Computer Hardware - Complete Note
1. Introduction to Computer Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer system that you can touch and see.
These components work together to process data, store information, and perform tasks.
There are two main types of hardware:
- Internal hardware: Located inside the computer (e.g., motherboard, CPU, RAM).
- External hardware (peripherals): Attached outside the computer (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer).
2. Categories of Computer Hardware
A. Input Devices
Input devices are used to enter data into the computer.
- Keyboard: Enters text and commands
- Mouse: Controls cursor and selects items
- Scanner: Converts physical documents to digital form
- Microphone: Records sound
- Webcam: Captures video and images
- Touchscreen: Allows touch-based interaction
B. Processing Devices
These are the core components that process input data.
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- Known as the brain of the computer.
- Performs calculations and carries out instructions.
- Composed of:
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Handles calculations.
- CU (Control Unit): Directs operations of the processor.
2. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
- Specialized processor for rendering images, videos, and animations.
3. Motherboard
- Main circuit board connecting all components.
C. Memory and Storage Devices
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
- Temporary, volatile memory used by the system for active tasks.
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
- Permanent, non-volatile memory storing firmware like BIOS.
3. Storage Devices
- HDD: Mechanical, large-capacity storage
- SSD: Faster, solid-state storage
- CD/DVD: Optical media using lasers
- USB Drive: Portable solid-state storage
- Memory Card: Used in mobile devices and cameras
D. Output Devices
Used to present information from the computer to the user.
- Monitor: Displays visual output
- Printer: Produces hard copies
- Speaker: Outputs sound
- Projector: Enlarges display
- Headphones: Personal sound output
E. Communication Devices
Allow computers to send and receive data over networks.
- NIC: Connects PC to a network
- Modem: Converts digital to analog signals
- Router: Forwards data between networks
- Bluetooth Adapter: Wireless data sharing
3. Ports and Connectors
Interfaces for connecting external devices.
- USB: Connects peripherals
- HDMI: Video/audio output
- Ethernet Port: Wired internet connection
- Audio Jack: Sound output
- VGA/DisplayPort: Video output
4. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
- Converts electricity to usable power for internal components.
5. Cooling Devices
Prevent the system from overheating.
- Fans: Move air
- Heat Sinks: Disperse heat
- Liquid Cooling: Uses coolant
6. Differences Between Hardware and Software
- Hardware: Physical components (e.g., CPU, keyboard)
- Software: Programs and instructions (e.g., Windows, MS Word)
7. Maintenance of Computer Hardware
- Keep away from dust/moisture
- Shut down properly
- Use surge protectors
- Clean peripherals
- Update firmware
8. Summary
- Hardware is essential for computer operation.
- Includes input, output, processing, storage, and communication devices.
- Maintenance improves lifespan and performance.
