Tasks involved in sending a letter
THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International
Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational
body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Seven layers of the OSI model
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
Three subgroups:-
1] Layers 1, 2, and 3- physical, data link, and
network-are the network support layers.
They deal with:
The physical aspects of moving data from one
device to another (such as electrical
specifications, physical connections, physical
addressing, and transport timing and
reliability).
2] Layers 5, 6, and 7- Session, presentation,
and application-can be thought of as the
user support layers;
They allow interoperability among unrelated
software systems.
3] Layer 4, the transport layer, links the two
subgroups
And ensures that what the lower layers have
transmitted is in a form that the upper
layers can use.
An exchange using the OSI model
LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
1] Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for
movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next.
The physical layer is also concerned with
the following:
1] Physical characteristics of interfaces and
medium.
2] Representation of bits.(Encoding)
3] Data rate.(Transmission rate)
4] Physical topology.
5] Transmission mode.
Communication at the physical layer
2] Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Other responsibilities of the data link layer
include the following:
1] Framing.
2] Physical addressing
3] Flow control
4] Error control
Hop-to-hop delivery
3] Network layer
The network layer is responsible for the
source-to-destination delivery of a packet,
possibly across multiple networks (links)
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.
Other responsibilities of the network layer
include the following:
1] Logical addressing
2] Routing.
Source-to-destination delivery
4] Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for
process-to-process delivery of the entire
message.
A process is an application program running on
a host.
Other responsibilities of the transport layer
include the following:
1] Service-point addressing.(port address)
2] Segmentation and reassembly (sequence no)
3] Connection control (Connection less and
Connection Oriented)
4] Flow control
5] Error control.
Communication at transport layer
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
5] Session layer
The services provided by the first three layers
(physical, data link, and network) are
not sufficient for some processes. The session layer
is the network dialog controller.
It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating
systems.
Specific responsibilities of the session layer include
the following:
1] Dialog control(Communication between 2 m/c)
2] Synchronization points (checkpoints).
6] Presentation layer
The presentation layer is concerned with the
syntax and semantics of the information
exchanged between two systems.
Specific responsibilities of the presentation
layer include the following:
1] Translation.
2] Encryption.
3] Compression.
7] Application layer
The application layer enables the user,
whether human or software, to access the
network.
It provides user interfaces and support for
services such as electronic mail,
remote file access and transfer, shared
database management, and other types of
distributed information services.
Specific services provided by the application
layer include the following:
1] File transfer, access, and management
2] Mail services
3] Directory services
Summary of OSI Layers
