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Relation
Types of Relation
1. Reflexive Relation
1. Reflexive Relation
A Relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive, if every element of A is related to
itself. Thus if R is reflexive, then (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.
For example, let A = {1, 2, 3} then R1 = {(x, y) | y ≥ x} is a reflexive relation on A.
2. Symmetric Relation
2. Symmetric Relation
A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff
(a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
For example, let A = {2, 4, 6} then
R1 = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 4), (4, 2), (6, 2)} is a symmetric relation on A.
Let A = {5, 6, 7, 9} and R = {(5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7), (9, 7)}. At least how many
elements need to be added in R so that it becomes reflexive and symmetric.
Prove that the relation defined as:
R = {(a, b) : a − b is divisible by 5 ; a, b ∈ Z} is symmetric.
3. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz
Remark
Relation is not transitive only when xRy and yRz but
In all other situations R is Transitive.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)}
(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)}
Remark
Relation is not transitive only when xRy and yRz but
In all other situations R is Transitive.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
It is transitive relation.
(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)}
It is not a transitive relation.
(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)} is transitive.
Prove that relation R = {(x, y) : x is factor of y} is a transitive relation of
integers.
Solution:
Let (a, b) ∈ R & (b, c) ∈ R
∴ b = ak1 & c = bk2 for some k1, k2 ∈ Z
⇒ c = ak1k2
∴ a is a factor of c.
∴ (a, c) ∈ R.
Hence it is transitive relation
Consider the following two binary relations on the set
A = {a, b, c}
R = {(a, c), (c, c), (b, a), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, b)}. Comment on type of relation R
Consider the following two binary relations on the set A = {a, b, c}
R1 = {(c, b), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (b, c), (a, a), (c, a)} and
R2 = {(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}.
Then comment on type of relations R1 and R2
Consider a relation of whole numbers defined as x R y ⇔ x ≤ y2. Prove that its
reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
Solution:
Clearly, it is reflexive as (a, a) ∈ R as a ≤ a2
But, if (1, 2) ∈ R
Then (2, 1) ∉ R
So it is not symmetric
Now, let us consider
(5, 3) ∈ R, (3, 2) ∈ R
But (5, 2) ∉ R
Thus R is not transitive.
JEE Main July 27, 2021 Shift-2
Let Z be the set of Integers and a relation R on Z be defined by
R = {(x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x3 − 3x2y − xy2 + 3y3 = 0}. Then the relation R is:
A
A Symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive
B Reflexive but neither
symmetric nor transitive
C Reflexive and symmetric,
but not transitive
D An equivalence relation
JEE Main July 27, 2021 Shift-2
Let Z be the set of Integers and a relation R on Z be defined by
R = {(x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x3 − 3x2y − xy2 + 3y3 = 0}. Then the relation R is:
A
A Symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive
B Reflexive but neither
symmetric nor transitive
C Reflexive and symmetric,
but not transitive
D An equivalence relation
Solution:
JEE Main Aug 31, 2021 Shift-1
Which of the following is not correct for relation R on the set of real numbers?
A
A (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < |x| − |y| ≤ 1 is
neither transitive nor symmetric.
B (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < |x − y| ≤ 1 is
symmetric and transitive.
C (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ |x| − |y| ≤ 1 is
reflexive but not symmetric.
D (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ |x − y| ≤ 1 is
reflexive and symmetric.
JEE Main Aug 31, 2021 Shift-1
Which of the following is not correct for relation R on the set of real numbers?
A
A (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < |x| − |y| ≤ 1 is
neither transitive nor symmetric.
B (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < |x − y| ≤ 1 is
symmetric and transitive.
C (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ |x| − |y| ≤ 1 is
reflexive but not symmetric.
D (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ |x − y| ≤ 1 is
reflexive and symmetric.
Solution:
4. Equivalence Relation
Relation R defined on any set A is equivalence relation if
R is reflexive
R is symmetric
R is transitive
Show that relation R defined on the set A = {0 , 1 , 2 , …. , 12} given by
R = {(a, b) | a − b is multiple of 4} is an equivalence relation. Also find elements
related to 3.
Solution:
A = {0, 1, 2, …., 12}
R = {(a, b) | a − b is multiple of 4}
Reflexivity:
For any a ∈ A
(a, a) ∈ R
As, a − a = 0 is multiple of 4.
So, R is reflexive.
Solution: Symmetric:
Let a, b ∈ A
Such that (a, b) ∈ R
∴ a − b is multiple of 4
⇒ a − b = 4λ for some λ ∈ z
∴ (b − a) = 4(−λ)
So, (b − a) is multiple of 4
(b − a) ∈ R
It is symmetric
Solution: Transitivity:
Let a, b, c ∈ A
Such that (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
∴ a − b is multiple of 4 and (b − c) is multiple of 4
∴ (a − b) = 4λ, (b − c) = 4𝜇 and for some λ, 𝜇 ∈ N
Add these equations
a − b + b − c = 4λ + 4𝜇
a − c = 4(λ + 𝜇)
So, (a − c) is multiple of 4
Thus, it is transitive
So, R is an equivalence relation.
Solution:
Elements related to 3
Let x be the element of A such that (x, 3) ∈ R
Then (x − 3) is multiple of 4
∴ (x − 3) = 0, 4, 8, 12, ….
⇒ x = 3, 7, 11, 15, …
set A = {0, 1, 2, …. , 12}
x = 3, 7, 11
Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on
A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. Relation R is
IIT 2005
A
A Reflexive and transitive only
B Reflexive only
C An equivalence relation
D Reflexive and symmetric only
Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on
A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. Relation R is
IIT 2005
A
A Reflexive and transitive only
B Reflexive only
C An equivalence relation
D Reflexive and symmetric only
Solution:
Given A = {3, 6, 9, 12}
Since (3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) ∈ R
Thus its reflexive relation (12, 6) ∉ R
Here, (6, 12) ∈ R, but
Thus R is not symmetric
Here, (3, 6) ∈ R and (6, 12) ∈ R, also (3, 12) ∈ R
So relation is transitive also.
Antisymmetric Relation
The relation R is said to be antisymmetric on a set A, if xRy and yRx hold when
x = y. Or it can be defined as, relation R is antisymmetric if either (x, y) ∉ R or
(y, x) ∉ R whenever x ≠ y.
Functions
● Classification of Function
● Composition of Function
● Inverse of a Function
Classification of
Function
Function
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function f : A ➝ B is a rule which
associates each element of A to unique element of B.
Notations:
f:A➝B
Classification of Function
(a) One-one and many-one
(b) Onto and into
Note
One-one ➝ Injective
Onto ➝ Surjective
One-one and onto ➝ Bijective
Check whether the following functions are one-one or many-one.
(a) y = x5 ; x ∈ R (b) y = x2 ; x ∈ R (c) y = x2 ; x ∈ R+
Check whether the following function is one-one or many-one. y = x2 – 5x + 6
Solution:
Given f(x) = x2 − 5x + 6
f(x) = x2 − 5x + 6
f(x1) = f(x2)
f’(x) = 2x − 5
x12 − 5x1 + 6 = x22 − 5x2 + 6 − +
(x12 − x22) − (5x1 − 5x2) = 0 −∞ 5/2
(x1 − x2) (x1 + x2 − 5) = 0 ∞
Since it is not monotonic,
So again
Thus f(x) is many-one
Either x1 − x2 = 0 or x1 − x2 − 5 = 0
This it is not one-one
Check injectivity: y = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 1
Solution:
So f(x) is many-one.
Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
(a) f : R ➝ [−1, 1] defined as
(b) f : R ➝ [0, 5] defined as f(x) = |3 sin x + 4 cos x|
Check whether the following functions is onto or into.
f : N ➝ N defined as
Solution:
For n ∈ odd, i.e. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …..
We will get
Solution:
For n ∈ even, i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ….
We will get
Solution:
Thus, we will get all natural numbers.
Thus, function is onto.
If f : (-∞, ∞) ➝ S defined as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is an onto function then S must be
A B [−1, ∞) C (−2, ∞) D None of these
If f : (-∞, ∞) ➝ S defined as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is an onto function then S must be
A
A B [−1, ∞) C (−2, ∞) D None of these
Solution:
Here, we know that, for f(x)
Range is
∴ Range of f(x) ∈ [−1, ∞)
Composition of Functions
Composition of Functions
Composition of f(x) and g(x) is denoted as fog(x) and gof(x) and it is defined as :
(a) fog(x) = f(g(x))
(b) gof(x) = g(f(x))
Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x then the solution set of fog(x) = gof(x) is
A
A R B {0} C {0, 2} D None of these
Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x then the solution set of fog(x) = gof(x) is
A
A R B {0} C {0, 2} D None of these
Solution:
Let where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer
function. Then find the value of f {f (−2.3)}.
Solution:
Let f(x) be defined on [−2, 2] and is given by
then find f(|x|)
Solution:
Definition
If f : A ➝ B and g : B ➝ C are two functions, then composition of f and g
denoted by gof is defined as a function gof : A ➝ C given by
gof(x) = g(f(x)), ∀ x ∈ A
* Clearly, range of f(x) must be subset of domain of g(x)
If f be a greatest integer function and g be an absolute value function, find the
value of
Solution:
Find domain of gof in the following:
f(x) = 1 − 2x ; −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and domain of g(x) is −3 ≤ x ≤ 5
A
A x B 1 C f(x) D g(x)
A
A x B 1 C f(x) D g(x)
Solution:
Given,
g(x) = 1 + x − [x]
g(x) = 1 + {x}
So, g(x) is always positive as 0 ≤ {x} < 1
Thus, f(g(x)) = 1
Find (i) fog(2) (ii) fog(3)
then find f(g(x)) and find its domain and range.
Solution:
Inverse of Function
Inverse of a Function
Consider a function f : {1, 2, 3} ➝ {3, 6, 9} defined as f(x) = 3x
1 3
2 6
f(1) = 3 3 9
f(2) = 6 A B
f(3) = 9
Consider g : {3, 6, 9} ➝ {1, 2, 3} defined as then
1 3
g(3)= 1 2 6
g(6)= 2
3 9
g(9)= 3 A B
g
This is the concept of inverse of the function. In above example
y = g(x) is inverse function of y = f(x).
Try to observe in above example
fog(x) = x ∀ x (i.e., fog is identity function from B to B i.e. IB) and
gof(x) = x ∀ x (i.e., gof is identity function from A to A i.e. IA)
Definition
A function f : X ➝ Y is said to be invertible, if there exists a function
g : Y ➝ X such that gof = Ix and fog = Iy. The function g(x) is called inverse of
f(x) and is denoted as f-1(x)
Algorithm to find inverse of function
Step 1: Write y = f(x) and replace x ↔️ y
Step 2: Find value of y. This is f-1(x)
Find inverse function of following:
Find inverse function of following:
Solution:
Find inverse function of following:
Solution:
Squaring both sides
Find inverse function of following:
If f(x) = (ax2 + b)3, then find the function g such that f (g (x )) = g (f (x)).
Solution:
If f : [1, ∞) ➝ [2, ∞) is given by then f-1(x) is :
A B C D
Note
Inverse of a function is unique.
If f : [1, ∞) ➝ [2, ∞) is given by then f-1(x) is :
A
A B C D
Solution:
Solution:
For what values of ⍺ the function y = ⍺x + 3 is inverse of itself.
Solution:
By comparing coefficients
According to question
Taking common
Remark
Same question can be asked as:
Let f(x) = ⍺x + 3, then for what values of ‘⍺’, f(f(x)) = x ∀ x.
Note
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.
Note
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.
In this case f-1 is not a function.
Note
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.
In this case f-1 is not a function.
Note
(a) Graph of y = f-1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.
For example.
(i) ex and ln x (ii) y = x2 ; x ≥ 0 and
Note
(a) Graph of y = f-1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.
For example.
(i) ex and ln x (ii) y = x2 ; x ≥ 0 and
(b) Solutions of f(x) = x and f-1(x) = x are same.
is defined as f(x) = x2 - 3x + 4, then find
solution of x = f -1 (x).
Solution:
Solution of x = f -1 (x) is same as that of solution of x = f(x)
Remark
(fog)-1 = g-1 of-1
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