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The Arduino Uno is one kind of microcontroller board based on ATmega328,

and Uno is an Italian term which means one. Arduino Uno is named for marking
the upcoming release of microcontroller board namely Arduino Uno Board 1.0.
This board includes digital I/O pins-14, a power jack, analog i/ps-6, ceramic
resonator-A16 MHz, a USB connection, an RST button, and an ICSP header.
All these can support the microcontroller for further operation by connecting
this board to the computer. The power supply of this board can be done with the
help of an AC to DC adapter, a USB cable, otherwise a battery. This article
discusses what is an Arduino Uno microcontroller, pin configuration, Arduino
Uno specifications or features, and applications.

What is Arduino Uno ATmega328P?

The ATmega328 is one kind of single-chip microcontroller formed with Atmel
within the megaAVR family. The architecture of this Arduino Uno is a customized
Harvard architecture with 8 bit RISC processor core. Other boards of
Arduino Uno include Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino Nano, Arduino Due, Arduino
Mega, and Arduino Leonardo.

Features of Arduino Uno Board

The features of Arduino Uno ATmega328P includes the following.
 The operating voltage is 5V
 The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V
 The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V
 Digital input/output pins are 14
 Analog i/p pins are 6
 DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA
 Flash Memory is 32 KB
 SRAM is 2 KB
 EEPROM is 1 KB
 CLK Speed is 16 MHz

Arduino Uno Pin Diagram

The Arduino Uno board can be built with power pins, analog pins, ATmegs328, ICSP
header, Reset button, power LED, digital pins, test led 13, TX/RX pins, USB interface,
an external power supply. The Arduino UNO board description is discussed below.
Arduino Uno Board Pin Configuration
 Power Supply:
The Arduino Uno power supply can be done with the help of a USB cable
or an external power supply. The external power supplies mainly include AC
to DC adapter otherwise a battery. The adapter can be connected to the
Arduino Uno by plugging into the power jack of the Arduino board.
Similarly, the battery leads can be connected to the Vin pin and the GND
pin of the POWER connector. The suggested voltage range will be 7 volts to
12 volts.

 Input & Output:

The 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as input & output with
the help of the functions like pinMode (), digitalWrite (), & digitalRead ().

 Pin1 (TX) & Pin0 (RX) (Serial): This pin is used to transmit & receive TTL
serial data, and these are connected to the ATmega8U2 USB to TTL Serial
chip equivalent pins.

 Pin 2 & Pin 3 (External Interrupts): External pins can be connected to

activate an interrupt over a low value, change in value.
 Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11 (PWM): This pin gives 8-bit PWM o/p by the
function of analogWrite ().

 SPI Pins (Pin-10 (SS), Pin-11 (MOSI), Pin-12 (MISO), Pin-13 (SCK): These
pins maintain SPI-communication, even though offered by the fundamental
hardware, is not presently included within the Arduino language.

 Pin-13(LED): The inbuilt LED can be connected to pin-13 (digital pin). As

the HIGH-value pin, the light emitting diode is activated, whenever the pin is
LOW.

 Pin-4 (SDA) & Pin-5 (SCL) (I2C): It supports TWI-communication with the
help of the Wire library.

 AREF (Reference Voltage): The reference voltage is for the analog i/ps with
analogReference().

 Reset Pin: This pin is used for reset (RST) the microcontroller.

 Memory: The memory of this Atmega328 Arduino microcontroller

includes flash memory-32 KB for storing code, SRAM-2 KB EEPROM-1
KB.

 Communication:
The Arduino Uno ATmega328 offers UART TTL-serial communication,
and it is accessible on digital pins like TX (1) and RX (0). The software of
an Arduino has a serial monitor that permits easy data. There are two LEDs
 on the board like RX & TX which will blink whenever data is being
broadcasted through the USB.

A SoftwareSerial library permits for serial communication on Arduino Uno

digital pins and the ATmega328P supports TWI (I2C) as well as SPI-
communication. The Arduino software contains a wired library for
simplifying the utilization of the I2C bus.

How to Use an Arduino Uno?

Arduino Uno can detect the surroundings from the input. Here the input is a variety
of sensors and these can affect its surroundings through controlling motors, lights,
other actuators, etc. The ATmega328 microcontroller on the Arduino board can be
programmed with the help of an Arduino programming language and the IDE
(Integrated Development Environment). Arduino projects can communicate by
software while running on a PC.

Arduino Programming
Once the Arduino IDE tool is installed in the PC, attach the Arduino board to the
computer with the help of USB cable. Open the Arduino IDE & select the right
board by choosing Tools–>Board..>Arduino Uno, and select the right Port by
choosing Tools–>Port. This board can be programmed with the help of an
Arduino programming language depends on Wiring.
To activate the Arduino board & flash the LED on the board, dump the program
code with the selection of Files–> Examples..>Basics..>Flash. When the
programming codes are dumped into the IDE, and then click the button ‘upload’ on
the top bar. Once this process is completed, check the LED flash on the board.

High Voltage Protection of USB

The Arduino Uno board has a rearrangeable poly fuse that defends the USB port
of the PC from the over-voltage. Though most of the PCs have their own inner
protection, the fuse gives an additional coating of safety. If above 500mA is given
to the USB port, then the fuse will routinely crack the connection until the over-
voltage is removed.

Physical Characteristics
The physical characteristics of an Arduino board mainly include length and width.
The printed circuit board of the Arduino Uno length and width are 2.7 X 2.1
inches, but the power jack and the USB connector will extend beyond the previous
measurement. The board can be attached on the surface otherwise case with the
screw holes.
Applications of Arduino Uno ATmega328
The applications of Arduino Uno include the following.
 Arduino Uno is used in Do-it-Yourself projects prototyping.
 In developing projects based on code-based control
 Development of Automation System
 Designing of basic circuit designs.

Thus, this is all about Arduino Uno datasheet. From the above information finally,
we can conclude that this is an 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller. It has different
components like serial communication, crystal oscillator, the voltage regulator for
supporting the microcontroller. This board includes a USB connection, digital I/O
pins-14, analog i/p pins-6, a power-barrel jack, a reset button, and an ICSP header.

What is a breadboard?
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These
holes let you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build
and test an early version of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch,
resistor, and an LED (light-emitting diode). To learn more about individual
electronic components, see our Electronics Primer.

The connections are not permanent, so it is easy to remove a component if you

make a mistake, or just start over and do a new project. This makes breadboards
great for beginners who are new to electronics. You can use breadboards to make
all sorts of fun electronics projects, from different types of robots or an electronic
drum set, to an electronic rain detector to help conserve water in a garden, just to
name a few.
A breadboard is also categorized as a Solderless board. It means that the
component does not require any soldering to fit into the board. Thus, we can say
that breadboard can be reused. We can easily fit the components by plugging their
end terminal into the board. Hence, a breadboard is often called a plugboard.

How are the holes connected?

The top and bottom holes of a row in a breadboard are connected horizontally,
and the center part is connected vertically, as shown below:

It means a single horizontal line of a breadboard has the same connection. It is

because the metal strip underneath the breadboard at the top and bottom are
connected horizontally. Hence, it provides the same connection in a row. The two
top and bottom parts of a breadboard are generally used for power connections.

Remember that the inside of the breadboard is made up of sets of five metal clips.
This means that each set of five holes forming a half-row (columns A–E or columns
F–J) is electrically connected. For example, that means hole A1 is electrically
connected to holes B1, C1, D1, and E1. It is not connected to hole A2, because
that hole is in a different row, with a separate set of metal clips. It is
also not connected to holes F1, G1, H1, I1, or J1, because they are on the other
"half" of the breadboard—the clips are not connected across the gap in the middle
(to learn about the gap in the middle of the breadboard, see the Advanced section).
Unlike all the main breadboard rows, which are connected in sets of five holes, the
buses typically run the entire length of the breadboard (but there are some
exceptions). This image shows which holes are electrically connected in a typical
half-sized breadboard, highlighted in yellow lines.

Buses on opposite sides of the breadboard are not connected to each other.
Typically, to make power and ground available on both sides of the breadboard,
you would connect the buses with jumper wires, like this. Make sure to connect
positive to positive and negative to negative (see the section on buses if you need
a reminder about which color is which).

For example, the directions for this circuit might say:

1. Connect the battery pack's red lead to the power bus.

2. Connect the battery pack's black lead to the ground bus.
3. Connect the resistor from hole B12 to the ground bus.
4. Insert the pushbutton's four pins into holes E10, F10, E12, and F12.
5. Insert the LED's long lead into the power bus, and the short lead into hole
J10.