called exterior angles of ABC
As the triangle has three sides, there can be three exterior angles. The interior angles opposite to
the vertices where the exterior angles are formed, are called the interior opposite angles. Thus in
the figure, exterior angle OXZ is formed at X. Its interior opposite angles are 𝑋𝑌̂𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑍̂𝑌.
In the figure shown above,
Triangles - Theorem 1
If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the interior
opposite angles.
Given:
To prove:
Proof:
…(i) (Theorem)
From (i) and (ii),
Angle Sum Property
A triangle is a plane closed geometric figure formed by three line segments joining three non-
collinear points.
Triangles - Theorem 2
The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180o.
Given:
A triangle MNS.
To prove:
Construction:
Proof:
MN is a transversal.
(Alternate angles)
. …(2) (Alternate angles)
From the figure,
( is a straight line and sum of the angles at M = 180o)
From (1) and (2),
Thus it is proved that sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is equal to 180 o or two
right angles.
