1.
How would you design a scalable, highly available CI/CD system for microservices across
multiple teams?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
2. How would you manage cross-region deployments using Terraform in a multi-cloud
setup?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
3. How do you implement GitOps in a Kubernetes environment?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
4. Can you explain how you would create a fully automated blue-green deployment in a
Kubernetes-based microservices architecture?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
5. How do you design an end-to-end DevSecOps pipeline for a fintech application with strict
compliance requirements (e.g., PCI-DSS)?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
6. What are some best practices for managing pipeline as code in large, distributed teams?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
7. How would you dynamically provision ephemeral environments (dev/test) using pipelines?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
8. In a monorepo setup, how do you ensure that only relevant services are built and deployed
in a CI/CD pipeline?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
9. How do you implement a canary deployment strategy with real-time monitoring rollback in
a CI/CD system?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
10. How do you manage secrets and config securely at scale in Kubernetes without
compromising GitOps workflows?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
11. Explain the control plane components of Kubernetes and how you would harden them for
production use.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
12. How would you scale a Kubernetes cluster horizontally across multiple regions and still
ensure zero-downtime upgrades?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
13. What is a PodDisruptionBudget and how do you use it in critical workloads?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
14. How do you implement and manage network policies in Kubernetes for strict inter-service
communication?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
15. How would you refactor a legacy Terraform codebase used by multiple teams to follow
best practices like DRY and modularity?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
16. Explain the internals of how Terraform handles dependencies and graph building during
the planning phase.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
17. How do you manage and isolate Terraform state files across multiple environments and
teams?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
18. Whats your strategy to prevent and recover from a corrupted or deleted remote backend
state file?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
19. Have you implemented policy-as-code (e.g., Sentinel, OPA) with Terraform? Give a real
use case.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
20. How would you implement a centralized logging solution across multiple cloud platforms
and environments?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
21. Whats your approach to securing cloud-native DevOps infrastructure with Identity
Federation (e.g., Azure AD + AWS IAM)?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
22. How do you set up workload identity federation between GitHub Actions and Google
Cloud / Azure securely?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
23. How do you ensure cost-efficient auto-scaling of infrastructure in cloud when managing
high workloads in CI/CD?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
24. Explain a scenario where you had to design a disaster recovery (DR) strategy for DevOps
infrastructure.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
25. How do you enforce compliance and auditability in your CI/CD processes across global
regions (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA)?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
26. Whats your strategy for managing container image security across all stages of a DevOps
pipeline?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
27. How would you integrate runtime threat detection in Kubernetes using tools like Falco or
Sysdig?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
28. How do you design a secure and scalable CI/CD pipeline in Azure DevOps?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
29. Explain the difference between build and release pipelines.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
30. How do you handle rollback strategies in CI/CD?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
31. What are Jenkins Shared Libraries? Why and how do you use them?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
32. How would you implement multi-branch pipelines for microservices?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
33. How do you handle pipeline-level caching to speed up builds?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
34. How do you inject secrets into your pipeline safely?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
35. What are manual approval gates, and where do you implement them?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
36. Explain pipeline-as-code. How do you implement it in Azure DevOps YAML format?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
37. How do you enforce compliance and quality checks in a CI/CD pipeline?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
38. What is the Terraform state file? How do you manage it securely in teams?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
39. Difference between terraform refresh, plan, and apply.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
40. Explain how you modularize Terraform code for reuse.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
41. What happens if you manually change infrastructure outside Terraform? How do you
detect drift?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
42. Have you used Terraform with Azure or AWS? How do you set up backend state in Azure
Blob or S3?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
43. How do you implement count, for_each, and dynamic blocks in Terraform?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
44. What is the lifecycle block in Terraform used for?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
45. Write a Dockerfile for a Node.js or Python application.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
46. Explain how multi-stage Docker builds help with image optimization.
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
47. Whats the difference between a Docker volume and bind mount?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
48. Whats the role of kubelet, kube-proxy, and kube-apiserver?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
49. How do you perform a blue-green deployment in Kubernetes?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
50. What is a StatefulSet vs Deployment in K8s?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
51. What are readiness and liveness probes and how do they impact scaling?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
52. How do you manage secrets in Kubernetes?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
53. What is the difference between a private and service endpoint in Azure?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
54. How do you manage access between services using IAM roles or Managed Identity?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
55. Whats the difference between Azure VNet and AWS VPC?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
56. How do you implement VNet peering or inter-region connectivity securely?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
57. How do you handle high availability and disaster recovery in cloud deployments?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
58. What logging and monitoring solutions have you implemented in Azure or AWS?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
59. How do you enforce security baselines in your CI/CD pipelines?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
60. Have you used tools like Trivy, Aqua, or Snyk for container scanning?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
61. How do you integrate Azure Key Vault (or AWS Secrets Manager) in your pipeline
securely?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
62. How do you rotate secrets without downtime?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
63. How do you set up RBAC in Jenkins, Azure DevOps, or Kubernetes?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
64. You deployed to production and a service is down. How do you debug and rollback
safely!
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
65. A junior DevOps engineer deleted a critical Terraform state file how do you recover?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
66. A Docker container works locally but fails in Jenkins how would you troubleshoot it?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
67. One pod in Kubernetes is restarting in a CrashLoopBackOff state how do you fix it?
Answer: [Sample answer content tailored for interview discussion. Describe approach, tools,
practices, and reasoning.]
