DISPLAY SYSTEM
Memory Devices: Introduction, Basic concepts of electronic memory, History of
organic/polymer electronic memory devices, Classification of electronic memory devices,
types of organic memory devices (organic molecules, polymeric materials, organic
inorganic hybrid materials).
Display system: Photo active and electro active materials, Nanomaterials and organic
materials used in optoelectronic devices. Liquid crystals (LC’s) - Introduction,
classification, properties and application in Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD’s). Properties and
application of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED’s) and Quantum Light Emitting
Diodes (QLED’s), Light emitting electrochemical cells
Introduction to Display Systems
Definition:
A display system is a device used to present information visually, such as in TVs, monitors,
and smartphones.
Significance:
Display technologies are critical in consumer electronics, industrial equipment, and
entertainment systems.
Photoactive materials are those that can absorb light and convert it into an electrical
signal. These materials are used in photo sensors and photovoltaic cells, which are
commonly found in solar panels. When light falls on a photoactive material, it releases
electrons, which generate an electric current. In display technology, photoactive
materials are used in LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) panels, where they are used as a
backlight or to control the pixels in the display.
Photoactive materials are those materials which can absorb light and convert it into
electrical energy or that can emit light when excited.
Photoactive materials are used in display systems to convert electrical signals into
visible light, resulting in the creation of images on a display screen.
For example, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) use a layer of organic photoactive
materials that emit light when a voltage is applied to them. The organic layer is typically
made up of small molecules or polymers that are specially designed to emit light when
excited.Optoelectronic Process
Electroactive materials, on the other hand, are those that can change their physical
properties, such as shape, size, or refractive index, when exposed to an electric field.
These materials are used in electroluminescent displays, which are commonly found in
watches, calculators, and other portable electronic devices. When an electric field is applied
to an electroactive material, it emits light, which is used to create the image on the display.
Electro active materials are materials that can change their optical, electrical, or mechanical
properties in response to an external electric field.
They undergo change in their shape, size, or optical properties under an electrical field.
They provide unique features such as high contrast and low power consumption
One example of an electroactive material used in display systems is electrophoretic ink (E
Ink) used in e-readers. E Ink consists of millions of tiny microcapsules filled with black and
white particles suspended in a clear fluid. The particles have opposite charges, and when an
electrical field is applied to the microcapsules, the particles move to the top or bottom of
the capsule, creating the appearance of text or images on the screen .
1. Absorption and emission of light radiation in the wavelength region from ultraviolet
to near infrared.
2. Photogeneration of charge carriers - photons of light creates electron-hole pair in
the semiconductor.
3. Transport of Charge carriers - Charge carriers are particles or holes that freely move
within a material and carry an electric charge.
4. Injection of charge carriers from the electrode - The process whereby light is emitted
at the junction of N- and P-type semiconductors when an external electric source is
applied to drive the electrons and the holes into the junction.
5. Exhibit excellent non-linear optical properties - originate from the interactions
between the electrons in the molecule and the electric fields in light
(electromagnetic radiation).
Organic materials used in optoelectronic devices
The organic compounds with conjugation and π – electron are capable of exhibiting
the optoelectronic properties. Organic materials are broadly classified as 3 categories.
1. Nanomaterials
2. Polymers
Nanomaterials (Silicon Nanocrystals) for Optoelectronic devices
Any substance in which at least one dimensions is less than 100nm is called
nanomaterials. The properties of nanomaterials are different from bulk materials due
to:
1. Quantum Confinement effect
2. Increased surface area to volume ratio
The improved electronic properties yielded for nanostructured silicon in comparison to its
bulk, which led the use of Silicon Nanocrystals in electronics and optoelectronics fields.
Special properties of Silicon Nanocrystals for optoelectronics
1. Silicon Nanocrystal has wider band gap energy due to quantum confinement.
2. SiNCs shows higher light emission property (Photoluminescence)
3. SiNCs exhibit quantum yield of more than 60%.
4. Si-NCsexhibittunableelectronicstructure
Applications:
1. SiNCs are used in neuromorphic computing and down-shifting in photovoltaics
2. SiNCs are used in the construction of novel solar cells, photo detectors and
optoelectronic synaptic devices.
Polythiophenes [P3HT]
Polythiophenes are a class of semiconducting organic polymers that
have a conjugated backbone consisting of alternating single and
double bonds between carbon and sulfur atoms. One best example
is Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) which is a representative material
of soluble organic semiconducting polymers.
The following properties of polythiophenes make them useful in a
wide range of applications, including optoelectronics.
1. Conjugated structure: They consists of alternating double
bonds and single bonds along the polymer backbone.
2. High charge carrier mobility: They can transport charges over
relatively long distances without significant loss of energy due
to extensive conjugation.
3. Strong light absorption: They are strong absorbers of visible
light, useful property for solar cells and photodetectors
4. Tunable absorption: The absorption spectrum of
polythiophenes can be tuned by changing the chemical
structure of the polymer
5. Solubility: They are often soluble in common organic solvents
allowing easy synthesis and process
6. Stability: They can be designed to be stable under a range of
conditions, including exposure to air and light. This makes
them useful for applications such as OLEDs and energy storage
devices.
Applications
1. It can be used as electrode in Lithium and Sodium
batteries
2. Used in manufacturing of organic solar cells
3. Manufacturing of smart windows.
4. Manufacturing of memory devices.
5. P3HT changes its electrical resistance upon exposure to
gases (like NO₂ or NH₃), making it useful in chemical sensing
applications.
6. P3HT can be used in visible light photodetectors due to its
strong absorption and charge transport properties.
Poly[9-vinylcarbazole] (PVK)]
It is a semiconducting polymer, made up of 9-vinylcarbazole
monomers, which is shown below.
The carbazole unit is a tricyclic structure consisting of two benzene
rings fused on either side of a five-membered nitrogen-containing
ring.
The following properties of PVK make it useful in a wide range of
applications, including optoelectronics
1. Electrical conductivity: It is a semiconducting polymer, which
can be controlled by doping.
2. Thermal stability: It has a high thermal stability allowing high-
temperature processing or operation.
3. Solubility: PVK is soluble in a variety of organic solvents,
which makes it easy to process into thin films or other shapes.
4. Optical properties: It is transparent in the visible range. This
makes it useful in applications such as optical sensors,
waveguides, and electroluminescent devices
5. Mechanical properties: PVK exhibits high tensile strength and
good flexibility, useful in flexible electronics.
Applications
1. Used in the fabrication of light emitting diodes and laser
printers
2. Used in the fabrication of organic solar cells
3. Commonly used to of OLED’s
4. Due to its high photoconductivity, PVK is used in light sensors
Liquid Crystal Displays
Introduction :
The study of liquid crystals began in 1888 when an Austrian botanist named Friedrich
Reinitzer observed that a material known as cholesteryl benzoate had two distinct melting
points. In his experiments, Reinitzer increased the temperature of a solid sample and
watched the crystal change into a hazy liquid. As he increased the temperature further, the
material changed again into a clear, transparent liquid. Because of this early work, Reinitzer
is often credited with discovering a new phase of matter - the liquid crystal phase.
cholesteryl benzoate 145 OC Turbid liquid 179 OC Clear Liquid
(Liquid Crystal)
Definition : A distinct state of a matter in which degree of molecular ordering is
intermediate between ordered crystalline state and completely disordered liquid state.
1) Thermotropic liquid crystals (TLC): The compounds which exhibit liquid crystal behavior
with variation of temperature are called thermotropic liquid crystals.
Ex: 1) Cholesteryl Benzoate: (145.5°C & 178.5°C)
2) P-Azoxy Anisole: (118°C & 135°C)
2) Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Some of the compounds transformed into liquid crystal phase
when mixed with another substance or solvent by the variation of concentration of the
compound
are called lyotropic liquid crystals.
The orientation behavior of lyotropic crystals is a behavior of concentration and solvent.
These molecules have amphiphilic, they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic end in their
molecules. The hydrophilic end is attracted towards water and hydrophobic end is water
repellent.
At low concentration these molecules are randomly oriented but as the concentration
increases the molecules start align themselves.
Ex: 1) Soap water mixture
2) Phospholipid water mixture
Nematic liquid crystals
Nematic” comes from the Ancient Greek word νεμα (“nema” meaning thread) as when
observed through a microscope thread-like structures are observed. The nematic phase is
the simplest mesophase known; there is long range orientational order between the
mesogens but no positional order.
Nematic liquid crystals are used in telescope lenses for image clarity.
Smectic liquid crystals
The phase type coming from the Ancient Greek word (“smektos” meaning soap-like or
slippery). In smectic liquid crystals, molecules have orientational order and positional order
and molecules are arranged in layer.
These are used in optical display, temperature sensor etc.
Cholesteric liquid crystals
In the cholesteric phase, the molecules are directionally oriented and stacked in a helical
pattern, with each layer rotated at a slight angle to the ones above and below it.
Cholesteric liquid crystals in digital thermometer and in thermography.
Properties of LCD:
1) Low power Consumption : It equires very little power to operate making them ideal
in using powered battery devices like smartphones and laptop.
2) High Contrast ratio: It has very high contrast ratio, meaning they can display deep
black and bright white which makes images and texts appears sharp and clear.
3) Thin and light weight : It is very thin and light weight which making them ideal for
using in tablets and laptops.
4) Flexible : They are very flexible and which are used in useful application where a
regid display would not work such as wearable technology
5) Low radiation and emission : It has ver less radiation which makes them safer for
use.
Applications :
1. Used for thermal mapping in Integrated circuits
2. Used in digital wrist watch
3. Display images in digital cameras
4. Display screen in calculators
5. Mainly used in television
6. Used in mobile screens
7. Used in image sensing circuits.
8. Liquid crystal sensors are used in various applications such as temperature sensing,
humidity sensing, and chemical sensing.
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED’s)
An OLED is the light emitting diode in which electro – luminescent layer is a thin film of
organic compound that emits light in response to electric current applied.
Properties of OLED
1. Thin and flexibility: OLEDs are very thin and flexible, which makes them suitable for
use in curved or flexible displays
2. High contrast: OLEDs have a high contrast ratio, which means that they can produce
images with rich colors.
3. Fast response time: which means that they can switch on and off quickly, resulting in
smooth and seamless motion in video content
4. Wide viewing angle: which means that the image quality is maintained even when
viewed from different angles.
5. Energy efficiency: lower power consumption.
6. Long durability: OLEDs have a long lifespan
Applications
1. Televisions and displays: OLED displays are used in televisions, monitors,
smartphones, and other electronic devices.
2. Lighting: OLEDs can also be used as a source of lighting in various applications,
including street lighting.
3. Wearable devices: The thin and flexible nature of OLEDs makes them suitable for
use in wearable devices, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers.
4. Automotive: OLEDs can be used in automotive applications, such as dashboard
displays, interior lighting, and taillights.
5. Medical: OLEDs can be used in medical applications, such as in surgical lighting
and medical imaging. They offer bright and highly accurate lighting options that can
help improve medical diagnosis.
Quantum light emitting diodes (Q-LEDs)
Quantum dot light emitting diodes are a form of light emitting technology and consist of
nanoscale crystals that can provide an alternative for s display technology application
1. Color: QLEDs produce vibrant, accurate colors with high color saturation
2. Stability: QLEDs are reliable and stable over long periods of time.
3. Resolution: QLEDs have high resolution.
4. Refresh rate: QLEDs have high refresh rates.
5. Input lag: QLEDs have low input lag.
6. HDR: QLEDs can reproduce high dynamic range (HDR) content.
7. Flexibility: QLEDs can be flexible and stretchable, making them suitable for wearable
displays.
Applications
1. Gaming: QLEDs are used in gaming monitors to enhance the gaming experience with
smooth motion, vibrant colors, and responsive gameplay.
2. Entertainment: QLEDs are used in entertainment applications such as movies and
streaming.
3. Signage: QLEDs are used in signage applications such as advertisement displays and
digital billboards.
4. Virtual and augmented reality: QLEDs are suitable for virtual and augmented reality
applications.
5. Medical imaging: QLEDs can be used in medical imaging applications, such as in MRI
machines, to produce high-resolution and accurate images.
Perovskite Materials: Introduction, Properties, and Applications in
Optoelectronic Devices
Introduction
Perovskite materials are a class of crystalline compounds characterized by the general
formula ABX₃, where:
A is a monovalent or divalent cation (e.g., Cs⁺, CH₃NH₃⁺, or FA⁺),
B is a divalent metal cation (e.g., Pb²⁺, Sn²⁺), and
X is a halide anion (e.g., Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻).
The term "perovskite" originates from the naturally occurring mineral calcium titanium oxide
(CaTiO₃), discovered in 1839. Today, the term refers to a wide variety of synthetic materials
exhibiting the same crystal structure.
Perovskites have garnered significant attention for their exceptional optoelectronic properties,
tunable band gaps, and cost-effective fabrication, making them a promising material for
various applications in optoelectronic devices.
Key Properties of Perovskite Materials
1. Bandgap Tunability
Perovskites exhibit a tunable bandgap (1.1–3.0 eV) through compositional
modifications, enabling applications in different spectral regions.
2. High Absorption Coefficient
These materials absorb light efficiently, even in thin films, due to their high
absorption coefficients.
3. Long Charge Carrier Diffusion Lengths
Perovskites exhibit long charge carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths, which
contribute to efficient charge transport and reduced recombination losses.
4. Defect Tolerance
Unlike many semiconductors, perovskites show remarkable tolerance to defects,
maintaining their optoelectronic properties even with imperfections.
5. Low Exciton Binding Energy
The low exciton binding energy facilitates the separation of photogenerated excitons
into free carriers, enhancing charge extraction.
6. Solution Processability
Perovskites can be fabricated using cost-effective solution-based techniques such as
spin coating, making them scalable for commercial applications.
Applications in Optoelectronic Devices
1. Solar Cells
o Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable power conversion
efficiencies (PCEs), surpassing 26% in laboratory settings.
o They are promising for tandem solar cells when combined with silicon or
other photovoltaic materials.
2. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
o Perovskite LEDs exhibit high color purity, wide color gamut, and adjustable
emission wavelengths, making them ideal for display and lighting
technologies.
3. Photodetectors
o Due to their high absorption, fast response, and broad spectral sensitivity,
perovskites are used in high-performance photodetectors for imaging and
sensing.
4. Lasers
o Perovskites are excellent gain media for lasers, offering low thresholds and
high optical gain, suitable for miniaturized laser devices.
5. X-ray Detectors
o Lead halide perovskites, with high X-ray absorption efficiency, are used in
medical imaging and security applications.
6. Transistors
o Although still in early development, perovskites are being explored for use in
field-effect transistors (FETs) due to their excellent charge transport
properties.
