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1. What is Java? Explain its features.

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems (now Oracle) in 1995.
Key features:
• Platform Independent: Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA).
• Object-Oriented: Follows OOP principles like encapsulation and
inheritance. • Robust: Strong memory management and exception
handling.
• Multithreaded: Supports concurrent execution of threads.
• Secure: No explicit pointers and runs in a virtual machine.
2. What are the main principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
1. Encapsulation: Wrapping data and methods in a single unit (class). 2.
Abstraction: Hiding implementation details and showing only the functionality.
3. Inheritance: Allowing a class to inherit properties and methods from another
class. 4. Polymorphism: Using a single interface to represent different forms
(overloading and overriding).
3. Differentiate between JDK, JRE, and JVM.
• JDK (Java Development Kit): Provides tools for development (compiler,
debugger). • JRE (Java Runtime Environment): Includes libraries and JVM for
running Java applications.
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine): Converts bytecode into machine code and executes
it.
4. Explain the concept of platform independence in Java.
Java programs are compiled into bytecode, which is platform-independent.
Bytecode is executed by the JVM, which is platform-specific, ensuring the same
Java program runs on any OS with a compatible JVM.
5. What is the significance of the main method in Java?
The main method is the entry point of a Java application. Its signature is:
java
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public static void main(String[] args)

• public: Accessible globally.

• static: Allows the JVM to call it without object instantiation.
• void: Returns no value.
• String[] args: Accepts command-line arguments.

6. How does Java achieve memory management?

Java uses automatic garbage collection to manage memory. Objects are
allocated in the heap memory, and when they are no longer referenced, the
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garbage collector deallocates them.

7. What are constructors in Java? How are they different from methods?
• Constructors: Special methods to initialize objects.
• Name matches the class.
• No return type.
• Difference from methods: Methods perform actions; constructors initialize
objects. 8. Explain method overloading and method overriding with
examples.

• Overloading: Same method name, different parameters

(compile-time polymorphism).
java
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class Example {
void display(int a) { }
void display(String b) { }
}

• Overriding: Subclass provides a new implementation for a method in the

superclass (runtime polymorphism).
java
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class Parent {
void display() { }
}
class Child extends Parent {
@Override
void display() { }
}

9. What is inheritance in Java? Discuss its types.

Inheritance allows a class to acquire the properties and methods of another class
using the extends keyword. Types:

1. Single: One class inherits from another.

2. Multilevel: A chain of inheritance.
3. Hierarchical: Multiple classes inherit from one superclass.
4. Multiple (via interfaces): A class implements multiple interfaces.

10. Define polymorphism and its types in Java.

Polymorphism allows methods to perform different tasks based on the object. Types:
1. Compile-time (Method Overloading).
2. Runtime (Method Overriding).
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11. What is an interface in Java, and how does it differ from an

abstract class?
• Interface: A collection of abstract methods and static constants.
• Can have default and static methods (since Java 8).
• A class can implement multiple interfaces.
Difference:
• Abstract class can have both abstract and concrete methods; an interface has
abstract methods by default (Java 7 and below).
• A class extends one abstract class but can implement multiple interfaces.

12. Describe the access modifiers in Java.

• Public: Accessible everywhere.
• Protected: Accessible within the same package and subclasses.
• Default: Accessible within the same package only.
• Private: Accessible within the same class only.

13. What is encapsulation? How is it implemented in Java?

Encapsulation is bundling data (variables) and methods into a single unit
(class). It's implemented using:
1. Private access modifiers for fields.
2. Public getter and setter methods for access.

14. Explain the concept of packages in Java.

Packages are namespaces used to group related classes and interfaces. They help
avoid name conflicts and improve organization.

15. What are static variables and methods? Provide examples.

• Static Variable: Belongs to the class, shared by all objects.
• Static Method: Can be called without creating an object of the class.
java
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class Example {
static int count = 0; // Static variable
static void display() { // Static method
System.out.println("Count: " + count);
}
•
}

16. Discuss the lifecycle of a thread in Java.

1. New: Thread is created.
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2. Runnable: Thread is ready to run.

3. Running: Thread is executing.
4. Blocked/Waiting: Thread is waiting for a resource.
5. Terminated: Thread execution is complete.
17. What is exception handling? How is it implemented in
Java? Exception handling manages runtime errors using try, catch, throw,
throws, and finally.

18. Differentiate between throw and throws keywords.

• throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
• throws: Declares exceptions a method might throw.

19. What are checked and unchecked exceptions?

• Checked: Checked at compile-time (e.g., IOException).
• Unchecked: Occur at runtime (e.g., NullPointerException).

20. Explain the concept of synchronization in Java.

Synchronization prevents thread interference by allowing only one thread to access
a critical section at a time, using the synchronized keyword.

21. What is the Java Collections Framework?

A unified architecture for storing and manipulating groups of objects, including
interfaces like List, Set, and Map.

22. Differentiate between ArrayList and LinkedList.

• ArrayList: Backed by a dynamic array, faster for indexing.
• LinkedList: Backed by a doubly-linked list, better for insertions/deletions.

23. What is a HashMap? How does it work internally?

HashMap stores key-value pairs using a hash table. Keys are hashed to determine
the index, and collisions are handled using linked lists or trees.

24. Explain the significance of the equals() and hashCode()

methods.
• equals(): Checks logical equality.
• hashCode(): Provides a unique hash for an object, used in hash-based
collections like HashMap.

25. What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator?

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• Comparable: Used to define natural ordering.

• Comparator: Defines custom ordering.

26. Describe the Java Memory Model (JMM).

Defines how threads interact through memory, ensuring visibility and ordering of
variable accesses.
27. What is garbage collection in Java? How does it work?
Garbage collection automatically deallocates memory for objects no longer in use,
reclaiming memory in the heap.

28. Explain the concept of Java annotations.

Annotations provide metadata about code, such as @Override, @Deprecated,
and custom annotations.

29. What are lambda expressions? Provide a use case.

Lambda expressions provide a concise way to implement functional
interfaces. Example:
java
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List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3);
list.forEach(n -> System.out.println(n));

30. Discuss the Stream API in Java.

The Stream API processes collections of objects in a functional style, supporting
operations like filter, map, and reduce.

31. What is the purpose of the Optional class?

Optional prevents NullPointerException by representing optional values.

32. Explain the try-with-resources statement.

Manages resources (like files) automatically, ensuring they are closed
after use. Example:
java
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try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))) { // Read file
}

33. What is the difference between final, finally, and finalize()?

• final: Prevents modification of variables, methods, or classes.
• finally: Ensures execution of code after a try-catch.
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• finalize(): Called by the garbage collector before destroying an object.

34. How does the volatile keyword affect thread

behavior? Ensures visibility of changes to a variable across
threads, preventing caching.
35. What are design patterns?
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software design problems.
Examples: Singleton, Factory, Observer.

36. Explain the Singleton design pattern.

Restricts a class to one instance and provides a global access point to it.
java
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class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance;
private Singleton() { }
public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Singleton();
}
return instance;
}
}

37. What is JDBC? How is it used?

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is an API for connecting to
databases. Steps:
1. Load driver.
2. Establish connection.
3. Execute SQL queries.
4. Close connection.

38. Discuss the differences between Statement and

PreparedStatement.
• Statement: Used for static queries.
• PreparedStatement: Precompiled and supports dynamic queries.

39. What is the purpose of the transient

keyword? Excludes fields from serialization.

40. Explain serialization and deserialization.

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• Serialization: Converts an object to a byte stream.

• Deserialization: Converts a byte stream back to an object.

41. What are inner classes?

Classes defined within another class. Types: static, non-static, local, and
anonymous.
42. Describe the use of the synchronized keyword.
Locks a block/method to allow only one thread access at a time.

43. What is the difference between String, StringBuilder, and

StringBuffer?
• String: Immutable.
• StringBuilder: Mutable, non-thread-safe.
• StringBuffer: Mutable, thread-safe.

44. Explain the concept of immutability in Java.

Immutable objects cannot be modified after creation, e.g., String.

45. How does Java handle memory leaks?

Java uses garbage collection but memory leaks can occur if references to unused
objects are maintained.

46. What are functional interfaces?

Interfaces with a single abstract method, e.g., Runnable.

47. Discuss the role of the default keyword in interfaces.

Allows adding methods to interfaces without breaking existing
implementations.

48. What is the enum type in Java?

Used to define a set of named constants.
Example:
java
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enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY }

49. Explain the concept of reflection in Java.

Allows inspection and modification of classes, methods, and fields at runtime.
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50. What are modules in Java?

Introduced in Java 9, modules allow better packaging, encapsulation, and
dependency management.

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