🔙 What was the problem before Java 1.2?

Before Java 1.2, Java did not have the Collection Framework.
Instead, it used:
 Arrays
 Some legacy classes like Vector, Hashtable, Enumeration, and Stack
These were useful, but they had many limitations.

🚨 Problems Before Java 1.2:

Problem Explanation

❌ No standard Each class had its own methods, no common pattern (no List,
interface Set, etc.)

❌ Limited
Could not sort, filter, or search easily
functionality

Hard to switch from one data structure to another (e.g., from

❌ No flexibility
array to stack)

❌ Type-safety No generics – everything stored as Object, so you had to use

issues type casting

❌ Redundant code Had to write your own logic to perform basic operations

Some classes like Vector were synchronized (thread-safe) by

❌ Poor
default, making them slower when synchronization wasn’t
performance
needed

What changed in Java 1.2?

Java 1.2 introduced the Collection Framework, and it changed everything.
✅ What's included:
 Common interfaces: Collection, List, Set, Map, etc.
 Implementations: ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, etc.
 Utilities: Collections class with methods like sort(), reverse(), etc.
Now all collections follow consistent rules, common methods, and can be interchanged
easily.

🧓 Legacy Classes (before Java 1.2)

Class Description

Vector Like ArrayList, but synchronized

Hashtable Like HashMap, but synchronized

Enumeration Used to iterate (older version of Iterator)

Stack Represents a LIFO data structure (now replaced by Deque or

 Class Description

ArrayDeque)

These are still part of Java, but not preferred unless you're maintaining old code.

🔄 Example before Java 1.2 (Using Vector):

java
CopyEdit
import java.util.Vector;

public class OldExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector v = new Vector();
v.add("Apple");
v.add("Banana");

System.out.println(v); // [Apple, Banana]

}
}
This works, but:
 It's not type-safe
 It uses older structure
 It's slower due to synchronization

If you'd like, I can also compare Vector and ArrayList, or explain Generics (which came in Java
5) that improved type safety in Collections. Let me know!
4o

What is collection?

Is a continer object which is used to store multipe number of homogeneous

elements,heterogenous elements ,duplicate elements, unique elements together as a single
unit,maintaining the memory as autogrowable in nature

2. What is Collection?

A Collection is an pre define interface which is available in java.util.package

It is the subinterface of iterable which is the root interface of collection hierarchy

3. Explain Collection Framework.

Great question, Samad bhai! Let's break this down in super simple terms so it makes full sense.

📜 Text Meaning (in Simple Words):

"Since Collection is an interface, it cannot be instantiated directly..."

🔍 What does this mean?

 Collection is not a class, it's an interface in Java.

 That means you can't create an object like this:

 Collection c = new Collection(); // ❌ Error

 Instead, you have to create an object of a class that implements Collection, like:

 Collection<String> c = new ArrayList<>(); // ✅ Works fine

"...it provides a blueprint for the basic operations..."

🔍 What does this mean?

 Think of interface as a contract or blueprint.

 It says: "Any class that uses me must provide code for these methods."

For example, the Collection interface defines methods like:

 add()

 remove()

 contains()

 isEmpty()

 size()

These are common operations all collections (like ArrayList, HashSet, etc.) should support.

"...implemented by all classes that implement the interface..."

🔍 What does this mean?

 If a class like ArrayList or HashSet says it implements the Collection interface...

 Then it must provide actual code (implementation) for those methods (like add, remove,
etc.)

🧠 Final Meaning in One Line:

The Collection interface is a template that says:

“If you’re going to be a collection class, you must have basic functions like add, remove, and check
elements.”
You can’t use it directly, but you can use classes like ArrayList, HashSet, etc., that follow this
template.

✅ Real-life Example:

Think of Collection like a Mobile App Interface design.

 You can't use the design directly.

 But real apps (like Facebook, WhatsApp) use that design to build their actual working apps.

 All apps look similar (common buttons like back, home, etc.) because they followed the
same interface design.

Just like that, ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet all look similar in behavior (because they follow the
Collection interface).

Let me know if you'd like a simple code demo of this too!

4. What is List?

A List is an ordered collection of elements that allows duplicate values. It maintains the insertion
order, meaning elements are stored and retrieved in the same sequence they were added.
In Java, List is an interface in the java.util package and is implemented by classes like ArrayList,
LinkedList, and Vector.

List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add("Apple"); list.add("Banana");

list.add("Apple"); // Duplicates allowed

System.out.println(list); // Output: [Apple, Banana, Apple]

5. What is Set?

A Set is a collection that does not allow duplicate elements and does not guarantee any specific
order (except in some implementations).
In Java, Set is an interface in the java.util package and is implemented by classes like HashSet,
LinkedHashSet, and TreeSet.

Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();

set.add("Apple");

set.add("Banana"); set.add("Apple"); // Duplicate ignored

System.out.println(set); // Output: [Apple, Banana] (Order may vary)

6. What is Queue?

A Queue is a collection used to insert elements at the end of the queue and remove from the
beginning of the queue. Follows the FIFO (First In, First Out) principle

In Java, Queue is an interface in the java.util package and is implemented by classes like LinkedList,
Priority Queue, and Array Deque.

If any null operation is performed on blocking queues, NullPointerException is thrown

In Java, the queues available in the java.util package can be either bounded or unbounded,
depending on their implementation.

7. Explain Array List.

" ArrayList is a resizable array implementation of the List interface in Java.

The underlying data structure of ArrayList is a dynamic array. Unlike a regular array, it can grow and
shrink dynamically when elements are added or removed.

✅ It extends AbstractList<E> and implements List<E>.

2️⃣
Internal Working
🛠 "Internally, ArrayList uses a dynamic array. When the array is full, it increases
its size using this formula:"
👉 New Capacity = (oldCapacity * 3/2) + 1
🔹 Default Capacity = 10
🔹 Allows null values
🔹 Maintains insertion order
🔹 Allows duplicates
It supports serialization and cloning

It is heterogeneous In nature:

Performance & Advantages

✅ Fast Access (O(1)) → Accessing an element using get(index) is very fast because it uses an index-
based system.
✅ Good for Searching & Iteration
✅ Supports Generics → We can store specific types like ArrayList<Integer>, but if we don't specify,
it can store heterogeneous data.

Built-in Methods – Offers add(), remove(), contains(), size(), etc.

This image explains how ArrayList resizes internally in Java when it runs out of space. Here's a
simplified breakdown:

🟦 1. Initial Capacity

 When you create an ArrayList without specifying size:

 ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

 It starts with a default capacity of 10.

 That means it can hold up to 10 elements before it needs to grow.

🟦 2. Growth Factor

 If you add more than 10 elements, ArrayList automatically resizes itself.

 It increases its size to about 1.5 times the previous size.

For example:
Initial size = 10
Next size = 15
Then 22, 33, and so on...

This helps balance speed and memory usage.

🟦 3. Copying Elements

 During resizing:

o Java creates a new array with larger capacity.

o It copies all old elements to the new array.

 This copying takes O(n) time, where n is the number of elements.

 Here’s a simple and clear explanation of commonly used methods in ArrayList in
Java, along with short examples:


 ✅ Common Methods in ArrayList

 1. add(E element)
 Adds an element to the list.
 ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
 list.add("Apple");
 list.add("Banana");
 System.out.println(list); // [Apple, Banana]


 2. add(int index, E element)

 Inserts an element at a specific position.
 list.add(1, "Mango");
 System.out.println(list); // [Apple, Mango, Banana]


 3. get(int index)
 Returns the element at the specified position.
 String fruit = list.get(0);
 System.out.println(fruit); // Apple


 4. set(int index, E element)

 Replaces the element at the specified position.
 list.set(1, "Orange");
 System.out.println(list); // [Apple, Orange, Banana]


 5. remove(int index)
 Removes the element at the specified index.
 list.remove(1);
 System.out.println(list); // [Apple, Banana]


 6. remove(Object o)
 Removes the first occurrence of the specified element.
 list.remove("Apple");
 System.out.println(list); // [Banana]


 7. contains(Object o)
 Checks if the list contains the given element.
 System.out.println(list.contains("Banana")); // true


 8. size()
 Returns the number of elements.
 System.out.println(list.size()); // 1
 

 9. isEmpty()
 Checks if the list is empty.
 System.out.println(list.isEmpty()); // false


 10. clear()
 Removes all elements.
 list.clear();
 System.out.println(list); // []


 11. indexOf(Object o)
 Returns the index of the first occurrence.
 list.add("Apple");
 list.add("Banana");
 System.out.println(list.indexOf("Banana")); // 1


 12. forEach() (Java 8+)

 Loops through each element.
 list.forEach(item -> System.out.println(item));
 // Apple
 // Banana


 🔁 Looping over ArrayList

 for (String item : list) {
 System.out.println(item);
 }


 If you want a practice sheet with programs using each method, I can prepare that
too. Would you like one?

✅ Real-world Example:

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

for(int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {

list.add(i); // After adding 10th element, internal resizing happens

This image explains how to create an ArrayList in Java using three different ways. Let's break it down
line-by-line:
✅ 1. Using Default Constructor

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

 Creates an empty ArrayList with an initial default capacity of 10.

 It's empty at the beginning, but you can keep adding elements (list.add("Hello"), etc.).

 Generic type <String> means it stores only String values.

✅ 2. With Initial Capacity

ArrayList<String> listWithCapacity = new ArrayList<>(20);

 Creates an empty ArrayList but sets the initial capacity to 20.

 Useful if you already know how many elements you'll store — avoids resizing and improves
performance.

✅ 3. From Another Collection

List<String> anotherList = Arrays.asList("Apple", "Banana", "Orange");

ArrayList<String> listFromCollection = new ArrayList<>(anotherList);

 Arrays.asList(...) converts an array of strings into a List.

 Then, this list is passed to the ArrayList constructor to create a new ArrayList with the same
elements.

📝 Summary:

Method Description

new ArrayList<>() Empty list with default capacity (10)

new ArrayList<>(20) Empty list with custom capacity (e.g. 20)

new ArrayList<>(list) Copy elements from another collection

Let me know if you want to see how to add, remove, or iterate over elements in an ArrayList too!

Disadvantages

⚠️Not Thread-Safe → "ArrayList is not synchronized, so if multiple threads access it, we must
manually synchronize it using Collections.synchronizedList() or use CopyOnWriteArrayList."
⚠️Slow Insertions/Deletions in the Middle → "Since shifting elements is required, inserting or
removing in the middle is O(n)."

📌 Scenario 2: Student Management System

Problem: A school needs to store student names and frequently access them for grading.
Solution: ArrayList provides fast retrieval of students' records.

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class StudentManagement {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<String> students = new ArrayList<>();

students.add("Alice");

students.add("Bob");

students.add("Charlie");

System.out.println("Students List: " + students);

// Accessing a student by index

System.out.println("First Student: " + students.get(0));

}✅ Why ArrayList?
Fast retrieval of elements using get(index).

Great question!

🔍 Arrays.asList() in Java

Arrays.asList() is a method from the java.util.Arrays class. It is used to convert an array (or a list of
elements) into a List.

interview-friendly definition you can say:

"In Java, Arrays.asList() is a utility method that converts an array into a fixed-size List. It allows us
to use list methods like .get(), .contains(), and .indexOf() on array elements. However, the list
returned is not fully mutable — we can modify existing elements using .set(), but we cannot add or
remove elements. For a fully mutable list, we can wrap it with new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(...))."

✅ Syntax:

String[] fruitsArray = {"Apple", "Banana", "Orange"};

List<String> fruitsList = Arrays.asList(fruitsArray);

Or simply:

List<String> fruits = Arrays.asList("Apple", "Banana", "Orange");

Now fruits is a List with 3 elements. You can do:

java
System.out.println (fruits.get(0)); // Apple

System.out.println(fruits.contains("Banana")); // true

System.out.println(fruits.size()); // 3

🔹 What it does:

 It creates a fixed-size list backed by an array.

 The list contains the elements "Apple", "Banana", and "Orange".

⚠️Important Points:

1. You can’t add or remove elements from the list created by Arrays.asList():

2. fruits.add("Mango"); // ❌ Throws UnsupportedOperationException

3. You can change elements:

4. fruits.set(1, "Grapes"); // ✅ Changes "Banana" to "Grapes"

🔁 Common Use:

Often used to quickly create a list to:

 Pass it to a method

 Initialize another collection (like ArrayList)

ArrayList<String> myList = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("A", "B", "C"));

Let me know if you'd like to see a full example or try it in code!

Great! Let me explain this image clearly for you.

These three lines are import statements in Java. They tell the Java compiler which classes or
interfaces from the Java library you want to use in your program.

🔍 Line-by-line Explanation:

1. import java.util.ArrayList;

o Imports the ArrayList class from the java.util package.

o You need this to create ArrayList objects:

 o ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

2. import java.util.Arrays;

o Imports the Arrays class.

o You need this to use static utility methods like:

o Arrays.asList("Apple", "Banana");

3. import java.util.List;

o Imports the List interface.

o You use this to define variables like:

o List<String> myList = new ArrayList<>();

o List is a super interface, and ArrayList is one of its implementations.

🧠 Summary (Easy to Remember):

Import Used For

ArrayList To create dynamic arrays

Arrays To use methods like asList()

List To use the generic list interface

List.of() is a method introduced in Java 9 that provides a convenient way to create an immutable list
(a list that cannot be modified after it is created) with a specified set of elements. It is a static
method of the List interface.

Here's a basic example:

import java.util.List;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<String> myList = List.of("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry");

System.out.println(myList);

Key Points:

1. Immutability: The list created by List.of() is immutable. You cannot add, remove, or modify
elements after the list is created. If you try, it will throw an UnsupportedOperationException.
 2. No Nulls: You cannot add null elements to the list when using List.of(). If you try to do so, it
will throw a NullPointerException.

3. Fixed Size: The list has a fixed size once it's created, meaning the number of elements cannot
change.

This method is useful when you need to create a list with a fixed set of elements and do not intend to
modify it later.

Feature List.of() Arrays.asList()

Mutable elements (can modify

Immutability Immutable (cannot modify the list).
elements).

Null support No null elements allowed. null elements are allowed.

Fixed size, no adding/removing Fixed size, no adding/removing

Size modification
elements. elements.

No array conversion; creates a list

Array Conversion Converts an existing array to a list.
directly.

Supported in Java 9 and later. Java 1.2 and later.

When to Use Each:

 Use List.of(): When you want to create a small, unmodifiable, immutable list of elements and
don’t need to modify the contents after creation.

 Use Arrays.asList(): When you have an existing array and want to create a list that reflects
the array’s contents, with the ability to modify the elements of the list (but not the size).

Great question! Let's break it down simply.

You have two different ArrayLists:

✅ 1. List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(1);

list.add(2);

list.add(3);

If you write:

list.remove(1);

👉 This removes the element at index 1, which is 2, not the value 1.

⚠️Because remove(int index) takes an int as an index.

✅ 2. List<String> fruits = new ArrayList<>();

fruits.add("Apple");

fruits.add("Apple");

fruits.add("Banana");

...

If you write:

fruits.remove("Apple");

👉 This removes the first occurrence of the value "Apple".

✅ Because remove(Object o) is used here. "Apple" is a String, so Java understands you want to
remove by value, not by index.

💡 So the Difference:

List Type Code What it does

List<Integer> list.remove(1) Removes index 1, not value 1

List<String> fruits.remove("Apple") Removes the first "Apple"

🛠 To Remove Integer by Value:

If you want to remove the value 1 from the list, do this:

list.remove(Integer.valueOf(1));

✅ Now it removes the value, not the index.

Great! The image shows how to convert a List to an Array in Java:

✅ Code:
🔍 What It Means:

 list is a List<String> (like ArrayList<String>)

 .toArray(new String[0]) converts the list into a String array

 new String[0] is just a template — Java uses it to know the type of the array

🔄 Behind the Scenes:

Java automatically creates a new array of the correct size internally. Passing new String[0] is a
common and efficient practice.

🧪 Example 1:

List<String> fruits = new ArrayList<>();

fruits.add("Apple");

fruits.add("Banana");

fruits.add("Cherry");

String[] fruitArray = fruits.toArray(new String[0]);

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(fruitArray));

Output:

[Apple, Banana, Cherry]

Ex2: List.toArray(); alt+enter object array will be created

Here collections is a class in java.util it keeps static methods sort don’t return anything use void

Or another method we can use using list.sort(null); in sort there is comparator

See inside when we go in sort why null came because of there is a comparator
🧠 What is Comparator?

"Comparator is a functional interface in Java that allows custom sorting logic by implementing the
compare(T o1, T o2) method. It is often used with Collections.sort() or List.sort() to sort objects
based on custom fields like name, age, salary, etc. It supports lambda expressions and method
references since Java 8."( It helps when:

 You want to sort a list of objects (like Student, Employee, etc.)

 You want to sort in a custom way, not just natural ordering (like ascending/descending by
name, age, etc.)

)🔹 Syntax of Comparator:
int compare(T obj1, T obj2 );

 Returns 0 if equal  if both objects are equal (same)like (compare(5, 5) = 0)

 Returns a positive number (>0)  if obj1 should come after obj2 example(compare(5, 2) = 5 - 2 = 3 → Positive → means 5
comes **after** 2 ✅) obj1-obj2

 Returns a negative number (<0) → if obj1 should come before obj2 Example(compare(2, 5) = 2 - 5 = -3 → Negative → means 2
comes **before** 5 ✅) obj2-obj1

Java wants to sort values, so:

 If compare(a, b) gives negative, then a should come before b.

 If positive, then a should come after b.
 If zero, they are equal.


Here sortedin acendingorder run it we get apple,banana,date ok

But no I need a small word first like date then apple,then banana so basied on a length of a string I
need to sort custom logic is there then how yu will do . So use help of comparator in this we have
compare method (int compare(T 01,T 02);

As we now that if we want to use FunctionalInterface Comparator we need to make its

implementation class or else we need to use lamda expression

Example:

import java.util.*;

// Custom Comparator

class MyComparator implements Comparator<Integer> {

@Override

public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) {

// If o1 is positive and o2 is negative → o1 comes first → return -1

if (o1 >= 0 && o2 < 0) return -1;

// If o1 is negative and o2 is positive → o2 comes first → return 1

else if (o1 < 0 && o2 >= 0) return 1;

// Both are same sign → no change

else return 0;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(2);

list.add(1);

list.add(-3);

list.add(-5);

list.add(4);

list.add(0);

list.add(-1);

Collections.sort(list, new MyComparator());

System.out.println(list); // Output: [2, 1, 4, 0, -3, -5, -1]

}
Let me take another example more simple

class MyComparator implements Comparator<Integer> {

@Override

public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) {

return 01 – 02 ; we get positive (1,2,3)

return 02-01; for negivtive (3,2,1)

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

List.add(2);

List.add(1);

List.add(3);

List.sort(new MyComparator());

Sys.out.pln(list);

Compare this to lamda

Great! You're asking to convert your custom Comparator class into a lambda expression—a much cleaner and shorter way to sort using
Java 8+.

✅ Original Idea Recap:

You were using:

return o1 - o2; // Ascending order: [1, 2, 3]

return o2 - o1; // Descending order: [3, 2, 1]

✅ Converted to Lambda:

🔹 Ascending Order (1, 2, 3)

import java.util.*;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(2);

list.add(1);

list.add(3);

// Using lambda for ascending order

list.sort((o1, o2) -> o1 - o2);

 System.out.println(list); // Output: [1, 2, 3]

🔹 Descending Order (3, 2, 1)

list.sort((o1, o2) -> o2 - o1);

✅ Extra Tip:

You can also use built-in comparator:

list.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder()); // ascending

list.sort(Comparator.reverseOrder()); // descending

Let me know if you want to sort based on odd-even, positives first, or custom rules.

Example using String:

import java.util.*;

// Custom Comparator to sort in ascending order (A to Z)

class MyComparator implements Comparator<String> {

@Override

public int compare(String o1, String o2) {

return o1.compareTo(o2); // A to Z

// return o2.compareTo(o1); // Use this for Z to A

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add("banana");

list.add("apple");

list.add("date");

Collections.sort(list, new MyComparator()); // sort using comparator

System.out.println(list); // Output: [apple, banana, date]

}
Example 3:

import java.util.*;

class Student {

private String name;

private double gpa;

// Constructor

public Student(String name, double gpa) {

this.name = name;

this.gpa = gpa;

// Getter for name

public String getName() {

return name;

// Getter for GPA

public double getGpa() {

return gpa;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a list of Student objects

List<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();

students.add(new Student("Charlie", 3.5));

students.add(new Student("Bob", 3.7));

students.add(new Student("Alice", 3.5));

students.add(new Student("Akshit", 3.9));

// Sort students by GPA in descending order using lambda

students.sort((o1, o2) -> {

if (o2.getGpa() - o1.getGpa() > 0) {

return 1;

} else if (o2.getGpa() - o1.getGpa() < 0) {

return -1;

} else {
 return 0; this for name compartion as we
use .thenComparing same like here also we can do
}

});

// Print the sorted list

for (Student s : students) {

System.out.println(s.getName() + ": " + s.getGpa());

} or Collection.sort(student,comparator); or student.sort also

Using java 8 method referances,comparator methods

comparator with comparing(), reversed(), and thenComparing():

✅ Full Java Code

import java.util.*;

// Student class

class Student {

private String name;

private double gpa;

// Constructor

public Student(String name, double gpa) {

this.name = name;

this.gpa = gpa;

// Getters

public String getName() {

return name;

public double getGpa() {

return gpa;

}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create list of students

List<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();

students.add(new Student("Charlie", 3.5));

students.add(new Student("Bob", 3.7));

students.add(new Student("Alice", 3.5));

students.add(new Student("Akshit", 3.9));

// Define comparator: Sort by GPA descending, then by name ascending

Comparator<Student> comparator = Comparator

.comparing(Student::getGpa) // sort by GPA

.reversed() // in descending order

.thenComparing(Student::getName); // if same GPA, then by name

// Sort the list

students.sort(comparator); or Collection.sort(student,comparator);

// Print the sorted list

for (Student s : students) {

System.out.println(s.getName() + ": " + s.getGpa());

🧾 Output:

Akshit: 3.9

Bob: 3.7

Alice: 3.5

Charlie: 3.5

🔁 Recap of Sorting Logic:

 Primary: GPA descending (highest first)

 Secondary: Name ascending (alphabetical)

Let me know if you want the same logic using lambda expression instead of method reference.

What is Comparator.comparing() in Java?

✅ It's a static method from the Comparator interface:

java

CopyEdit

public static <T, U extends Comparable<? super U>> Comparator<T> comparing(Function<? super T, ? extends U> keyExtractor)

🧠 In Simple Words:

 comparing() creates a Comparator based on a specific field or property of the object.

 It takes a Function that extracts the field you want to compare.

 Commonly used with method references like Student::getGpa.

Great follow-up! Let's break down each part of this chained comparator code step by step:

🔧 Code:

Comparator<Student> comparator =

Comparator.comparing(Student::getGpa)

.reversed()

.thenComparing(Student::getName);

We’ll explain these 3 things:

1. :: — Method Reference Operator

👉 What it does:

 It is a shorthand for calling a method.

 Student::getGpa means: “for each Student object, call getGpa()”

✅ Equivalent to:

s -> s.getGpa()

📌 Example:

list.sort(Comparator.comparing(Student::getGpa));

Sorts the list based on the return value of getGpa().

2. .reversed() — Reverses the Comparator Order

👉 What it does:

 Changes the sorting order from ascending to descending.

📌 Example:

Comparator.comparing(Student::getGpa).reversed()

This now sorts students by GPA in descending order (high to low).

3. .thenComparing() — Secondary Sorting

👉 What it does:

 Used to break ties when two elements are equal by primary comparator.

📌 Example:

.thenComparing(Student::getName)

Means: If two students have the same GPA, then compare them by name (alphabetically).

🔁 Complete Flow:

Comparator.comparing(Student::getGpa) // primary sort: GPA ascending

.reversed() // reverse to: GPA descending

.thenComparing(Student::getName); // if same GPA, sort by name ascending

✅ Example:

Name GPA

Akshit 3.9

Bob 3.7

Charlie 3.5

Alice 3.5

After applying the comparator:

1. GPA descending → 3.9 > 3.7 > 3.5

2. Two students have GPA 3.5: sort them by name → Alice, Charlie

✅ Final order:

Akshit : 3.9

Bob : 3.7

Alice : 3.5

Charlie: 3.5

Explain LinkedList.

Yes! This is a diagram of a Singly Linked List, a very important data structure in programming.

🔍 Explanation of the Diagram

Each rectangle in the diagram is called a Node.

Every Node has two parts:

1. Data (e.g., 1, 2, 3)

2. Pointer (or Reference) – This stores the address of the next node in the list.

▶️In the diagram:

 The first node has data 1, and its pointer points to the next node.

 The second node has data 2, and its pointer points to the third node.

 The third node has data 3, and its pointer points to null, meaning this is the last node in the list.

📦 Visually:

[1 | *] --> [2 | *] --> [3 | null]

💡 Important Terms:

Term Meaning

Node A unit that stores data and reference to the next node

Head The first node in the linked list

Pointer A link to the next node

Null Indicates the end of the list

✅ Summary:

 A singly linked list connects elements (nodes) in a chain.

 Each node stores a value and the reference to the next node.

 You can traverse the list from the first node to the last.

This diagram represents a Doubly Linked List.

🔄 What is a Doubly Linked List?

A Doubly Linked List (DLL) is a type of linked list in which:

 Each node contains data

 A pointer to the next node

 A pointer to the previous node

🔍 Explanation of the Diagram

Let’s break it down:

  You see three nodes with values 1, 2, and 3.

 Each node has:

o A left arrow pointing to the previous node

o A right arrow pointing to the next node

Structure of each node:

[ prev | data | next ]

Connection in the Diagram:

 The first node (1):

o prev → null (no previous node)

o next → node with data 2

 The middle node (2):

o prev → node with data 1

o next → node with data 3

 The last node (3):

o prev → node with data 2

o next → null (end of the list)

🧠 Key Concepts:

Term Meaning

prev Pointer to the previous node

next Pointer to the next node

null Indicates either start (no previous) or end (no next)

🔁 Why use a Doubly Linked List?

 You can traverse in both directions: forward and backward.

 It is more flexible than a singly linked list (but uses more memory).

Diagram: Circular Doubly Linked List (CDLL)

 Nodes: 1 ⇄ 2 ⇄ 3 ⇄ back to 1

 Like a doubly linked list, but:

o First node's prev points to the last node

 o Last node's next points to the first node

 🔄 The list becomes circular

 Useful for continuous rotation or loop-based operations

 Type  prev pointer  next pointer  Circular?  Traversal

 Singly Linked List  ❌  ✅  ❌  One-way

 Doubly Linked List  ✅  ✅  ❌  Two-way

 Circular Doubly Linked List  ✅  ✅  ✅  Two-way with loop

"LinkedList is a Java class that implements the List and Deque interfaces. It uses a doubly linked list
as its underlying data structure, making it efficient for frequent insertions and deletions."-it extends
abstractsquentialList<E>implements List<E>,Deque<E>,cloneable,java.io.serializable

This Java code demonstrates usage of the LinkedList class from the java.util package. Let's break it
down line-by-line:
🔹 Code Explanation:

LinkedList<Integer> linkedList = new LinkedList<>();

 Creates a new empty LinkedList of integers.

linkedList.add(1);

linkedList.add(2);

linkedList.add(3);

 Adds 1, 2, and 3 to the list.

 List: [1, 2, 3]

linkedList.get(2); // O(n)

 Retrieves the element at index 2 (which is 3).

 Time complexity is O(n) for LinkedList because it needs to traverse nodes sequentially.

linkedList.addLast(4); // Adds 4 to the end

linkedList.addFirst(0); // Adds 0 to the front

 List becomes: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

linkedList.getFirst(); // Returns 0

linkedList.getLast(); // Returns 4

 Efficient operations (O(1)) for head and tail.

System.out.println(linkedList);

 Prints the list: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

linkedList.removeIf(x -> x % 2 == 0);

 Removes all even numbers (0, 2, 4).

 Final list: [1, 3]

System.out.println(linkedList);

 Prints the list after removal: [1, 3]

🔹 Summary of Output:

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

[1, 3]

⚙️Time Complexities (for LinkedList):

Operation Time

addFirst / addLast O(1)

get(index) O(n)

removeIf O(n)

getFirst / getLast O(1)

This code snippet demonstrates how to use the removeAll() method in a Java LinkedList to remove
elements from one list that exist in another list.

🔹 Code Breakdown:

LinkedList<String> animals = new LinkedList<>(Arrays.asList("Cat", "Dog", "Elephant"));

LinkedList<String> animalsToRemove = new LinkedList<>(Arrays.asList("Dog", "Lion"));

 animals: ["Cat", "Dog", "Elephant"]

 animalsToRemove: ["Dog", "Lion"]

animals.removeAll(animalsToRemove);

 Removes all elements from animals that are also in animalsToRemove.

 Dog is present in both, so it gets removed.

 Lion is not in animals, so nothing else happens.

System.out.println(animals);

✅ Final Output:
[Cat, Elephant]

Let me know if you'd like a diagram or want to try similar list operations like retainAll() or
containsAll().

: Key Features & Differences from ArrayList

✅ No Default Capacity → Unlike ArrayList, LinkedList doesn’t require an initial size.

✅ Fast Insertions/Deletions (O(1)) → Adding/removing elements in the middle is efficient since
there’s no shifting.
✅ Slower Access (O(n)) → Retrieving an element by index is slower because you must traverse from
the beginning.
✅ More Memory Usage → Each element stores additional references (next and previous), consuming
more memory than ArrayList.

📌 When to Use LinkedList?

✅ If you need frequent insertions/deletions.
❌ If you need fast random access, ArrayList is better.

📌 Scenario 1: Train Reservation System (Dynamic Passenger List)

Problem: A train booking system needs to frequently add and remove passengers.
Solution: Use LinkedList since insertions and deletions are frequent.

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.LinkedList;

public class TrainReservation {

public static void main(String[] args) {

LinkedList<String> passengers = new LinkedList<>();

passengers.add("Alice");

passengers.add("Bob");

passengers.add("Charlie");

System.out.println("Passengers List: " + passengers);

// Removing a passenger

passengers.remove("Bob");
System.out.println("Updated Passengers List: " + passengers);
 }✅ Why LinkedList? Efficient insertions and deletions without shifting elements.

9. Explain Vector.

Before vector definition we need to know

**Legacy Classes in Java: Explanation with Examples**

Legacy classes like `Vector`, `Stack`, and `Hashtable` are part of Java’s early history (JDK 1.0). When the **Collection Framework** was
introduced in JDK 1.2, these classes were retrofitted to align with the new framework but retained means(Something old was modified or
updated to work with a new system or technology.)their original design quirks.

Great question!

🔧 What does "retrofitted" mean in Java?

Retrofitted means:

Something old was modified or updated to work with a new system or technology.

🔹 In Java:

When the Collections Framework was added in JDK 1.2, older classes like Vector, Stack, and Hashtable were retrofitted.

👉 That means:

 These old classes were not removed.

 Instead, they were modified to implement new interfaces like List, Map, etc.

 This allowed them to work with new Java features like generics, for-each loops, and collections algorithms.

✅ Example:

Before retrofit:

Vector v = new Vector();

v.add("hello");

After retrofit (using Generics from Collection Framework):

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("hello");

In short:
Retrofitted = "Old class upgraded to work with new features."

Let me know if you want a small diagram or chart to remember this!

Sure! Here's a simpler version of that sentence:

Legacy classes like Vector, Stack, and Hashtable were created in the early versions of Java (JDK 1.0). When Java introduced the Collection
Framework in JDK 1.2, these old classes were updated a bit to work with the new system, but they still kept some of their old behavior and
design.

What Are Legacy Classes?

-Origin: Introduced in JDK 1.0, before the Collection Framework existed.

- **Re-engineering**: Modified in JDK 1.2 to implement collection interfaces (e.g., `List`, `Map`), but retained legacy
methods and behaviors.

- **Purpose**: Maintain backward compatibility for older codebases.

Examples of Legacy Classes vs. Modern Alternatives**

| **Legacy Class** | **Modern Replacement** | **Key Differences** |

|------------------|-------------------------|---------------------|

| `Vector` | `ArrayList` | `Vector` is synchronized (thread-safe), but slower. `ArrayList` is non-synchronized and faster for single-
threaded use. |

| `Stack` | `Deque` (e.g., `ArrayDeque`) | `Stack` extends `Vector`, leading to unintended method exposure. `Deque` provides a
cleaner, more efficient stack implementation. |

| `Hashtable` | `HashMap` | `Hashtable` is synchronized; `HashMap` is not. `HashMap` allows `null` keys/values; `Hashtable`
does not. |

Why Are Legacy Classes Still Used?**

1. **Backward Compatibility**: Existing code written before JDK 1.2 still works.

2. **Thread Safety**: Legacy classes like `Vector` and `Hashtable` are synchronized, which can be
useful in multi-threaded environments.

3. **Legacy Systems**: Older applications or libraries might still rely on these classes.

Drawbacks of Legacy Classes

- Performance Overhead: Synchronization makes them slower in single-threaded scenarios.

- **Outdated Methods**: Legacy-specific methods like `addElement()` (in `Vector`) or `elements()`

(in `Hashtable`) are redundant with modern collection interfaces.

- **Inflexibility**: E.g., `Stack` inherits all `Vector` methods, violating the "Liskov Substitution
Principle."

Example Code Snippets

**Legacy `Vector` vs. Modern `ArrayList`**

```java

// Legacy Vector (synchronized)

Vector<String> vec = new Vector<>();

vec.addElement("Legacy"); // Legacy method

vec.add("Modern"); // Collection Framework method

// Modern ArrayList (non-synchronized)

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add("Efficient"); // Standard method

```

**Legacy `Hashtable` vs. Modern `HashMap`**

```java

// Legacy Hashtable (synchronized)

Hashtable<Integer, String> table = new Hashtable<>();

table.put(1, "Apple");

// table.put(null, "Banana"); // Throws NullPointerException

// Modern HashMap (non-synchronized)

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "Apple");

map.put(null, "Banana"); // Allowed

```

When to Use Legacy Classes?**

- When working with **legacy code** that already uses them.

- In **multi-threaded environments** where synchronization is required (though modern

alternatives like `ConcurrentHashMap` are better).

For new projects, prefer **modern collection classes** (`ArrayList`, `HashMap`, `ArrayDeque`) for
better performance and design. Use utilities like `Collections.synchronizedList()` or
`ConcurrentHashMap` for thread safety.

-By understanding these distinctions, you can make informed decisions between legacy and modern
classes in Java! 🚀

First let start vector

Here are the points written in the image you provided about the Vector class in Java:
✅ Vector Class in Java

1. Vector is a legacy class

 Introduced in JDK 1.0 version.

2. Vector is an implemented class of List interface

 It is present in the java.util package.

→ Syntax:

package java.util;

class Vector implements List {

// constructors

// methods

3. The underlying data structure of Vector

 It is a "growable array" or "resizable array".

🔴 Note: All legacy classes are synchronized.

📌 Properties of Vector

1. Vector is an index-based data structure.

2. Vector can store different data types (i.e., heterogeneous data).

3. It can store duplicate elements.

4. It can store multiple null values.

5. Vector follows insertion order.

6. Vector does not follow sorting order.

7. Vector is a synchronized collection.

Absolutely! Let me explain each property of the Vector class in Java in simple and clear
terms with small examples where needed:

✅ 1. Vector is an index-based data structure

 This means elements are stored in positions starting from 0.

 You can access, update, or remove elements using their index.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("Apple");
 System.out.println(v.get(0)); // Output: Apple

✅ 2. Vector can store different data types (heterogeneous data)

 Normally in generic collections, you specify one type like Vector<Integer>, but if you use
Vector without generics, you can store any type of data.

Vector v = new Vector();

v.add("Hello");

v.add(10);

v.add(10.5);

System.out.println(v); // Output: [Hello, 10, 10.5]

⚠️But using generics (like Vector<String>) is recommended to avoid type-related errors.

✅ 3. We can store duplicate elements

 Like ArrayList, Vector allows adding the same value multiple times.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("Apple");

v.add("Apple");

System.out.println(v); // Output: [Apple, Apple]

✅ 4. We can store multiple null values

 Vector allows storing null just like ArrayList.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add(null);

v.add(null);

System.out.println(v); // Output: [null, null]

✅ 5. Vector follows insertion order

 The order in which you insert elements will be the same when you retrieve or print them.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("A");

v.add("B");
 v.add("C");

System.out.println(v); // Output: [A, B, C]

✅ 6. Vector does not follow sorting order

 The elements are not automatically sorted (like ascending/descending).

 You must manually sort them using Collections.sort() if needed.

Vector<Integer> v = new Vector<>();

v.add(30);

v.add(10);

v.add(20);

System.out.println(v); // Output: [30, 10, 20]

To sort:

Collections.sort(v);

System.out.println(v); // Output: [10, 20, 30]

✅ 7. Vector is a synchronized collection

 This means it is thread-safe, i.e., only one thread can access it at a time, so it is safe for use
in multithreading.

But this makes it slower than ArrayList in single-threaded applications.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("Safe");

In contrast, ArrayList is not synchronized and is faster in non-threaded programs.

In Java, when you're working with the Vector class (from the java.util package), there are 4
main constructors you can use to create a vector.

Let’s go through them one by one with simple examples:

✅ 1. Vector()

 Creates an empty vector with default initial capacity (10).

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

🔹 Initial capacity = 10
🔹 Capacity increases by doubling when full.
 ✅ 2. Vector(int initialCapacity)

 Creates a vector with a given initial capacity.

Vector<Integer> v = new Vector<>(5);

🔹 Starts with capacity = 5

🔹 Good when you know how many elements you'll add.

✅ 3. Vector(int initialCapacity, int capacityIncrement)

 Creates a vector with:

o initialCapacity

o capacityIncrement → How much to increase capacity when full

Vector<Double> v = new Vector<>(4, 2);

🔹 Starts with 4 slots

🔹 When full, capacity increases by +2

✅ 4. Vector(Collection<? extends E> c)

 Creates a vector with elements copied from another collection

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add("A");

list.add("B");

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>(list);

🔹 Useful when converting another collection to a Vector.

✅ Vector(Collection<? extends E> c) – What does <? extends E> mean?

✅ What is <? extends E> in Java?

This is a part of Generics in Java.

Let’s understand it step-by-step:

🔹 E stands for Element Type

When we write something like:

Vector<Integer> v = new Vector<>();

Here, E is Integer.

So now let’s see what <? extends E> means.

 🎯 <? extends E> means:

"Accept any class that is a subtype (child) of E."

This is called a bounded wildcard.

✅ Real-Life Example:

List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>();

Vector<Number> v1 = new Vector<>(list1); // ❌ Error!

But if the constructor is:

Vector<? extends Number> v1 = new Vector<>(list1); // ✅ Works!

Because Integer is a subclass of Number, and ? extends Number means “accept Integer, Float, Double... anything that is a child
of Number.”

🔁 Why do we use ? extends E in Vector(Collection<? extends E>)?

Because you might want to create a Vector from any kind of collection that contains objects of type E or its subclasses.

🔸 Example:

List<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();

numbers.add(1);

numbers.add(2);

// This works because Integer extends Number

Vector<Number> vec = new Vector<>(numbers);

👉 Behind the scenes, Vector(Collection<? extends E> c) lets this happen safely.

🧠 Key Concept:

Syntax Meaning

? Unknown type

? extends E Any class that is a subtype of E

? super E Any class that is a supertype of E (parent or E itself)

🔍 Summary Table:
 Constructor Description

Vector() Default capacity (10)

Vector(int capacity) Set custom initial capacity

Vector(int capacity, int increment) Set capacity and growth rate

Vector(Collection c) Create from another collection

Let me know if you want to see how capacity grows, or want to explore ArrayList vs Vector
too.

✅ Methods of Vector Class (from your image)

1. addElement(Object obj)

 Adds the element to the end of the vector.

 This is similar to add() method.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.addElement("Apple");

System.out.println(v); // Output: [Apple]

2. firstElement()

 Returns the first element in the vector.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("A");

v.add("B");

System.out.println(v.firstElement()); // Output: A

3. lastElement()

 Returns the last element in the vector.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("X");

v.add("Y");

System.out.println(v.lastElement()); // Output: Y
 4. removeElement(Object obj)

 Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from the vector.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("Cat");

v.add("Dog");

v.removeElement("Cat");

System.out.println(v); // Output: [Dog]

5. removeElementAt(int index)

 Removes the element at the specified index.

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("A");

v.add("B");

v.removeElementAt(1);

System.out.println(v); // Output: [A]

6. removeAllElements()

 Removes all elements from the vector (like clear()).

Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();

v.add("One");

v.add("Two");

v.removeAllElements();

System.out.println(v); // Output: []

✅ Common Methods from List and Collection Interface

Vector implements both interfaces, so it inherits many useful methods:

Method Description Example

add(E e) Adds an element v.add("Java");

add(int index, E
Adds at specific position v.add(1, "Python");
element)
 Method Description Example

get(int index) Returns element at index v.get(0);

set(int index, E element) Replaces element v.set(0, "NewValue");

remove(int index) Removes element by index v.remove(1);

contains(Object o) Checks if element exists v.contains("Java")

isEmpty() Checks if vector is empty v.isEmpty()

clear() Removes all elements v.clear()

Returns number of
size() v.size()
elements

iterator() Returns iterator Iterator it = v.iterator();

Object[] arr =
toArray() Converts to array
v.toArray();

📝 Summary:

Method Description

addElement(obj) Adds element

firstElement() Gets first element

lastElement() Gets last element

removeElement(obj) Removes object

removeElementAt(index) Removes at index

removeAllElements() Clears all

Sure! Here’s the explanation of the capacity() method in Java’s Vector class, along with an
example:

capacity() method in Vector

 What it does:
Returns the current capacity of the vector — i.e., how many elements it can hold before needing to resize.

 Why it matters:
The Vector class internally uses an array to store elements.
The capacity is the size of this internal array.
If you add more elements than the capacity, the Vector will automatically increase its capacity (usually by doubling it).

 Note:
The capacity can be larger than the actual number of elements (size()), because Vector reserves extra space to minimize
resizing.
 Syntax:

int capacity = vector.capacity();

Example:

import java.util.Vector;

public class VectorCapacityExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Vector<Integer> v = new Vector<>(3); // initial capacity 3

System.out.println("Initial capacity: " + v.capacity()); // Output: 3

v.add(10);

v.add(20);

v.add(30);

System.out.println("Capacity after adding 3 elements: " + v.capacity()); // Output: 3

System.out.println("Size: " + v.size()); // Output: 3

v.add(40); // Adding 4th element will increase capacity

System.out.println("Capacity after adding 4th element: " + v.capacity()); // Output: 6 (capacity doubles)

System.out.println("Size: " + v.size()); // Output: 4

Output:

Initial capacity: 3

Capacity after adding 3 elements: 3

Size: 3

Capacity after adding 4th element: 6

Size: 4

Summary:

 capacity() tells you how many elements the Vector can hold without resizing.

 size() tells you how many elements are currently in the Vector.
  When size() reaches capacity(), the Vector automatically increases its capacity.

If you want, I can also explain how capacity resizing works internally or how it differs from ArrayList!

"Vector is a legacy class in Java that implements the List interface and provides a dynamically
resizable array. Unlike ArrayList, all of its methods are synchronized, making it thread-safe but
slightly slower."

Let’s explore the **key features of Vector** in Java, including comparisons and examples for clarity:

1. Dynamic Array

Explanation:

- Vector uses a dynamic array structure that automatically expands when elements exceed its current
capacity.

- **Similar to ArrayList**, but with differences in resizing and synchronization.

**Example**:

```java

Vector<String> colors = new Vector<>(); // Initial capacity = 10

colors.add("Red");
colors.add("Blue");

// Adding 11th element increases capacity to 20 (default doubling).

```

---

### 2. **Synchronized (Thread-Safe)**

**Explanation**:

- All methods in Vector are **synchronized**, making it safe for use in multi-threaded environments.

- **Trade-off**: Synchronization introduces performance overhead in single-threaded scenarios.

- **Alternative**: Use `ArrayList` (non-synchronized) for better performance in single-threaded code.

**Example**:

```java

// Thread 1

vector.add("A");

// Thread 2

vector.remove(0);

// No data corruption due to synchronization.

```

---

### 3. **Legacy Class**

**Explanation**:

- Vector is part of Java’s original release (JDK 1.0) and is now considered **legacy**.

- **Recommendation**: Prefer `ArrayList` in single-threaded environments for efficiency.

---
### 4. **Resizing Mechanism**

**Explanation**:

- **Default behavior**: Doubles capacity when full (e.g., 10 → 20 → 40).

- **Custom increment**: If specified (e.g., `new Vector<>(10, 5)`), capacity increases by the
increment value (10 → 15 → 20).

- **ArrayList comparison**: Grows by 50% of current size (e.g., 10 → 15 → 22).

**Example**:

```java

Vector<Integer> numbers = new Vector<>(5, 3);

// Capacity sequence: 5 → 8 → 11 → 14...

```

---

### 5. **Random Access**

**Explanation**:

- Supports **O(1) time complexity** for element access via index (like arrays and ArrayList).

- **Efficient** for frequent read operations.

**Example**:

```java

Vector<String> fruits = new Vector<>(Arrays.asList("Apple", "Banana"));

String firstFruit = fruits.get(0); // Fast access using index 0

```

---

### **Vector vs. ArrayList Comparison**

| Feature | Vector | ArrayList |

|-----------------------|---------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| **Synchronization** | Yes (thread-safe) | No (non-thread-safe) |

| **Resizing** | Doubles or custom increment | Grows by 50% |

| **Legacy Status** | Yes | No (modern alternative) |

| **Performance** | Slower (due to synchronization)| Faster in single-threaded use |

---

### When to Use Vector?

- **Multi-threaded environments** requiring thread safety.

- **Legacy systems** where Vector is already integrated.

- Otherwise, prefer `ArrayList`, `CopyOnWriteArrayList`, or `Collections.synchronizedList()` for better

performance and flexibility.

📌 Key Features:
✅ Extends AbstractList<E> and Implements List<E>
✅ Thread-Safe (All methods are synchronized)
✅ Supports Serialization & Cloning
✅ Follows Insertion Order
✅ Allows Duplicate Elements
✅ Implements RandomAccess for fast element access
✅ Legacy Class (Exists since Java 1.0, before the modern Collection framework in Java 2)

Differents

The code you've shown demonstrates how using ArrayList with multiple threads (concurrently) can
lead to inconsistent results due to lack of synchronization. Now, let’s compare it with Vector, which is
thread-safe.

✅ Your Code (Using ArrayList)

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {

list.add(i);

});
Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {

list.add(i);

});

t1.start();

t2.start();

try {

t1.join();

t2.join();

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

System.out.println("Size of list: " + list.size());

❌ Problem:

 ArrayList is not synchronized, so when two threads add elements at the same time, data loss
or corruption may occur.

 Expected output is 2000, but actual output may be less than 2000.

✅ Same Program with Vector (Thread-safe)

Vector<Integer> list = new Vector<>();

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {

list.add(i);

});
Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {

list.add(i);

});

t1.start();

t2.start();

try {

t1.join();

t2.join();

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

System.out.println("Size of list: " + list.size()); // Output: 2000

✅ Why Vector Works

 All methods in Vector are synchronized.

 So only one thread can access the list at a time, ensuring data consistency.

🔍 Summary Table

Feature ArrayList Vector

Thread-safe ❌ No ✅ Yes

Performance (Single Thread) ✅ Faster ❌ Slower

Use in Multi-threaded Code ❌ Not recommended ✅ Recommended

If you want thread-safe code with ArrayList, you can also use:

List<Integer> list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>());

Let me know if you want a program comparing all three (ArrayList, Vector, SynchronizedList).
Step 2: Explain Internal Working with a Scenario

🔹 "Imagine a banking system where multiple users perform transactions at the same time. If one
user is updating the balance, others should not interfere. Since Vector is synchronized, it ensures only
one thread can modify the data at a time, preventing data corruption."

📝 Bank Transactions Example:

 User1 deposits ₹500

 User2 withdraws ₹200

 Vector ensures these operations don’t conflict

📌 Key Difference from ArrayList → Both use dynamic arrays, but Vector synchronizes all operations,
making it safer for multi-threaded environments but slower in performance.
import java.util.Vector;

class BankAccount {

private Vector<Integer> transactions = new Vector<>();

public void deposit(int amount) {

transactions.add(amount);

System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " deposited: " + amount);

public class BankSystem {

public static void main(String[] args) {

BankAccount account = new BankAccount();

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> account.deposit(100), "User1");

Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> account.deposit(200), "User2");

t1.start();

t2.start(); } }

Explain Stack.

📌 "Stack is a predefined class in java.util that extends Vector and follows the LIFO (Last In, First Out)
principle. It is a legacy class and provides several useful methods for stack operations like push(),
pop(), peek(), and search()."

✅ Extends Vector<E>
✅ Follows LIFO (Last-In, First-Out)
✅ Legacy Class (Exists since Java 1.0)
✅ Allows Duplicates
✅ Supports Serialization & Cloning
✅ Heterogeneous (Can store different types if generics are not used)
✅ Throws EmptyStackException if pop() or peek() is called on an empty stack

Great question! Let's combine all the important Stack methods into one program and explain them
clearly. Also, I'll show how LinkedList and ArrayList can be used as stacks.

✅ Full Java Program with All Stack Methods (with Explanation)

import java.util.*;

public class StackExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating a Stack of Integers

Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();

// ➕ Push (add elements)

stack.push(10);

stack.push(20);

stack.push(30);

System.out.println("Stack after pushes: " + stack); // [10, 20, 30]

// 🔍 Peek (see top element without removing)

System.out.println("Top element (peek): " + stack.peek()); // 30

// Pop (remove top element)

System.out.println("Popped element: " + stack.pop()); // 30

System.out.println("Stack after pop: " + stack); // [10, 20]

// 🔍 Search (1-based index from top of stack)

System.out.println("Position of 10: " + stack.search(10)); // 2

System.out.println("Position of 100: " + stack.search(100)); // -1 (not found)

 // ❓ IsEmpty

System.out.println("Is stack empty? " + stack.isEmpty()); // false

// 🔢 Size

System.out.println("Stack size: " + stack.size()); // 2

// 🔄 Iterating through stack (LIFO)

System.out.println("Iterating from top to bottom:");

Iterator<Integer> itr = stack.iterator();

while (itr.hasNext()) {

System.out.println(itr.next());

🧠 Stack Methods Summary

Method Purpose

push() Adds element to the top

pop() Removes and returns top element

peek() Returns top element without removing

search(x) Finds position of x from top (1-based)

isEmpty() Checks if stack is empty

size() Returns number of elements

iterator() Traverse the stack

✅ Using LinkedList and ArrayList as Stack

1. LinkedList as a Stack

LinkedList<Integer> listStack = new LinkedList<>();

listStack.push(100); // acts as stack (adds to front)

listStack.push(200);

System.out.println("LinkedList Stack: " + listStack);

System.out.println("Popped: " + listStack.pop()); // removes front

2. ArrayList as a Stack (Manually)

ArrayList<Integer> arrayListStack = new ArrayList<>();

arrayListStack.add(1); // push

arrayListStack.add(2);

arrayListStack.add(3);

System.out.println("ArrayList Stack: " + arrayListStack);

System.out.println("Popped: " + arrayListStack.remove(arrayListStack.size() - 1)); // manually remove

last

🆚 Which to Use?

Collection Notes

Stack Simple and traditional LIFO, thread-safe (but outdated for some use cases)

LinkedList Can be used as Stack or Queue (more flexible)

ArrayList Use like stack by managing end of list yourself

Deque (like ArrayDeque) ✅ Best choice for modern stack use, faster than Stack

👉 Recommended Modern Stack:

Deque<Integer> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();

stack.push(1);

stack.push(2);

System.out.println(stack.pop()); // 2

Would you like a version using Deque or with more interactive output?
But easy is stack na arraylist is not made for stuckimplemention its nto a good practice

Next feature we use ArrayDeque(modern replacement for Stack.

)(this is only recommendation to use this memorymanaement is good)

Undo Feature in a Text Editor

🎯 Scenario:

Imagine you are writing something in Notepad or Microsoft Word, and you press Ctrl + Z to undo the
last change.

🔹 How It Works with Stack:

1️⃣ You type "Hello" → push("Hello")

2️⃣ You type "World" → push("World")
3️⃣ You type **"Java"** → push("Java") 4️⃣ Now, if you pressCtrl + Z`:

 "Java" is removed → pop() → "Java"

5️⃣ If you press Ctrl + Z again:

 "World" is removed → pop() → "World"

6️⃣ If you press Ctrl + Z again:

 "Hello" is removed → pop() → "Hello"

📌 The last action is always undone first, following the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle.

CopyOnWriteArrayList:

CopyOnWriteArrayList class is introduced in JDK 1.5, which implements the List interface. It is an
enhanced version of ArrayList in which all modifications (add, set, remove, etc) are implemented by
making a fresh copy. It is found in java.util.concurrent package. It is a data structure created to be
used in a concurrent environment.
Simple program differents

Great question!

Let’s break down the program and explain what happens step by step:

✅ Code Summary:

You're trying to modify an ArrayList while iterating over it using a for-each loop.

This is not allowed in Java — you will get a ConcurrentModificationException at runtime.

💥 What Happens:

for (String item : shoppingList) {

...

shoppingList.add("Butter"); // modifying while reading

You’re iterating over shoppingList and also trying to add an item inside the loop.

❌ Output (Expected):

Initial Shopping List: [Milk, Eggs, Bread]

Milk

Eggs

Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException

at ...

❓Why This Happens:

 ArrayList uses fail-fast iterators.

  Modifying the list structurally (like adding/removing) while iterating with for-each or iterator
is not allowed unless you use Iterator’s own methods (iterator.remove()).

✅ How to Fix:

1. Use an Iterator and avoid adding during iteration.

2. Or use CopyOnWriteArrayList which allows modification while iterating (because it works on

a copy).

🔄 If you change it to:

List<String> shoppingList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

Then output will be:

Initial Shopping List: [Milk, Eggs, Bread]

Milk

Eggs

Added Butter while reading.

Bread

Updated Shopping List: [Milk, Eggs, Bread, Butter]

Let me know if you want to try this with CopyOnWriteArrayList next.

Here are few points about CopyOnWriteArrayList:

✅ What is CopyOnWriteArrayList?

It’s a thread-safe version of ArrayList provided by Java in the java.util.concurrent package.

🔄 How does it work? Point 1:

Whenever a thread writes (modifies) the list (like add(), remove()):

 It creates a new internal copy (clone) of the list.

 The original list remains unchanged for readers.

 Once the new copy is ready, it replaces the old one atomically (handled by JVM).

📚 So what about readers (iteration)?

 Readers (like in a for-each loop) access the old snapshot.

  Even if a writer modifies the list at the same time, readers are not affected.

 ✅ No ConcurrentModificationException ever.

🧠 JVM Role

You mentioned:

“...at a certain point both will be synchronized automatically, which is taken care of by JVM.”

Yes! What it means:

 The synchronization (locking) is internally handled by the CopyOnWriteArrayList class.

 You don’t need to manually synchronized anything.

 JVM ensures that reads and writes don’t interfere.

⚠️But remember:

 ❌ Writes are costly because it copies the entire array.

 ✅ Best for many reads, few writes.

💡 Summary

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

Thread-safe? ❌ No ✅ Yes

❌ Causes
Concurrent read/write ✅ Safe
exception

Performance (read-heavy) ⚠️Risky ✅ Great

❌ Costly (copies every

Performance (write-heavy) ✅ Fast
time)

Throws ConcurrentModificationException ✅ Yes ❌ No

Point 2:

🔁 "It is costly to use because for every update operation a cloned copy will be created."

 In CopyOnWriteArrayList, when you modify the list (add, remove, update):

o It does not change the original list directly.

o Instead, it creates a new full copy of the existing list.

o This copying process uses more memory and takes more time, especially if the
list is large.

o This makes write operations (update, add, remove) costly (slow and memory-
heavy).
Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

📖 "Hence, CopyOnWriteArrayList is the best choice if our frequent operation is read operation."

 When your program mostly reads data (like displaying values, searching, looping):

o CopyOnWriteArrayList is a great choice because:

 It is thread-safe for multiple readers.

 It never throws ConcurrentModificationException.

 Read operations are very fast and do not block.

🧠 In short:

 ✅ Use CopyOnWriteArrayList when:

o Many reads

o Few writes

 ❌ Avoid it when:

o Many write operations (as it becomes slow and uses more memory)

Example:

No worries! Let me explain it to you step by step with a very simple example and real-life comparison,
so you can clearly understand how CopyOnWriteArrayList works and why it's used.

🆚 Difference Between ArrayList and CopyOnWriteArrayList in Multi-threading

⚙️1. ArrayList (Normal List)

Let’s say:

 You and your friend are reading a notebook at the same time.

 Another friend is writing something in the same notebook at the same time.

🛑 Problem:

 If the writer changes something while you're reading, you might get wrong or inconsistent
data.

 This causes ConcurrentModificationException in Java.

✅ 2. CopyOnWriteArrayList

Now imagine:

 You are reading a photocopy of the notebook.

 Whenever someone wants to write something, they don’t write in the original notebook.

 Instead, they take a new photocopy, write on that copy, and make it the new notebook.

👍 Result:
Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

 Readers are not disturbed.

 They keep reading the old copy safely.

 Once writing is done, the new copy becomes active for future readers.

📌 So:

 Readers = Safe

 Writers = Slow, because they create a new copy every time

🧪 Dry Run: Simple Java Example

Example using CopyOnWriteArrayList:

CopyOnWriteArrayList<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

list.add("A");

list.add("B");

list.add("C");

for(String s : list) {

System.out.println(s);

list.add("D"); // Writer thread tries to modify during read

What Happens Internally:

Step Action List Contents

1 Add "A", "B", "C" ["A", "B", "C"]

2 Start reading Reading from old copy

3 During reading, add "D" New copy: ["A", "B", "C", "D"]

4 Old copy keeps reading Prints only "A", "B", "C"

5 Next iteration will use new list ["A", "B", "C", "D"]

✅ No error
✅ Safe reading
❌ But memory is used more (a new copy created)

🔚 Conclusion:

 CopyOnWriteArrayList = Safe for reading with many threads

 It never throws ConcurrentModificationException

 But slow for writing because a new copy is created every time
Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

Yes! Let's break down and explain your sentence step by step so you fully understand it.

You're describing the characteristics of:

CopyOnWriteArrayList

3. 🔁 "The underlined data structure is a growable array."

This means:

 Internally, it uses an array like ArrayList.

 But the array can increase in size when needed.

 If you keep adding elements, it resizes automatically.

✅ Same as ArrayList.

4. "It is a thread-safe version of ArrayList."

 This is the main feature.

 In multi-threaded programs, normal ArrayList is not safe.

 But CopyOnWriteArrayList allows multiple threads to read/write safely.

 It does this by creating a new copy of the array on every write.

✅ So: No thread conflicts, no ConcurrentModificationException.

5. 🔢 "Insertion order is preserved."

 Elements are stored in the same order as you added them.

 Example:

CopyOnWriteArrayList<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

list.add("A");

list.add("B");

list.add("C");

System.out.println(list); // Output: [A, B, C]

✅ Just like ArrayList.

5.🔁 "Duplicates are allowed."

You can add the same value multiple times.

list.add("A");

list.add("A");

System.out.println(list); // Output: [A, A]

✅ Same behavior as ArrayList.

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

6⚠️"Nulls are allowed."

You can insert null values.

list.add(null);

System.out.println(list); // Output: [null]

✅ Allowed.

7.🌐 "Heterogeneous Objects are allowed."

It means:

 You can store different types of objects (only if not using generics).

CopyOnWriteArrayList mixedList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList();

mixedList.add("Text");

mixedList.add(123);

mixedList.add(true);

System.out.println(mixedList); // Output: [Text, 123, true]

✅ Allowed (but not recommended in real projects; better to use generics).

🔚 Summary Table:

Feature CopyOnWriteArrayList

Growable array? ✅ Yes

Thread-safe? ✅ Yes

Preserves insertion order? ✅ Yes

Allows duplicates? ✅ Yes

Allows nulls? ✅ Yes

Allows heterogeneous objects? ✅ Yes (if no generics)

Sure! Here's the complete code using ArrayList (non-thread-safe) first:

Declaration:

public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> extends Object implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable,

Serializable

Here, E is the type of elements held in this collection.

Note: The class

implements Serializable, Cloneable, Iterable<E>, Collection<E>, List<E>, RandomAccess interfaces.

Constructors:

1. CopyOnWriteArrayList(): Creates an empty list.

CopyOnWriteArrayList c = new CopyOnWriteArrayList();

2. CopyOnWriteArrayList(Collection obj): Creates a list containing the elements of the specified

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

collection, in the order, they are returned by the collection's iterator.

CopyOnWriteArrayList c = new CopyOnWriteArrayList(Collection obj);

3. CopyOnWriteArrayList(Object[] obj);: Creates a list holding a copy of the given array.

CopyOnWriteArrayList c = new CopyOnWriteArrayList(Object[] obj);

Lets see the different in arraylsit and copyarray using thread reader and
writer at onces

✅ Version 1: Using ArrayList (Not Thread Safe)

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.List;

public class ThreadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<String> sharedList = new ArrayList<>();

sharedList.add("Item1");

sharedList.add("Item2");

sharedList.add("Item3");

// Reader Thread

Thread readerThread = new Thread(() -> {

try {

while (true) {

for (String item : sharedList) {

System.out.println("Reading item: " + item);

Thread.sleep(100); // Simulate delay

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Exception in reader thread: " + e);

});

// Writer Thread

Thread writerThread = new Thread(() -> {

try {
Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

Thread.sleep(500); // Let reader thread start

sharedList.add("Item4");

System.out.println("Added Item4 to the list.");

Thread.sleep(500);

sharedList.remove("Item1");

System.out.println("Removed Item1 from the list.");

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

});

readerThread.start();

writerThread.start();

⚠️This version may throw ConcurrentModificationException due to unsynchronized access.

✅ Version 2: Using CopyOnWriteArrayList (Thread Safe)

import java.util.List;

import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;

public class ThreadSafeExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<String> sharedList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

sharedList.add("Item1");

sharedList.add("Item2");

sharedList.add("Item3");

// Reader Thread

Thread readerThread = new Thread(() -> {

try {

while (true) {

for (String item : sharedList) {

System.out.println("Reading item: " + item);

Thread.sleep(100);
Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

} catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println("Exception in reader thread: " + e);

});

// Writer Thread

Thread writerThread = new Thread(() -> {

try {

Thread.sleep(500);

sharedList.add("Item4");

System.out.println("Added Item4 to the list.");

Thread.sleep(500);

sharedList.remove("Item1");

System.out.println("Removed Item1 from the list.");

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

});

readerThread.start();

writerThread.start();

✅ This version is safe for concurrent read/write operations.

Let me know if you'd like a version using Collections.synchronizedList(...) as well.

Absolutely! Let's dry run both versions step by step to help you understand how they behave.

✅ Version 1: Using ArrayList (Not Thread Safe)

🔧 Setup

List<String> sharedList = new ArrayList<>();

sharedList.add("Item1");

sharedList.add("Item2");
Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

sharedList.add("Item3");

So initially:

sharedList = ["Item1", "Item2", "Item3"]

🧵 Reader Thread (starts first)

This runs in a loop, printing:

Reading item: Item1

Reading item: Item2

Reading item: Item3

Then again and again.

🧵 Writer Thread (starts after 500ms)

 Adds "Item4" to the list:

 sharedList = ["Item1", "Item2", "Item3", "Item4"]

Output: Added Item4 to the list.

 After another 500ms, removes "Item1":

 sharedList = ["Item2", "Item3", "Item4"]

Output: Removed Item1 from the list.

❌ Problem

If readerThread is iterating while writerThread adds/removes, it causes:

java.util.ConcurrentModificationException

Because:

 ArrayList is not safe for concurrent modification.

 Its iterator fails if any other thread modifies the list structurally.

✅ Version 2: Using CopyOnWriteArrayList (Thread Safe)

🔧 Setup

List<String> sharedList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

sharedList.add("Item1");

sharedList.add("Item2");

sharedList.add("Item3");

Initial state:

sharedList = ["Item1", "Item2", "Item3"]

🧵 Reader Thread (starts first)

It prints:

Reading item: Item1

Reading item: Item2

Reading item: Item3

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

Then again in a loop.

🧵 Writer Thread (starts after 500ms)

 Adds "Item4":

 sharedList = ["Item1", "Item2", "Item3", "Item4"]

Output: Added Item4 to the list.

 After another 500ms, removes "Item1":

 sharedList = ["Item2", "Item3", "Item4"]

Output: Removed Item1 from the list.

✅ No Exception Here

Because:

 CopyOnWriteArrayList creates a new copy of the array every time it is modified.

 Reader thread reads a snapshot of the list during iteration.

 So even if the list changes, the iteration continues safely on the old version.

🔁 Summary:

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

Thread-safe? ❌ No ✅ Yes

ConcurrentModificationException? ❌ Yes (Possible) ✅ No

⚠️Slower for writes (copies entire

Performance ✅ Fast (Single-threaded)
array)

Single-threaded or manually Multi-threaded with more reads

Use case
synchronized than writes

Let me know if you want a visual diagram or want to run this in your IDE together!

Exactly! You're absolutely right.

In ArrayList, if:

 ✅ One thread is reading (iterating) over the list,

 ❌ And another thread modifies the list at the same time (like adding/removing items),

It will throw:

java.util.ConcurrentModificationException

🔍 Why this happens?

The ArrayList uses a special variable called modCount to track structural changes (like add/remove).
When you use a for-each loop or iterator, it checks if the modCount is changed while iterating.

If it detects a change — boom 💥 — ConcurrentModificationException is thrown.

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

🧠 Think of it like this:

You’re reading a book (ArrayList) line by line (iteration),

And suddenly, someone rips out a page or adds a new page (modification) — your reading gets messed
up! 📖❌

✅ In contrast:

CopyOnWriteArrayList handles this by:

 Creating a new copy of the list whenever you modify it.

 So readers keep reading their own unchanged snapshot, while writers work on a new
version.

Result: ✅ No crash, no conflict.

🔁 Conclusion:

Thread Action ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

Read + Write together ❌ Causes Exception ✅ Safe

Multiple reads ✅ Safe ✅ Safe

Multiple writes ❌ Not Safe ✅ Safe but costly (makes new copies)

Methods of CopyOnWriteArrayList:

METHOD DESCRIPTION

add(E e) Appends the specified element to the end of this list.

Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this

add(int index, E element)
list.

Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to

addAll(Collection<? extends E>
the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by
c)
the specified collection's iterator.

addAll(int index, Collection<? Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into
extends E> c) this list, starting at the specified position.

Appends all of the elements in the specified collection that

addAllAbsent(Collection<? are not already contained in this list, to the end of this list,
extends E> c) in the order that they are returned by the specified
collection's iterator.

addIfAbsent(E e) Appends the element, if not present.

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

METHOD DESCRIPTION

clear() Removes all of the elements from this list.

clone() Returns a shallow copy of this list.

contains(Object o) Returns true if this list contains the specified element.

Returns true if this list contains all of the elements of the

containsAll(Collection<?> c)
specified collection.

equals(Object o) Compares the specified object with this list for equality.

Performs the given action for each element of the Iterable

forEach(Consumer<? super E>
until all elements have been processed or the action throws
action)
an exception.

get(int index) Returns the element at the specified position in this list.

hashCode() Returns the hash code value for this list.

Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified

indexOf(E e, int index) element in this list, searching forwards from the index, or
returns -1 if the element is not found.

Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified

indexOf(Object o) element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the
element.

isEmpty() Returns true if this list contains no elements.

Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in the

iterator()
proper sequence.

Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified

lastIndexOf(E e, int index) element in this list, searching backward from the index, or
returns -1 if the element is not found.
Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

METHOD DESCRIPTION

Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified

lastIndexOf(Object o) element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the
element.

Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper
listIterator()
sequence).

Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper
listIterator(int index)
sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.

remove(int index) Removes the element at the specified position in this list.

Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from

remove(Object o)
this list, if it is present.

Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained
removeAll(Collection<?> c)
in the specified collection.

removeIf(Predicate<? super E> Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy
filter) the given predicate.

replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> Replaces each element of this list with the result of applying
operator) the operator to that element.

Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in

retainAll(Collection<?> c)
the specified collection.

Replaces the element at the specified position in this list

set(int index, E element)
with the specified element.

size() Returns the number of elements in this list.

Sorts this list according to the order induced by the

sort(Comparator<? super E> c)
specified Comparator.

spliterator() Returns a Spliterator over the elements in this list.

Feature ArrayList CopyOnWriteArrayList

METHOD DESCRIPTION

subList(int fromIndex, int Returns a view of the portion of this list between fromIndex,
toIndex) inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in

toArray()
proper sequence (from first to the last element).

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in

proper sequence (from first to the last element); the
toArray(T[] a)
runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified
array.

Returns a string representation of this list.

toString()

If more yu want to see methods in deep then go to this link check the working to each method
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/copyonwritearraylist-in-java

/Methods inherited from interface java.util.Collection:

METHOD DESCRIPTION

parallelStream() Returns a possibly parallel Stream with this collection as its source.

stream() Returns a sequential Stream with this collection as its source.

Note: We should use CopyOnWriteArrayList when we prefer to use a data structure similar to ArrayList
in a concurrent environment.
 11. What are the difference between array and ArrayList?

Array ArrayList

The array is not resizable. At instantiation, you must ArrayList is dynamically resizable. It grows as required, even
provide its maximum size. Overfilling leads to an beyond its initial capacity, offering flexibility in the number of
exception. elements it can store.

ArrayList can be slower, especially when increasing in size. This

Arrays generally offer better performance than
because, when its capacity is exceeded, a new array is created
ArrayLists because they are of fixed size and don’t
internally, and existing elements are copied over, reducing its
require internal operations to store elements.
performance.

Use Array.length to determine the length of an Array. The size() method determines the length of an ArrayList.
For example: int arr[]=new int[4]; Example: ArrayList<Integer> A = new ArrayList<Integer>();
System.out.print(arr.length); will print 4. A.add(1); A.add(2); System.out.println(A.size()); will print 2.

Arrays support multiple dimensions (e.g., 2D, 3D

ArrayList supports only single dimensions, and isn’t suitable for
arrays). For instance, int arr[][]=new int[4]
tasks like matrix creation.
[3]; creates a 2D array with 4 rows and 3 columns.

Arrays support both primitive types (like int, char) ArrayList supports only object types due to its use of generics. F
and object types. instance, instead of int, you’d use Integer.

Arrays can hold null values. However, for primitive

arrays, there’s no null (e.g., an int array defaults ArrayLists can contain and identify null elements.
to 0 for each position unless otherwise assigned).

ArrayList offers a variety of built-in methods from the Java

Arrays offer limited built-in functionalities. Collections Framework, like add(), remove(), and clear(),
providing more functionality and ease-of-use.

ArrayList is also not synchronized by default. However,

Arrays aren’t synchronized, so they’re not inherently
n synchronization can be added externally
thread-safe.
using Collections.synchronizedList().

.12. What are the difference between array and Arrays?

Feature Array ([]) Arrays (java.util.Arrays class)

A fixed-size data structure

A utility class in java.util that provides helper
Definition that holds elements of the
methods for working with arrays.
same type.

Used to store multiple values

Provides static methods to perform operations like
Purpose in a contiguous memory
sorting, searching, and filling arrays.
location.

Mutability Arrays are mutable (elements Arrays class methods often return new modified
can be modified). copies instead of modifying the original array (e.g.,
Feature Array ([]) Arrays (java.util.Arrays class)

Arrays.asList()).

Created using new keyword No need to create an object; methods are called
Instantiation
(e.g., int[] arr = new int[5];). statically (e.g., Arrays.sort(arr);).

Methods No built-in methods (manual Provides methods like sort(), binarySearch(),

Available operations needed). copyOf(), toString(), etc.

13. Difference between Collection and Collections.

Collection (java.util.Collection
Feature Collections (java.util.Collections Class)
Interface)

A root interface in the Java

A utility class that provides static methods
Collection Framework (JCF) that
Definition for working with collections (sorting,
defines basic methods for data
searching, synchronization, etc.).
structures like List, Set, and Queue.

Interface (must be implemented by Class (contains only static methods, no

Type
classes like ArrayList, HashSet). objects are created).

Defines the standard operations like Provides helper methods like sort(),
Usage add(), remove(), size(), iterator(), reverse(), binarySearch(),
etc. synchronizedList().

Part of Java
Yes (super interface of List, Set,
Collection Yes (but provides utility functions).
Queue).
Framework?

Example ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, Collections.sort(), Collections.reverse(),

Implementations TreeSet, PriorityQueue. Collections.unmodifiableList().

14. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList.

Here is the ArrayList vs. LinkedList comparison in the same box model format as in the image:
Property ArrayList LinkedList

Underlying DS ✅ Uses dynamic array internally. ✅ Uses doubly linked list internally.

Insertion ❌ Slower (O(n)) → Requires shifting elements. ✅ Faster (O(1)) → Just updates node links.

Deletion ❌ Slower (O(n)) → Requires shifting elements. ✅ Faster (O(1)) → Just updates node links.

Access (Get/Set) ✅ Faster (O(1)) → Uses index for direct access. ❌ Slower (O(n)) → Traverses nodes sequentially.

Memory Usage ✅ Less memory overhead (stores only data). ❌ Higher memory usage (stores data + 2 pointers).

Iteration ✅ Faster → Cache-friendly due to continuous memory. ❌ Slower → Scattered memory, bad cache locality.
Property ArrayList LinkedList

Best For ✅ Frequent access & search operations. ✅ Frequent insertion & deletion operations.

Synchronization ❌ Not synchronized by default. ❌ Not synchronized by default.

Example Use Case ✅ Reading a list of students from DB (fast access). ✅ Implementing an LRU cache (frequent insert/delete).

This table format is easy to read and will be useful in interviews! 🚀 Let me know if you need any
modifications. 😊

15. Difference between List,Set and Queue.

Here is a detailed comparison of List, Set, and Queue in a box model format:
Property List Set Queue

✅ Ordered collection that allows ✅ Unordered collection that does not

Definition ✅ Follows FIFO (First In, First Out) order.
duplicate elements. allow duplicates.

Duplicates ✅ Yes, but order is based on

✅ Yes, allows duplicates. ❌ No, does not allow duplicates.
Allowed? insertion/removal rules.

❌ No guaranteed order (except

✅ Maintains FIFO order (except
Ordering ✅ Maintains insertion order. LinkedHashSet which maintains
PriorityQueue which follows priority).
insertion order).

Implementation ✅ ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector,

✅ HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet. ✅ LinkedList, PriorityQueue, ArrayDeque.
Classes Stack.

✅ Fast random access (ArrayList ✅ Fast add() and remove() (HashSet ✅ Fast insertion and deletion (LinkedList
Performance
O(1) for get). O(1)). O(1)).

✅ When you need ordered ✅ When you need first-come, first-served

✅ When you need unique elements
Use Case collection with duplicates (e.g., processing (e.g., Print Queue, Task
(e.g., Storing registered user IDs).
Student List). Scheduling).

✅ Allows only one null value (TreeSet

Null Values ✅ Allows multiple null values. ✅ Allows null (except PriorityQueue).
does not allow null).

🔹 List → Best for ordered collections with duplicates (e.g., a shopping list).
🔹 Set → Best for unique elements (e.g., storing unique usernames).
🔹 Queue → Best for FIFO processing (e.g., task scheduling).

Let me know if you need any modifications! 🚀😊

16. What are the methods specific to Collection?

Method Description

add(E e) Adds an element to the collection.

Method Description

addAll(Collection<? extends E>

Adds all elements from another collection.
c)

remove(Object o) Removes the first occurrence of the specified element.

removeAll(Collection<?> c) Removes all elements that exist in the given collection.

Retains only the elements that exist in the given collection

retainAll(Collection<?> c)
(removes others).

clear() Removes all elements from the collection.

size() Returns the number of elements in the collection.

isEmpty() Returns true if the collection has no elements.

contains(Object o) Returns true if the collection contains the specified element.

Returns true if the collection contains all elements of another

containsAll(Collection<?> c)
collection.

iterator() Returns an Iterator to traverse elements.

toArray() Converts the collection into an array.

toArray(T[] a) Converts the collection into an array of the specified type.

stream() Returns a sequential Stream for functional-style operations.

parallelStream() Returns a parallel Stream for multi-threaded operations.

17. What are the methods specific to List?

Methods Specific to List (Not in Collection)

Method Description

get(int index) Retrieves the element at the specified index.

set(int index, E element) Updates the element at the specified index.

add(int index, E element) Inserts an element at a specific position, shifting existing elements.

Removes the element at the specified index, shifting remaining

remove(int index)
elements.

Returns the first occurrence index of the element, or -1 if not

indexOf(Object o)
found.

lastIndexOf(Object o) Returns the last occurrence index of the element, or -1 if not

Method Description

found.

subList(int fromIndex, int

Returns a view of a portion of the list (exclusive of toIndex).
toIndex)

listIterator() Returns a ListIterator for bidirectional traversal.

listIterator(int index) Returns a ListIterator starting from a specific index.

18. Difference between Queue and Stack.

Here is a detailed comparison of Queue and Stack in a box model format:

Property Queue (FIFO) Stack (LIFO)

Definition ✅ Follows FIFO (First In, First Out) principle. ✅ Follows LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle.

✅ The first element inserted is the first to be

Ordering ✅ The last element inserted is the first to be removed.
removed.

Implementation Classes ✅ LinkedList, PriorityQueue, ArrayDeque. ✅ Stack (Legacy), ArrayDeque (Recommended).

Insertion
✅ enqueue(E e) → Adds element at the rear. ✅ push(E e) → Adds element at the top.
(Push/Enqueue)

Deletion ✅ dequeue() → Removes element from the

✅ pop() → Removes element from the top.
(Pop/Dequeue) front.

✅ peek() → Gets the front element without

Access (Peek/Top) ✅ peek() → Gets the top element without removing.
removing.

✅ enqueue() and dequeue() are O(1) in

Performance ✅ push() and pop() are O(1) in ArrayDeque.
LinkedList.

✅ Task Scheduling, Print Jobs, Request ✅ Undo/Redo operations, Recursive Function Calls, Expression
Best For
Processing. Evaluation.

Null Values ✅ Allows null (except PriorityQueue). ✅ Allows null.

🔹 Queue → Best for FIFO processing (e.g., Task Scheduling, Print Jobs).
🔹 Stack → Best for LIFO operations (e.g., Backtracking, Undo/Redo).

Let me know if you need any modifications! 🚀😊

19. Difference between peek() and poll()?

Here’s a detailed comparison of peek() and poll() in a box model format:

Method peek() poll()

✅ Retrieves the head (front) element of the queue without ✅ Retrieves and removes the head (front) element of the
Definition
removing it. queue.

Return Type ✅ Returns the head element if the queue is not empty. ✅ Returns the head element and removes it.
Method peek() poll()

Behavior on
✅ Returns null (does not throw an exception). ✅ Returns null (does not throw an exception).
Empty Queue

✅ Used when you only want to check the front element ✅ Used when you want to process and remove the front
Usage
without modifying the queue. element.

Performance ✅ O(1) (Constant Time). ✅ O(1) (Constant Time).

Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<>(); q.add(10); Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<>(); q.add(10);

Example q.add(20); System.out.println(q.peek()); // Output: 10 q.add(20); System.out.println(q.poll()); // Output: 10
System.out.println(q); // Output: [10, 20] System.out.println(q); // Output: [20]

🔹 Key Takeaway:

 peek() → Just views the front element without removing it.

 poll() → Retrieves and removes the front element from the queue.

Let me know if you need further clarification! 🚀😊

20. Difference between poll() and pop()?

Here’s a detailed comparison of poll() and pop() in a structured box format:

Method poll() (Queue) pop() (Stack/Deque)

✅ Retrieves and removes the head (front) element of the

Definition ✅ Removes and returns the top element of the stack.
queue.

Data Structure ✅ Used in Queue (FIFO - First In, First Out). ✅ Used in Stack (LIFO - Last In, First Out).

✅ Returns the head element if the queue is not empty,

Return Type ✅ Returns the top element if the stack is not empty.
otherwise null.

Behavior on
✅ Returns null if the queue is empty (safe operation). ❌ Throws NoSuchElementException if the stack is empty.
Empty Collection

✅ Used when processing elements from the front of the ✅ Used when processing elements from the top of the
Usage
queue. stack.

Performance ✅ O(1) (Constant Time) ✅ O(1) (Constant Time)

Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<>(); q.add(10); Example (Stack) Stack<Integer> s = new Stack<>();

Example (Queue) q.add(20); System.out.println(q.poll()); // Output: 10 s.push(10); s.push(20); System.out.println(s.pop()); //
System.out.println(q); // Output: [20] Output: 20 System.out.println(s); // Output: [10]

🔹 Key Takeaways:

 poll() → Works with Queue, removes the first element (FIFO). Returns null if empty.

 pop() → Works with Stack, removes the last pushed element (LIFO). Throws an exception if empty.

Let me know if you need more clarity! 🚀😊

21. Difference between pop() and poll()?

Here’s the detailed comparison of pop() and poll() in a structured box format:
Feature pop() (Stack/Deque) poll() (Queue/Deque)

✅ Retrieves and removes the front (head) element of the

Definition ✅ Removes and returns the top element of the stack.
queue.

Data Structure ✅ Used in Stack (LIFO - Last In, First Out) and Deque. ✅ Used in Queue (FIFO - First In, First Out) and Deque.

Return Type ✅ Returns the top element of the stack. ✅ Returns the head element of the queue.

Behavior on ❌ Throws NoSuchElementException if the stack is

✅ Returns null if the queue is empty (safe operation).
Empty Collection empty.

✅ Used when removing elements from the top of a

Usage ✅ Used when removing elements from the front of a queue.
stack.

Performance ✅ O(1) (Constant Time) ✅ O(1) (Constant Time)

Stack<Integer> s = new Stack<>(); s.push(10); Example (Queue) Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<>();

Example (Stack) s.push(20); System.out.println(s.pop()); // Output: 20 q.add(10); q.add(20); System.out.println(q.poll()); // Output:
System.out.println(s); // Output: [10] 10 System.out.println(q); // Output: [20]

🔹 Key Takeaways:

 pop() → Used in Stack, removes the last pushed element (LIFO). Throws an exception if
empty.

 poll() → Used in Queue, removes the first added element (FIFO). Returns null if empty.

Let me know if you need more clarification! 🚀😊

22. Difference between BoundedQueue and UnboundedQueue.

-Bounded queues are fixed which means if we try to add elements beyond the limit then we will get
IllegalstateException. To overcome the exception we must use offer() instead of add()

To avoid this exception, use offer() instead of add(), as offer() returns false when the queue is full
instead of throwing an exceptio

-unbounded queue are not fixed which means if add elements it keeps on growing dynamically

- bounded queue restricts the memory overflow

- unbounded queue cant restrict the memory overflow

- bounded queue are implemented by arrayblocking queue,priority blocking queue,Sysnchronous

queue

-unbounded queue are implemented by priority queue, ConcurrentLinkedQueue

23. What are the different ways avaialble to create:

ArrayList,LinkedList,Vector,Stack,HashSet,LinkedHashSet,....

📌 Different Ways to Create ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack, HashSet, and LinkedHashSet in Java

Each of these collections can be created using different approaches, including default constructors,
parameterized constructors, and using another collection.
1️⃣ Creating an ArrayList

ArrayList is a dynamic array implementation of List that allows random access and duplicates.

✅ Ways to Create an ArrayList

import java.util.*;

public class ArrayListExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 1. Default Constructor (Creates an empty list with default capacity 10)

ArrayList<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>();

// 2. Specifying Initial Capacity

ArrayList<Integer> list2 = new ArrayList<>(20); // Capacity set to 20

// 3. Using Another Collection

List<Integer> nums = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4);

ArrayList<Integer> list3 = new ArrayList<>(nums);

System.out.println(list3); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

2️⃣ Creating a LinkedList

LinkedList is a doubly linked list implementation of List and Queue, which is efficient for
insertions/deletions.

✅ Ways to Create a LinkedList

import java.util.*;

public class LinkedListExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 1. Default Constructor
 LinkedList<String> linkedList1 = new LinkedList<>();

// 2. Using Another Collection

List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie");

LinkedList<String> linkedList2 = new LinkedList<>(names);

System.out.println(linkedList2); // Output: [Alice, Bob, Charlie]

3️⃣ Creating a Vector

Vector is a thread-safe dynamic array (legacy class) that synchronizes all operations.

✅ Ways to Create a Vector

import java.util.*;

public class VectorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 1. Default Constructor

Vector<Integer> vector1 = new Vector<>();

// 2. Specifying Initial Capacity

Vector<Integer> vector2 = new Vector<>(20); // Capacity set to 20

// 3. Using Another Collection

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(100, 200, 300);

Vector<Integer> vector3 = new Vector<>(numbers);

System.out.println(vector3); // Output: [100, 200, 300]

}
4️⃣ Creating a Stack

Stack is a LIFO (Last In, First Out) legacy class that extends Vector.

✅ Ways to Create a Stack

import java.util.*;

public class StackExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 1. Default Constructor

Stack<String> stack1 = new Stack<>();

// 2. Using Another Collection

List<String> elements = Arrays.asList("A", "B", "C");

Stack<String> stack2 = new Stack<>();

stack2.addAll(elements);

System.out.println(stack2); // Output: [A, B, C]

5️⃣ Creating a HashSet

HashSet is an unordered collection that does not allow duplicates and uses hashing for fast lookups.

✅ Ways to Create a HashSet

import java.util.*;

public class HashSetExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 1. Default Constructor

HashSet<Integer> hashSet1 = new HashSet<>();

// 2. Specifying Initial Capacity

HashSet<Integer> hashSet2 = new HashSet<>(20); // Capacity set to 20

 // 3. Using Another Collection

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

HashSet<Integer> hashSet3 = new HashSet<>(numbers);

System.out.println(hashSet3); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] (Order may vary)

6️⃣ Creating a LinkedHashSet

LinkedHashSet is similar to HashSet but maintains insertion order.

✅ Ways to Create a LinkedHashSet

import java.util.*;

public class LinkedHashSetExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 1. Default Constructor

LinkedHashSet<String> linkedHashSet1 = new LinkedHashSet<>();

// 2. Using Another Collection

List<String> cities = Arrays.asList("New York", "London", "Paris");

LinkedHashSet<String> linkedHashSet2 = new LinkedHashSet<>(cities);

System.out.println(linkedHashSet2); // Output: [New York, London, Paris] (Maintains order)

In an interview, you can confidently explain multiple ways to create instances of Java collections like
ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack, HashSet, and LinkedHashSet. Here’s how you can structure your
answer:

Ways to Create Java Collections Instances

1. Using Default Constructor (Empty Collection)

Each collection class provides a default constructor that initializes an empty collection.
2. List<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();

3. List<Integer> linkedList = new LinkedList<>();

4. List<Integer> vector = new Vector<>();

5. Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();

6. Set<Integer> hashSet = new HashSet<>();

7. Set<Integer> linkedHashSet = new LinkedHashSet<>();

8. Using Constructor with Initial Capacity

Some collections allow specifying an initial capacity to optimize performance.

9. List<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>(10);

10. List<Integer> vector = new Vector<>(20);

11. Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();

12. Set<Integer> hashSet = new HashSet<>(16);

13. Set<Integer> linkedHashSet = new LinkedHashSet<>(16);

14. Using Another Collection (Copy Constructor Approach)

This is useful when you want to create a collection from an existing one.

15. List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>(List.of(1, 2, 3, 4));

16. List<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>(list1);

17. List<Integer> linkedList = new LinkedList<>(list1);

18. List<Integer> vector = new Vector<>(list1);

19. Set<Integer> hashSet = new HashSet<>(list1);

20. Set<Integer> linkedHashSet = new LinkedHashSet<>(list1);

21. Using Arrays.asList() (Fixed-Size List)

Creates a list backed by an array (modifications like add() or remove() are not allowed).

22. List<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4));

23. List<Integer> linkedList = new LinkedList<>(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4));

24. Using List.of() (Immutable List in Java 9+)

This method returns an unmodifiable list, meaning elements cannot be added or removed.

25. List<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>(List.of(1, 2, 3, 4));

26. Set<Integer> hashSet = new HashSet<>(Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4));

27. Using Streams (Java 8+)

You can use Collectors.toCollection() to collect elements into specific collection types.

28. List<Integer> arrayList = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4)

29. .collect(Collectors.toCollection(ArrayList::new));

30.

31. Set<Integer> hashSet = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4)

32. .collect(Collectors.toCollection(HashSet::new));

33. Using Double-Brace Initialization (Not Recommended for Production)

This is a quick way to create and initialize collections but has a performance overhead due to inner class creation.

34. List<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<Integer>() {{

35. add(1);
 36. add(2);

37. add(3);

38. }};

Key Points for Interviews

 Default constructor initializes an empty collection.

 Constructor with capacity improves efficiency when the size is known.

 Copy constructor creates a new collection from an existing one.

 Arrays.asList() & List.of() create fixed-size and immutable lists, respectively.

 Streams and Collectors provide a functional approach in Java 8+.

 Double-brace initialization should be avoided in real-world applications due to memory overhead.

Would you like an explanation for any specific type in more detail? 🚀

🚀 Summary

Collection Type Data Structure Ordering Allows Duplicates? Thread-Safe?

ArrayList Dynamic Array ✅ Maintains Order ✅ Yes ❌ No

LinkedList Doubly Linked List ✅ Maintains Order ✅ Yes ❌ No

Vector Dynamic Array (Legacy) ✅ Maintains Order ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

Stack LIFO (Extends Vector) ✅ Maintains Order ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

HashSet Hash Table ❌ No Order ❌ No Duplicates ❌ No

LinkedHashSet Hash Table + Linked List ✅ Maintains Order ❌ No Duplicates ❌ No

Would you like a comparison table for performance differences as well? 🚀

24. Difference between array and collection.

Arrays Collection

Arrays are fixed in size that is

once we create an array we can Collection are growable in nature that is based on our
1
not increased or decreased requirement. We can increase or decrease of size.
based on our requirement.
 Arrays Collection

Write in memory Arrays are not

2 Write in memory collection are recommended to use.
recommended to use.

With respect to performance

With respect to performance collection are not
3 Arrays are recommended to
recommended to use.
use.

Arrays can hold only

Collection can hold both homogeneous and
4 homogeneous data types
heterogeneous elements.
elements.

Every collection class is implemented based on some

There is no underlying data standard data structure, and hence, ready-made method
structure for arrays and hence support is available for every requirement. As
5
ready made method support is performance is crucial, we can use these methods
not available. directly, and we are not responsible for implementing
them.

Arrays can hold both object and Collection can hold only object types but not primitive
6
primitive data type . datatypes such as int, long, short, etc.

25. Difference between collection and map.

Feature Collection (java.util.Collection) Map (java.util.Map)

Represents a group of individual Represents a key-value pair collection.

Definition
elements (like List, Set, Queue). Each key maps to a value.

Stores single elements (e.g., Stores key-value pairs (Map<String,

Data Storage
List<Integer>, Set<String>). Integer>).

Duplicates ❌ Keys must be unique, but values can

✅ Yes (in List), ❌ No (in Set).
Allowed? be duplicate.

List maintains insertion order, Set does HashMap does not maintain order, but
Ordering
not guarantee order. LinkedHashMap does.

Access Mechanism Access via index (List) or iteration (Set, Access via keys (get(key)).
Feature Collection (java.util.Collection) Map (java.util.Map)

Queue).

add(), remove(), contains(), size(), put(key, value), get(key), remove(key),

Key Methods
iterator(). containsKey(), containsValue().

ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, TreeMap, LinkedHashMap,

Implementations
PriorityQueue. Hashtable.

🔹 Example: Collection (List Example)

26. Explain Map hierarchy.

The HashMap class, which implements the Map interface, is extended by LinkedHashMap.
The SortedMap interface, which extends the Map interface, is implemented by the TreeMap class.
Java Map Subclasses

Java Map Sub interfaces

📌 27. Explain Iterator in Java

Iterator is an interface in Java (java.util.Iterator) that provides a way to traverse a collection one
element at a time.introducted in 1.2v .it was introduced to take over enumeration as enumberation
had methods which had quite longer names as compared to Iterator. iterator has an added
functionality to remove elements which was not available in enumeration

✅ Key Features:

 uni-directional(forward directional) traversal (One direction).

 Works with List, Set, and Queue collections.

 Safe removal of elements while iterating (remove() method).

✅ Example: Using Iterator with ArrayList

import java.util.*;

public class IteratorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"));

 Iterator<String> iterator = list.iterator();

while (iterator.hasNext()) {

System.out.println(iterator.next());

✅ Output:

Apple

Banana

Cherry

📌 28. Explain Iterable in Java

Iterable is an interface in java.lang package that represents a collection that can be iterated using
an Iterator.

✅ Key Features:

 It is a super interface of all collection classes (List, Set, Queue).

 Contains only one method:

 Iterator<T> iterator(); // Returns an iterator

 Allows a collection to be used in an enhanced for loop (for-each).

✅ Example: Using Iterable in Custom Class

import java.util.*;

class CustomList<T> implements Iterable<T> {

private List<T> list = new ArrayList<>();

public void add(T value) { list.add(value); }

@Override

public Iterator<T> iterator() { return list.iterator(); }

}
public class IterableExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

CustomList<String> names = new CustomList<>();

names.add("John");

names.add("Jane");

for (String name : names) { // Uses Iterable

System.out.println(name);

✅ Output:

John

Jane

📌 29. Difference Between Iterator and ListIterator

Feature Iterator ListIterator

Traverses Forward-only Both forward & backward

Works With List, Set, Queue Only List (ArrayList, LinkedList)

Supports remove()? ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

Supports set(E e)? ❌ No ✅ Yes (Can modify elements)

Supports add(E e)? ❌ No ✅ Yes

✅ Example: Using ListIterator for Bidirectional Traversal

import java.util.*;

public class ListIteratorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("A", "B", "C"));

ListIterator<String> iterator = list.listIterator();

 // Forward Traversal

while (iterator.hasNext()) {

System.out.print(iterator.next() + " "); // Output: A B C

// Backward Traversal

while (iterator.hasPrevious()) {

System.out.print(iterator.previous() + " "); // Output: C B A

📌 30. Explain Enumeration in Java

Enumeration is an interface in java.util, mainly used for iterating over legacy classes (Vector,
Hashtable).

✅ Key Features:

 Works with legacy collections (Vector, Hashtable).

 Only forward traversal (like Iterator).

 Does not support remove() (Unlike Iterator).

✅ Example: Using Enumeration with Vector

import java.util.*;

public class EnumerationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Vector<Integer> vector = new Vector<>(Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30));

Enumeration<Integer> enumeration = vector.elements();

while (enumeration.hasMoreElements()) {

System.out.println(enumeration.nextElement());

}
}

✅ Output:

10

20

30

📌 31. What is HashMap in Java?(Completed Note in deep)

-Its is a predefined class available in java,util package

-It extends abstractMap and implements map,cloneable,serializable.

It was introduced In java 1.2v

It is an unsorted and unordered map

Its underlying data structure is hashtable

It does not support duplicate key where as duplicate values are possible

It stores the entries based on the hashcode of the objects key using hashing tech

It is non thread safe in nature, default capacity is 16,load factor is 0.75

Both key and value are heterogenous in nature

It supports serializable and cloning, hashMap is not synchronized

If you don’t need ordered iteration and just want fast retrieval, use HashMap instead of other
maps like LinkedHashMap (maintains insertion order) or TreeMap (sorts by key)

HashMap is a class in java.util that implements Map using a hash table. It stores key-value pairs,
where keys are unique.

✅ Key Features:

 Unordered (Does not maintain insertion order).

 Allows one null key and multiple null values.

  Fast operations (O(1) on average).

✅ Example: Using HashMap

import java.util.*;

public class HashMapExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "Apple");

map.put(2, "Banana");

map.put(3, "Cherry");

System.out.println(map.get(2)); // Output: Banana

A HashMap in Java is part of the java.util package and is used to store key-value pairs. It does not
maintain any order, and keys must be unique. Here's a simple explanation of commonly used
HashMap methods with examples.

✅ Basic Syntax:

import java.util.HashMap;

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

🔹 Common HashMap Methods with Examples

1. put(key, value)

Adds a key-value pair to the map.

map.put(1, "Apple");

map.put(2, "Banana");

2. get(key)

Returns the value for the given key.

System.out.println(map.get(1)); // Output: Apple

3. remove(key)

Removes the entry with the specified key.

map.remove(2);

4. containsKey(key)

Checks if a key is present.

System.out.println(map.containsKey(1)); // Output: true

5. containsValue(value)

Checks if a value is present.

System.out.println(map.containsValue("Apple")); // Output: true

6. size()

Returns the number of key-value pairs.

System.out.println(map.size()); // Output: 1

7. isEmpty()

Checks if the map is empty.

System.out.println(map.isEmpty()); // Output: false

8. clear()

Removes all entries from the map.

map.clear();

9. keySet()

Returns a set of all keys.

for (Integer key : map.keySet()) {

System.out.println(key);

}
10. values()

Returns a collection of all values.

for (String value : map.values()) {

System.out.println(value);

11. entrySet()

Returns a set of key-value pairs (Map.Entry).

for (Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {

System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " => " + entry.getValue());

🔰 Full Simple Example:

import java.util.*;

public class HashMapExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "Apple");

map.put(2, "Banana");

map.put(3, "Cherry");

System.out.println("Get key 2: " + map.get(2));

System.out.println("Contains key 1: " + map.containsKey(1));

map.remove(3);

for (Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {

System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ": " + entry.getValue());

 }

✅ Output:

Get key 2: Banana

Contains key 1: true

1: Apple

2: Banana

Explanation:

 map.get(2) returns "Banana".

 map.containsKey(1) returns true because key 1 is present.

 map.remove(3) removes the entry with key 3 (Cherry).

 Then it prints remaining entries (key 1 and 2).

 See in list it takes time for searching it seach one by one to find the 32

 Time Complexity O(n) — It checks each item one by one.

 Use a List when you care about order or need to search by value.

 Use a HashMap when you want fast lookup by key (like ID, name, code).

2. Searching in a HashMap (O(1)):

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(101, "Apple");

map.put(102, "Banana");

System.out.println(map.get(102)); // Directly gets "Banana"

b
Internal Structure of HashMap

Great! The image you shared nicely summarizes the basic components of a HashMap in a
circular flow. Let's break it down step-by-step:

🔁 Breakdown of the Diagram:

 Example: 101 in map.put(101, "Apple").

1. Key:The unique identifier used to retrieve a value.

2.
index = hash % array.length;
int arrayLength = 16;
int index = hash % arrayLength;
 index = 101 % 16; // This gives us 5.
In case multiple keys hash to the same index (a collision), the HashMap uses a linked list or
tree structure to store the colliding entries, depending on the number of collisions.

2. Hash Function

 Converts the key into a hash code (an integer).

 This hash is used to find the index of the bucket in the internal array.
 Example:
 int hash = key.hashCode();

3. Bucket

 A "slot" in the internal array where data (key-value pairs) is stored.

 Hash code → converted to index → points to a bucket.
 Buckets may contain:
o Nothing (null),
o One node,
o A linked list of nodes,
o A red-black tree (if many nodes exist).
 4. Value

 The data associated with the key.

 Example: "Apple" in map.put(101, "Apple").

🧠 Full Process Flow:

1. You provide a key.

2. HashMap uses a hash function to convert the key to a hash code.
3. The hash code is mapped to a bucket (index in an array).
4. The value is stored or retrieved from that bucket.

A collision occurs in a HashMap when two different keys hash to the same index in the internal array.
This happens because the hash function maps multiple distinct keys to the same index. Since the
index is calculated by taking the hash code modulo the array length (hash % array.length), and the
array length is typically a power of 2, it is possible for two different keys to have the same index.

When does a collision occur?

A collision happens when two or more keys have the same hash code or hash to the same index in
the internal array. Even if keys have different values, their hash codes can sometimes end up
producing the same index due to the limitations of the modulus operation.

Example of a collision:
Consider two keys with the following hash codes:

 Key 101 has hashCode(101) = 101

 Key 301 has hashCode(301) = 301

Let’s assume the array length is 16. Then:

 index_101 = 101 % 16 = 5
 index_301 = 301 % 16 = 5

Both keys hash to the same index (5), causing a collision.

Why do collisions occur?

Collisions happen because:

1. Finite size of the hash table: The HashMap uses an array to store data, and the number of
available indices in the array is finite. Since the array size is typically a power of 2, this limits
the number of possible index values. Thus, multiple keys may map to the same index.
2. Hash function limitations: The hashCode() method in Java is designed to produce a wide
distribution of hash codes, but it’s not perfect. Two different keys may still produce the same
hash code or result in the same index after the modulus operation.
3. Modulus operation: The formula hash % array.length may reduce a large hash code into a
smaller range of indices. However, this may still cause two different keys to map to the same
index.

How does HashMap handle collisions?

1. Chaining (Linked List):

In the case of a collision, the HashMap internally stores the collided key-value pairs in a
linked list or tree structure at the same index. This is known as chaining.

For example:

o If two keys, 101 and 301, collide and hash to the same index (5), the HashMap will
store the pairs at that index in a linked list.
2. Tree-based Structure: uses red black tree
If the number of collisions at an index exceeds a certain threshold (typically 8 entries), the
linked list at that index is converted to a balanced tree to improve lookup performance. This
process is called treeification. This helps avoid the worst-case time complexity of O(n) for
linked lists, improving it to O(log n) for balanced trees.

Example of collision handling:

Let’s say the array has a size of 16, and we try to insert two keys (101 and 301):

 Step 1: Both keys hash to index 5 (as calculated earlier).

 Step 2: When the second key (301) hashes to the same index as the first key (101), a collision
occurs.
 Step 3: The HashMap will store the first key-value pair at index 5, and when the second key
arrives, it will be stored in a linked list or tree structure at the same index.

So, the entries at index 5 might look like this:

Index 5:

-> (101, "Apple")

-> (301, "Banana")

Why collisions don't always degrade performance:

 Average-case performance: In most cases, collisions are relatively rare, and the performance
remains O(1) for get() and put() operations.
 Treeification: If there are too many collisions, the linked list at an index is converted to a
balanced tree, maintaining O(log n) time complexity instead of O(n).

Summary:

Collisions occur when two or more keys hash to the same index in the internal array. This is due to
the limitations of the hash function and the modulus operation. To handle collisions, HashMap uses
chaining with linked lists or trees to store multiple key-value pairs at the same index, ensuring that
the performance of basic operations remains efficient even in the case of collisions.

Example: take one custom class without override methods of hashcode() and equals()
Others Example usuing with class see class as Object supermost class which also have hashcode

Object have different memory location

S0 in this example there are in different of hashcode we ill be hashcode generated different to
hashmap hashcode so there then there will different index create not in sameindex

And in other example also we have cover with Shubham same hasdcode generated in same index
then we will use equal() method then replace
So when we use custom class make sure override hasdcode() and equals()

 You have a class Person with some variables.

 You are using HashMap<Person, String>.
 You are doing map.put(person1, "value1"); and then map.put(person2, "value2"); — but
person1 and person2 have the same values inside (like same name, age, etc.).

Now you are asking: what will happen? Will it be treated as the same key or different keys?

Answer:

By default, they will be treated as different keys unless you override the equals() and hashCode()
methods in your Person class.

Why?

HashMap uses:

 hashCode() to find the index (bucket)

 equals() to check if two keys are equal inside the same bucket
If you don't override these methods, two objects with the same data are still not equal, because the
default equals() compares object references (memory addresses), not their content.

Example Without Overriding:

class Person {

String name;

int age;

Person(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

Map<Person, String> map = new HashMap<>();

Person p1 = new Person("Sam", 22);

Person p2 = new Person("Sam", 22); // same data as p1

map.put(p1, "First");

map.put(p2, "Second");

System.out.println(map.size()); // Output: 2

This will store two entries, because p1 and p2 are not considered equal by default.

How to Make Person Keys Compare by Values:

Override equals() and hashCode():

class Person {

String name;

int age;

Person(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

@Override

public boolean equals(Object o) {

if (this == o) return true;

if (!(o instanceof Person)) return false;

Person p = (Person) o;

return this.age == p.age && this.name.equals(p.name);

@Override

public int hashCode() {

return Objects.hash(name, age);

Now:

Map<Person, String> map = new HashMap<>();

Person p1 = new Person("Sam", 22);

Person p2 = new Person("Sam", 22); // same data

map.put(p1, "First");

map.put(p2, "Second");

System.out.println(map.size()); // Output: 1

System.out.println(map.get(p1)); // Output: Second

Now p2 replaces the value of p1 because they are considered equal.

Summary:

 Without overriding equals() and hashCode(): two Person objects with same data are treated
as different keys.
 After overriding properly: they are treated as equal keys, and the second .put() will replace
the first value.

Last TimeComplexitys: O(1) we call it Big-O of 1…

📌 32. What is LinkedHashMap in Java?

LinkedHashMap in Java implements the Map interface of the Collections Framework. It stores key-
value pairs while maintaining the insertion order of the entries. It maintains the order in which
elements are added.

 Stores unique key-value pairs.

 Maintains insertion order.

 Allows one null key and multiple null values.

 Fast performance for basic operations.

Example:

import java.util.LinkedHashMap;

public class Geeks {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a LinkedHashMap of

// Strings (keys) and Integers (values)

LinkedHashMap<String, Integer> lhm = new LinkedHashMap<>();

// Displaying the LinkedHashMap

System.out.println("" + lhm);

}
Output

{}

Declaration of LinkedHashMap

public class LinkedHashMap<K,V> extends HashMap<K,V> implements Map<K,V>

Here, K is the key Object type and V is the value Object type

 K: The type of the keys in the map.

 V: The type of values mapped in the map.

The LinkedHashMap Class is just like HashMap with an additional feature of maintaining an order
of elements inserted into it. HashMap provided the advantage of quick insertion, search, and
deletion but it never maintained the track and order of insertion, which the LinkedHashMap
provides where the elements can be accessed in their insertion order.

Internal Working of LinkedHashMap

A LinkedHashMap is an extension of the HashMap class and it implements the Map interface.
Therefore, the class is declared as:

public class LinkedHashMap

extends HashMap
implements Map

In this class, the data is stored in the form of nodes. The implementation of the LinkedHashMap is
very similar to a doubly-linked list. Therefore, each node of the LinkedHashMap is represented as:

 Key: Since this class extends HashMap, the data is stored in the form of a key-value pair.
Therefore, this parameter is the key to the data.

 Value: For every key, there is a value associated with it. This parameter stores the value of
the keys. Due to generics, this value can be of any form.

 Next: Since the LinkedHashMap stores the insertion order, this contains the address to the
next node of the LinkedHashMap.

 Previous: This parameter contains the address to the previous node of the
LinkedHashMap.

Synchronized LinkedHashMap
The LinkedHashMap class is not synchronized. If it is used in a multi-threaded environment where
structural modifications like adding or removing elements are made concurrently then external
synchronization is needed. This can be done by wrapping the map
using Collections.synchronizedMap() method.

Map<K, V> synchronizedMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new LinkedHashMap<>());

Constructors of LinkedHashMap Class

LinkedHashMap class provides various constructors for different use cases:

1. LinkedHashMap(): This is used to construct a default LinkedHashMap constructor.

LinkedHashMap<K, V> lhm = new LinkedHashMap<>();

2. LinkedHashMap(int capacity): It is used to initialize a particular LinkedHashMap with a specified

capacity.

LinkedHashMap<K, V> lhm = new LinkedHashMap<>(int capacity);

3. LinkedHashMap(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map): It is used to initialize a particular

LinkedHashMap with the elements of the specified map.

LinkedHashMap<K, V> lhm = new LinkedHashMap<K, V>(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map);

4. LinkedHashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio): It is used to initialize both the capacity and fill ratio
for a LinkedHashMap. A fillRatio also called as loadFactor is a metric that determines when to
increase the size of the LinkedHashMap automatically. By default, this value is 0.75 which means
that the size of the map is increased when the map is 75% full.

LinkedHashMap<K, V> lhm = new LinkedHashMap<K, V>(int capacity, float fillRatio);

5. LinkedHashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio, boolean Order): This constructor is also used to
initialize both the capacity and fill ratio for a LinkedHashMap along with whether to follow the
insertion order or not.

LinkedHashMap<K, V> lhm = new LinkedHashMap<K, V>(int capacity, float fillRatio, boolean
Order);

Here, for the Order attribute, true is passed for the last access order and false is passed for the
insertion order.

Methods of LinkedHashMap

Below are some commonly used methods of the LinkedHashMap class:

Method Description

Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the

containsValue(Object value)
specified value.

entrySet() Returns a Set view of the mappings contained in this map.

Method Description

Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or

get(Object key)
null if this map contains no mapping for the key.

keySet() Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this map.

removeEldestEntry
Returns true if this map should remove its eldest entry.
(Map.Entry<K,V> eldest)

Returns a Collection view of the values contained in this

values()
map.

Application: Since the LinkedHashMap makes use of Doubly LinkedList to maintain the insertion
order, we can implement LRU Cache functionality by overriding the removeEldestEntry() method to
impose a policy for automatically removing stale when new mappings are added to the map. This
lets you expire data using some criteria that you define.

Performing Various Operations on LinkedHashMap

Let’s see how to perform a few frequently used operations on the LinkedHashMap class instance.

1. Adding Elements in LinkedHashMap

In order to add an element to the LinkedHashMap, we can use the put() method. This is different
from HashMap because in HashMap, the insertion order is not retained but it is retained in the
LinkedHashMap.

Example:

// Adding Elements to a LinkedHashMap

import java.util.*;

class Geeks {

public static void main(String args[]) {

// Initialization of a LinkedHashMap

// using Generics

LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> lhm

 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();

// Add mappings to Map

// using put() method

lhm.put(3, "Geeks");

lhm.put(2, "For");

lhm.put(1, "Geeks");

// Printing mappings to the console

System.out.println(""

+ lhm);

Output

{3=Geeks, 2=For, 1=Geeks}

2. Updating Elements in LinkedHashMap

After adding elements if we wish to change the element, it can be done by again adding the
element using the put() method. Since the elements in the LinkedHashMap are indexed using the
keys, the value of the key can be changed by simply re-inserting the updated value for the key for
which we wish to change.

Example:

// Updation of Elements of LinkedHashMap

import java.util.*;

class Geeks {

public static void main(String args[]) {

// Initialization of a LinkedHashMap

// using Generics

LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> lhm

 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();

// Inserting mappings into Map

// using put() method

lhm.put(3, "Geeks");

lhm.put(2, "Geeks");

lhm.put(1, "Geeks");

// Printing mappings to the console

System.out.println("" + lhm);

// Updating the value with key 2

lhm.put(2, "For");

// Printing the updated Map

System.out.println("Updated Map: " + lhm);

Output

{3=Geeks, 2=Geeks, 1=Geeks}

Updated Map: {3=Geeks, 2=For, 1=Geeks}

3. Removing Element in LinkedHashMap

In order to remove an element from the LinkedHashMap, we can use the remove() method. This
method takes the value of key as input, searches for existence of such key and then removes the
mapping for the key from this LinkedHashMap if it is present in the map. Apart from that, we can
also remove the first entered element from the map if the maximum size is defined.

Example:

// Removal of Elements from LinkedHashMap

import java.util.*;

class Geeks {
 public static void main(String args[]) {

// Initialization of a LinkedHashMap

// using Generics

LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> lhm

= new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();

// Inserting the Elements

// using put() method

lhm.put(3, "Geeks");

lhm.put(2, "Geeks");

lhm.put(1, "Geeks");

lhm.put(4, "For");

// Printing the mappings to the console

System.out.println("" + lhm);

// Removing the mapping with Key 4

lhm.remove(4);

// Printing the updated map

System.out.println("" + lhm);

Output

{3=Geeks, 2=Geeks, 1=Geeks, 4=For}

{3=Geeks, 2=Geeks, 1=Geeks}

4. Iterating through the LinkedHashMap

There are multiple ways to iterate through the LinkedHashMap. The most famous way is to use
a for-each loop over the set view of the map (fetched using map.entrySet() instance method). Then
for each entry (set element) the values of key and value can be fetched usingthe getKey() and
the getValue() method.

Example:

// Iterating over LinkedHashMap

import java.util.*;

class Geeks {

public static void main(String args[]) {

// Initialization of a LinkedHashMap

// using Generics

LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> lhm

= new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();

// Inserting elements into Map

// using put() method

lhm.put(3, "Geeks");

lhm.put(2, "For");

lhm.put(1, "Geeks");

// For-each loop for traversal over Map

for (Map.Entry<Integer, String> mapElement :

lhm.entrySet()) {

Integer k = mapElement.getKey();

// Finding the value

// using getValue() method

String v = mapElement.getValue();
 // Printing the key-value pairs

System.out.println(k + " : " + v);

Output

3 : Geeks

2 : For

1 : Geeks

Advantages of LinkedHashMap

 It maintains insertion order.

 Faster iteration.

 Allows null values.

Disadvantages of LinkedHashMap

 Higher memory usage.

 Slower insertion.

 Less efficient for large datasets.

LinkedHashMap in Java

 It is a predefined class available in the java.util package.

 It extends AbstractMap and implements Map, Cloneable, and Serializable.

 Introduced in Java 1.4 version (not 1.2 like HashMap).

 It is an unordered but insertion-ordered map.

 Underlying data structure: HashTable + Doubly Linked List (to maintain insertion order).

 Does not allow duplicate keys but allows duplicate values.

 Stores entries based on the hashcode of keys, using hashing technology.

 Non-thread safe, meaning it is not synchronized.

 Default capacity: 16, Load factor: 0.75.

 Supports heterogeneous keys and values (can store different types).

 Supports serialization and cloning.

  Maintains insertion order, unlike HashMap.

 Less performance compared to HashMap due to maintaining insertion order.

Let me know if you need more details! 😊

✅ Example: Using LinkedHashMap

import java.util.*;

public class LinkedHashMapExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Map<Integer, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();

map.put(1, "Apple");

map.put(2, "Banana");

map.put(3, "Cherry");

System.out.println(map); // Output: {1=Apple, 2=Banana, 3=Cherry} (Maintains Order)

📌 33. What is a TreeMap in Java?

TreeMap is a part of the Java Collection Framework. It implements

the Map and NavigableMap interface and extends the AbstractMap class. It stores key-value pairs
in a sorted order based on the natural ordering of keys or a custom Comparator. It uses a Red-Black
Tree for efficient operations (add, remove, retrieve) with a time complexity of O(log n).

 The keys in a TreeMap are always sorted.

 Most operations, such as get, put, and remove have a time complexity of O(log n).

 TreeMap does not allow null as a key, it allows null as a value. Attempting to insert a null
key will result in NullPointerException.

 TreeMap is not Synchronized. For thread-safe operations, we need to

use Collections.synchronized map.

 Entry pairs returned by the methods in this class and their views represent snapshots of
mappings at the time they were produced. They do not support
the Entry.setValue method.
Great observation! You're referring to a behavior that's specific to certain view methods in
NavigableMap / TreeMap, like descendingMap(), subMap(), entrySet(), etc.

Let’s break this line down clearly:

🔍 Statement:

"Entry pairs returned by the methods in this class and their views represent snapshots of mappings
at the time they were produced. They do not support the Entry.setValue method."

✅ What it Means:

1. Snapshot Views:

o Methods like descendingMap(), subMap(), headMap(), and tailMap() return views

of the original map.

o These views are not new maps, but references to the same underlying data
structure.

o However, the Map.Entry objects retrieved through methods

like .entrySet().iterator().next() are not fully mutable in some contexts.

2. Map.Entry.setValue() Not Supported:

o When you iterate over certain views (like in descendingMap() or navigational

views), the Map.Entry objects may not support .setValue().

o Trying to call .setValue() on such an entry may throw:

o UnsupportedOperationException

🧪 Example:

NavigableMap<String, Integer> map = new TreeMap<>();

map.put("A", 1);

map.put("B", 2);

map.put("C", 3);

// Getting a descending view

NavigableMap<String, Integer> desc = map.descendingMap();

for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : desc.entrySet()) {

System.out.println(entry);
 entry.setValue(100); // ✅ This usually works for TreeMap

But in some implementations or contexts, like unmodifiable views or snapshot views in concurrent
maps, entry.setValue() would throw an exception.

⚠️Key Point:

If you read the documentation of methods like descendingMap().entrySet(), you'll often see:

"The Map.Entry instances in the set do not support setValue and attempting to do so will result in
an UnsupportedOperationException."

✅ Best Practice:

Always check whether the view is modifiable or read-only. If you're unsure:

 Avoid modifying entries directly.

 Use map.put(key, newValue) instead of entry.setValue(newValue).

Would you like to see an example where setValue() actually throws an exception?

TreeMap is a class in java.util that implements Map using a Red-Black Tree, keeping keys sorted in
natural order.

✅ Key Features:

 Sorted by keys (Ascending order by default).

 Does not allow null keys, but allows multiple null values.

 Slower (O(log N)) compared to HashMap (O(1)).

✅ Example: Using TreeMap

TreeMap in Java

 It is a predefined class available in the java.util package.

 It extends AbstractMap and implements NavigableMap, SortedMap, Cloneable, and

Serializable.

 Introduced in Java 1.2 version.

 It is a sorted map, meaning it stores keys in ascending order (natural ordering) or a custom
order if a Comparator is provided.

 Underlying data structure: Red-Black Tree (a self-balancing binary search tree).

 Does not allow duplicate keys but allows duplicate values.

  Does not allow null keys, but allows multiple null values.

 Thread-unsafe (not synchronized).

 Slower than HashMap and LinkedHashMap due to sorting overhead.

 Default sorting is based on the natural order of keys, but we can define a custom sorting
using a Comparator.

 Good for applications where data needs to be sorted automatically.

Example:

import java.util.TreeMap;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

TreeMap<Integer, String> treeMap = new TreeMap<>();

treeMap.put(3, "C");

treeMap.put(1, "A");

treeMap.put(2, "B");

System.out.println(treeMap); // Output: {1=A, 2=B, 3=C} (sorted by key)

Important Note: The TreeMap is not synchronized by default and if multiple threads access it
concurrently and at least one thread modifies the map, we need to synchronize it externally. This is
typically done using the Collections.synchronizedSortedMap() method.

SortedMap m = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new TreeMap(...));

This ensures thread-safe access to the TreeMap. However always keep one thing in mind that the
map itself is synchronized, we may still need to handle synchronization when iterating over the map,
as the iterator is not thread-safe.

Internal Working of TreeMap

The methods in a TreeMap while getting keyset and values, return an Iterator that is fail-fast in
nature. Thus, any concurrent modification will throw ConcurrentModificationException. A TreeMap is
based upon a red-black tree data structure.

Each node in the tree has:

 3 Variables (K key=Key, V value=Value, boolean color=Color)

 3 References (Entry left = Left, Entry right = Right, Entry parent = Parent)
Constructors

In order to create a TreeMap, we need to create an object of the TreeMap class. The TreeMap class
consists of various constructors that allow the possible creation of the TreeMap. The following are
the constructors available in this class:

Constructor Description

This constructor is used to build an

empty TreeMap that will be sorted by
TreeMap() using the natural order of its keys.

This constructor is used to build an

empty TreeMap object in which the
elements will need an external
TreeMap(Comparator comp) specification of the sorting order.

This constructor is used to initialize a

TreeMap with the entries from the given
map M which will be sorted by using the
TreeMap(Map M) natural order of the keys.

This constructor is used to initialize a

TreeMap with the entries from the
given sorted map which will be stored in
TreeMap(SortedMap sm) the same order as the given sorted map

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/treemap-in-java/ for more cleary

When to Use TreeMap?

✔ When you need sorted key-value pairs.
✔ When you require logarithmic time complexity (O(log n)) for insertion, deletion, and search.

Let me know if you need further explanation! 😊

import java.util.*;

public class TreeMapExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Map<Integer, String> map = new TreeMap<>();

map.put(3, "Cherry");
 map.put(1, "Apple");

map.put(2, "Banana");

System.out.println(map); // Output: {1=Apple, 2=Banana, 3=Cherry} (Sorted by Key)

🚀 Summary of Map Implementations

Map Type Ordering Null Keys? Performance

HashMap ❌ No Order ✅ One null key allowed ✅ Fastest (O(1))

LinkedHashMap ✅ Maintains Insertion Order ✅ One null key allowed 🔹 Slightly Slower than HashMap

TreeMap ✅ Sorted by Key ❌ No null keys allowed 🔹 O(log N) (Balanced Tree)

Would you like practice interview questions on these topics? 🚀

Excellent question! 🔥 You're right that both TreeMap and LinkedHashMap store key-value pairs, but
their ordering behavior is completely different.

🆚 TreeMap vs LinkedHashMap – Key Differences:

Feature TreeMap LinkedHashMap

✅ Sorted by keys (natural or custom

Ordering ✅ Maintains insertion order
order)

Null Keys ❌ Does not allow null keys ✅ Allows one null key

Performance 🐢 Slower (O(log n)) — uses Red-Black Tree 🐇 Faster (O(1)) — uses hash + linked list

When you want to preserve insertion

Use case When you want data in sorted order
order

Implements NavigableMap, SortedMap, Map Only Map, LinkedHashMap

Custom Sorting ✅ Yes, using Comparator ❌ No sorting support

💡 Code Example to Compare

import java.util.*;
public class CompareMaps {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Map<String, Integer> treeMap = new TreeMap<>();

Map<String, Integer> linkedHashMap = new LinkedHashMap<>();

// Same insertion order

String[] keys = {"C", "Y", "A", "T", "B"};

for (String key : keys) {

treeMap.put(key, key.charAt(0) + 100);

linkedHashMap.put(key, key.charAt(0) + 100);

System.out.println("TreeMap (sorted by keys): " + treeMap);

System.out.println("LinkedHashMap (insertion order): " + linkedHashMap);

Output:

TreeMap (sorted by keys): {A=165, B=166, C=167, T=184, Y=189}

LinkedHashMap (insertion order): {C=167, Y=189, A=165, T=184, B=166}

✅ Summary:

Question Answer

Does TreeMap maintain insertion order? ❌ No, it sorts by key

Does LinkedHashMap maintain insertion order? ✅ Yes

Which to use for sorting? Use TreeMap

Which to use for preserving how items were added? Use LinkedHashMap

📌 2. Performance Comparison
Operation ArrayList (O(1) for access) LinkedList (O(n) for access)

❌ Slow (O(n)) – Traverses from head to

Access (get(index)) ✅ Fast (O(1)) – Direct indexing
index

❌ Slow (O(n)) – Shifting

Insertion/Deletion at Start ✅ Fast (O(1)) – Just update pointers
required

Insertion/Deletion in ❌ Slow (O(n)) – Shifting

✅ Fast (O(1)) – Just update pointers
Middle required

✅ Fast (O(1)) – No shifting

Insertion/Deletion at End ✅ Fast (O(1)) – Just update pointers
needed

❌ More – Stores data + pointers (next,

Memory Usage ✅ Less – Stores only data
prev)

The NavigableMap interface is a member of the Java Collection Framework. It belongs

to java.util package and It is an extension of SortedMap which provides convenient navigation
methods for dealing with elements that are sorted based on their keys. This interface allows us to
navigate through the map's keys in a more efficient and flexible manner, providing methods for
finding entries based on certain key ranges, such as greater than, less than, or equal to a particular
key.

 In NavigableMap entries are automatically sorted by their keys, allowing easy navigation in
both forward and reverse order.

 We can query keys within specific ranges, making it useful for operations that require finding
values within limits.

 Methods like lowerLey(), higherEntry(), floorEntry(), and ceilingEntry() let us quickly find
entries around the key.

 Create submaps from a range of keys using methods like subMap(), gheadMap() and
tailMap()

Example: This example demonstrates how to add elements to a NavigableMap and print its content
using TreeMap.

// Java program to demonstrate

// working of NavigableMap

import java.util.*;

public class Geeks {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating a NavigableMap using TreeMap

 NavigableMap<Integer, String> m = new TreeMap<>();

// Adding elements to the map

m.put(1, "One");

m.put(3, "Three");

m.put(2, "Two");

System.out.println("NavigableMap: " + m);

Output

NavigableMap: {1=One, 2=Two, 3=Three}

NavigableMap Hierarchy

NavigableMap
implements Map<K,V>, SortedMap<K,V> interfaces. ConcurrentNavigableMap<K,V> extends
NavigableMap. ConcurrentSkipListMap and TreeMap implements NavigableMap.
Example: This example demonstrates the use of various NavigableMap methods like put(),
descendingKeySet(), floorEntry() to manipulate and access elements in a TreeMap.

// Java program to demonstrate

// various methods of NavigableMap interface

import java.util.NavigableMap;

import java.util.TreeMap;

public class Geeks{

public static void main(String[] args)

// Instantiate an object

// Since NavigableMap

// is an interface so we

// use TreeMap

NavigableMap<String, Integer> nm

= new TreeMap<String, Integer>();

// Add elements using put() method

nm.put("C", 888);

nm.put("Y", 999);

nm.put("A", 444);

nm.put("T", 555);

nm.put("B", 666);

nm.put("A", 555);

// Print the contents on the console

System.out.println("Mappings of NavigableMap : "

+ nm);
 System.out.printf("Descending Set : %s%n",

nm.descendingKeySet());

System.out.printf("Floor Entry : %s%n",

nm.floorEntry("L"));

System.out.printf("First Entry : %s%n",

nm.firstEntry());

System.out.printf("Last Key : %s%n", nm.lastKey());

System.out.printf("First Key : %s%n",

nm.firstKey());

System.out.printf("Original Map : %s%n", nm);

System.out.printf("Reverse Map : %s%n",

nm.descendingMap());

Output:

Declaration of NavigableMap Interface

In Java, the declaration of NavigableMap Interface can be done as:

NavigableMap<KeyType, ValueType> mapName;

Implementing Classes

The NavigableMap has two implementing classes which

are ConcurrentSkipListMap and TreeMap. TreeMap is a Red-Black tree based NavigableMap
implementation and it is sorted according to the natural ordering of its keys, or by
a Comparator provided at map creation time, depending on which constructor is used. The TreeMap
has the expected time cost of log(n) for insertion, deletion, and access operations. TreeMap is not
synchronized and it has to be done externally.

Syntax:

NavigableMap<K, V> map = new TreeMap<K, V>();

Performing Various Operations on NavigableMap Interface

Let me know if you want a visual or memory structure comparison too!

SortedMap Interface in Jav

SortedMap is an interface in the collection framework that is a part of java.util package and extends
the Map interface. It represents a map that maintains its keys in a sorted order. The keys in a
SortedMap are sorted according to their natural ordering or by a Comparator provided at the time of
map creation.

 SortedMap is a sub-interface of a map that ensures keys are stored in a sorted order.

 The primary class that implements SortedMap is TreeMap which maintains elements in a
Red-Black tree structure to ensure sorting.

 A comparator can be passed to customize the sorting order of the keys.

 A SortedMap orders the keys by their natural ordering (if the key implements Comparable) or
by a specified Comparator (if provided).

 SortedMap does not allow null keys or null values. If we insert a null key or value it will throw
an error.

More is there in https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sortedmap-java-examples/

ConcurrentSkipListMap

The ConcurrentSkipListMap class is a member of the Java Collections Framework. It was

introduced in JDK 1.6, it belongs to java.util.concurrent package. The ConcurrentSkipListMap is
a scalable implementation of ConcurrentNavigableMap. All the elements are sorted based on
natural ordering or by the Comparator passed during it's construction time. This class uses a
concurrent variation of SkipList data structure providing log(n) time cost for insertion, removal,
update, and access operations. These operations are safe for executing concurrently by
multiple threads.

Declaration

public class ConcurrentSkipListMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements

ConcurrentNavigableMap<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable

Here, K is the key Object type and V is the value Object type.

The Hierarchy of ConcurrentSkipListMap

 It implements Serializable, Cloneable, ConcurrentMap<K,V>, ConcurrentNavigableMap<K,
V>, Map<K,V>, NavigableMap<K,V>, SortedMap<K,V> interfaces and extends AbstractMap<K,
V> class.

More information: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/concurrentskiplistmap-in-java-with-

examples/

Next is EnumMap
EnumMap is a specialized implementation of the Map interface for enumeration types. It extends
AbstractMap and implements the Map interface in Java. It belongs to java.util package. A few
important features of EnumMap are as follows:

Sure, let's go through each point about EnumMap one by one in simple and clear terms, with
examples where needed:

✅ 1. EnumMap is part of Java Collections and is not synchronized

 What it means:
EnumMap is a special kind of Map optimized for use with enum keys. But it is not thread-
safe, meaning if multiple threads access and modify it, you must handle synchronization
manually.

Example:

Map<Day, String> map = new EnumMap<>(Day.class);

To make it thread-safe:

Map<Day, String> syncMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(map);

✅ 2. Maintains natural order of enum keys

 Natural order = order in which enum constants are declared.

Example:

enum Day {

MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY

EnumMap<Day, String> map = new EnumMap<>(Day.class);

map.put(Day.WEDNESDAY, "Mid");

map.put(Day.MONDAY, "Start");

map.put(Day.TUESDAY, "Middle");

System.out.println(map);

Output:

{MONDAY=Start, TUESDAY=Middle, WEDNESDAY=Mid}

Even though we added entries out of order, the map maintains enum declaration order.

✅ 3. High-performance (faster than HashMap)

  Why?
EnumMap uses arrays internally, which makes lookups, inserts, and deletes much faster and
more memory-efficient than HashMap.

 Especially good when you know keys are limited and from an enum.

✅ 4. All keys must be from a single enum type

 You cannot mix enum types in one EnumMap.

Correct:

EnumMap<Day, String> map = new EnumMap<>(Day.class);

Wrong:

enum Color { RED, GREEN }

map.put(Color.RED, "Color"); // ❌ Error

✅ 5. Null keys are not allowed

 Trying to put null as a key will throw NullPointerException.

Example:

EnumMap<Day, String> map = new EnumMap<>(Day.class);

map.put(null, "Oops"); // ❌ Will throw NullPointerException

✅ 6. Iterators are weakly consistent

 You can safely iterate even if the map is modified during iteration.

 No ConcurrentModificationException will be thrown.

 But changes may or may not be visible during iteration.

Example:

for (Map.Entry<Day, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {

System.out.println(entry);

map.put(Day.MONDAY, "Updated"); // No crash

✅ 7. Internally backed by arrays (compact and efficient)

 EnumMap uses the ordinal values (position of enum constants) to store data in arrays.

 For example:
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY }

// MONDAY = 0, TUESDAY = 1, WEDNESDAY = 2

map.put(Day.MONDAY, "Start");

 Internally: map stores value in array[0] = "Start".

That’s why it’s very fast and memory-efficient.

📌 Summary Table

Feature EnumMap

Thread-safe ❌ No (use Collections.synchronizedMap() if needed)

Key ordering ✅ Yes (based on enum declaration order)

Performance ✅ Very high (uses arrays internally)

Null key allowed? ❌ No (throws NullPointerException)

Allows multiple enum types? ❌ No (only one specific enum type per EnumMap)

Iterator behavior ✅ Weakly consistent (safe during modification, no crash)

Let me know if you want a full Java program to try it out!

Example: This example demonstrates how to use an EnumMap in Java to store and retrieve values
associated with enum keys.

// EnumMap to store and retrive

// values associated with enum constants

import java.util.EnumMap;

enum Days {

MONDAY,

TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,

FRIDAY,

SATURDAY,

SUNDAY

}
public class Geeks {

public static void main(String[] args)

EnumMap<Days, String> e = new EnumMap<>(Days.class);

// Adding elements to the EnumMap

e.put(Days.MONDAY, "Work");

e.put(Days.TUESDAY, "Work");

e.put(Days.WEDNESDAY, "Study");

e.put(Days.THURSDAY, "Study");

e.put(Days.FRIDAY, "Relax");

// Getting elements from the EnumMap

System.out.println(e.get(Days.MONDAY));

System.out.println(e.get(Days.FRIDAY));

Output

Work

Relax

Explanation: In this example, we define an enum type Days that represents the days of the week. We
then create an EnumMap and add elements to it using the put method. Finally, we retrieve elements
from the EnumMap using the get method and print the results to the console.

Constructors

Constructor Description

This constructor is used to

EnumMap(Class keyType) create an empty EnumMap
with the specified keyType.
Constructor Description

This constructor is used to

create an enum map with
the same keyType as the
EnumMap(EnumMap m)
specified enum map, with
initial mappings being the
same as the EnumMap

This constructor is used to

create an enum map with
EnumMap(Map m) initialization from the
specified map in the
parameter.

Let’s break down the three constructors of EnumMap with clear explanations and examples so you
fully understand when and how to use each:

✅ 1. EnumMap(Class<K> keyType)

📌 Description:

 Creates an empty EnumMap for the given enum type.

 You must pass the .class of the enum.

✅ Example:

enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY }

EnumMap<Day, String> map = new EnumMap<>(Day.class);

map.put(Day.MONDAY, "Start");

map.put(Day.TUESDAY, "Middle");

System.out.println(map);

Output:

{MONDAY=Start, TUESDAY=Middle}

🧠 Why use it?

When you want to start fresh with a map that uses a specific enum as keys.
✅ 2. EnumMap(EnumMap<K, ? extends V> m)

📌 Description:

 Creates a copy of another EnumMap — same enum key type and same key-value pairs.

✅ Example:

EnumMap<Day, String> map1 = new EnumMap<>(Day.class);

map1.put(Day.MONDAY, "Work");

map1.put(Day.TUESDAY, "More Work");

// Copy map1 into map2

EnumMap<Day, String> map2 = new EnumMap<>(map1);

System.out.println(map2);

Output:

{MONDAY=Work, TUESDAY=More Work}

🧠 Why use it?

To duplicate or backup an existing EnumMap.

✅ 3. EnumMap(Map<K, ? extends V> m)

📌 Description:

 Creates an EnumMap by copying entries from any map (like HashMap or TreeMap) as long
as keys are from a single enum type.

 The map you pass must have enum keys, or it will throw an exception.

✅ Example:

Map<Day, String> hashMap = new HashMap<>();

hashMap.put(Day.MONDAY, "Work");

hashMap.put(Day.WEDNESDAY, "Chill");

// Create EnumMap from hashMap

EnumMap<Day, String> enumMap = new EnumMap<>(hashMap);

System.out.println(enumMap);
Output:

{MONDAY=Work, WEDNESDAY=Chill}

🚫 If hashMap has non-enum keys, the constructor will throw an IllegalArgumentException.

🧠 Why use it?

When you already have a regular map with enum keys and want to convert it to an optimized
EnumMap.

✅ Summary Table:

Constructor Use Case Example Input Notes

Create new empty map for Must pass

EnumMap(Class<K> keyType) EnumMap<>(Day.class)
enum enum .class

EnumMap(EnumMap<K, ?> Copy an existing

EnumMap<>(map1) Same keyType
m) EnumMap

Convert regular map to Keys must be enum

EnumMap(Map<K, ?> m) EnumMap<>(hashMap)
EnumMap type

Creating an EnumMap

In order to create an enum map, we must import the java.util.EnumMap package first. Once we
import the package, here is how we can create enum maps in Java.

enum Size {

SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE

EnumMap<Size, Integer> sizes = new EnumMap<>(Size.class);

In the above example, we have created an enum map named sizes.

Here,

 Size - keys of the enum that map to values

 Integer - values of the enum map associated with the corresponding keys

Methods of EnumMap

The EnumMap class provides methods that allow us to perform various elements on the enum maps.

Insert Elements to EnumMap

  put() - inserts the specified key/value mapping (entry) to the enum map

 putAll() - inserts all the entries of a specified map to this map

For example,

import java.util.EnumMap;

class Main {

enum Size {

SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an EnumMap of the Size enum

EnumMap<Size, Integer> sizes1 = new EnumMap<>(Size.class);

// Using the put() Method

sizes1.put(Size.SMALL, 28);

sizes1.put(Size.MEDIUM, 32);

System.out.println("EnumMap1: " + sizes1);

EnumMap<Size, Integer> sizes2 = new EnumMap<>(Size.class);

// Using the putAll() Method

sizes2.putAll(sizes1);

sizes2.put(Size.LARGE, 36);

System.out.println("EnumMap2: " + sizes2);

Run Code

Output

EnumMap1: {SMALL=28, MEDIUM=32}

EnumMap2: {SMALL=28, MEDIUM=32, LARGE=36}

In the above example, we have used the putAll() method to insert all the elements of an enum
map sizes1 to an enum map of sizes2.

It is also possible to insert elements from other maps such as HashMap, TreeMap, etc. to an enum
map using putAll(). However, all maps should be of the same enum type.

Access EnumMap Elements

1. Using entrySet(), keySet() and values()

 entrySet() - returns a set of all the keys/values mapping (entry) of an enum map

 keySet() - returns a set of all the keys of an enum map

 values() - returns a set of all the values of an enum map

For example,

import java.util.EnumMap;

class Main {

enum Size {

SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an EnumMap of the Size enum

EnumMap<Size, Integer> sizes = new EnumMap<>(Size.class);

sizes.put(Size.SMALL, 28);

sizes.put(Size.MEDIUM, 32);

sizes.put(Size.LARGE, 36);

sizes.put(Size.EXTRALARGE, 40);

System.out.println("EnumMap: " + sizes);

// Using the entrySet() Method

System.out.println("Key/Value mappings: " + sizes.entrySet());

 // Using the keySet() Method

System.out.println("Keys: " + sizes.keySet());

// Using the values() Method

System.out.println("Values: " + sizes.values());

Run Code

Output

EnumMap: {SMALL=28, MEDIUM=32, LARGE=36, EXTRALARGE=40}

Key/Value mappings: [SMALL=28, MEDIUM=32, LARGE=36, EXTRALARGE=40]

Keys: [SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE]

Values: [28, 32, 36, 40]

2. Using the get() Method

The get() method returns the value associated with the specified key. It returns null if the specified
key is not found.

For example,

import java.util.EnumMap;

class Main {

enum Size {

SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an EnumMap of the Size enum

EnumMap<Size, Integer> sizes = new EnumMap<>(Size.class);

sizes.put(Size.SMALL, 28);

sizes.put(Size.MEDIUM, 32);

sizes.put(Size.LARGE, 36);
 sizes.put(Size.EXTRALARGE, 40);

System.out.println("EnumMap: " + sizes);

// Using the get() Method

int value = sizes.get(Size.MEDIUM);

System.out.println("Value of MEDIUM: " + value);

Run Code

Output

EnumMap: {SMALL=28, MEDIUM=32, LARGE=36, EXTRALARGE=40}

Value of MEDIUM: 32

Remove EnumMap Elements

 remove(key) - returns and removes the entry associated with the specified key from the map

 remove(key, value) - removes the entry from the map only if the specified key mapped to the
specified value and return a boolean value

For example,

import java.util.EnumMap;

class Main {

enum Size {

SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an EnumMap of the Size enum

EnumMap<Size, Integer> sizes = new EnumMap<>(Size.class);

sizes.put(Size.SMALL, 28);

sizes.put(Size.MEDIUM, 32);
 sizes.put(Size.LARGE, 36);

sizes.put(Size.EXTRALARGE, 40);

System.out.println("EnumMap: " + sizes);

// Using the remove() Method

int value = sizes.remove(Size.MEDIUM);

System.out.println("Removed Value: " + value);

boolean result = sizes.remove(Size.SMALL, 28);

System.out.println("Is the entry {SMALL=28} removed? " + result);

System.out.println("Updated EnumMap: " + sizes);

Run Code

Output

EnumMap: {SMALL=28, MEDIUM=32, LARGE=36, EXTRALARGE=40}

Removed Value: 32

Is the entry {SMALL=28} removed? True

Updated EnumMap: {LARGE=36, EXTRALARGE=40}

Replace EnumMap Elements

 replace(key, value) - replaces the value associated with the specified key by the new value

 replace(key, old, new) - replaces the old value with the new value only if the old value is
already associated with the specified key

 replaceAll(function) - replaces each value of the map with the result of the specified function

import java.util.EnumMap;

class Main {

enum Size {
 SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an EnumMap of the Size enum

EnumMap<Size, Integer> sizes = new EnumMap<>(Size.class);

sizes.put(Size.SMALL, 28);

sizes.put(Size.MEDIUM, 32);

sizes.put(Size.LARGE, 36);

sizes.put(Size.EXTRALARGE, 40);

System.out.println("EnumMap: " + sizes);

// Using the replace() Method

sizes.replace(Size.MEDIUM, 30);

sizes.replace(Size.LARGE, 36, 34);

System.out.println("EnumMap using replace(): " + sizes);

// Using the replaceAll() Method

sizes.replaceAll((key, oldValue) -> oldValue + 3);

System.out.println("EnumMap using replaceAll(): " + sizes);

Run Code

Output

EnumMap: {SMALL=28, MEDIUM=32, LARGE=36, EXTRALARGE=40}

EnumMap using replace(): {SMALL=28, MEDIUM=30, LARGE=34, EXTRALARGE=40}

EnumMap using replaceAll(): {SMALL=31, MEDIUM=33, LARGE=37, EXTRALARGE=43}

In the above program, notice the statement

sizes.replaceAll((key, oldValue) -> oldValue + 3);

Here, the method accesses all the entries of the map. It then replaces all the values with the new
values provided by the lambda expressions.
Other Methods

Method Description

clone() Creates a copy of the EnumMap

containsKey() Searches the EnumMap for the specified key and returns a boolean result

containsValue() Searches the EnumMap for the specified value and returns a boolean result

size() Returns the size of the EnumMap

clear() Removes all the entries from the EnumMap

EnumSet Vs. EnumMap

Both the EnumSet and EnumMap class provides data structures to store enum values. However,
there exist some major differences between them.

 Enum set is represented internally as a sequence of bits, whereas the enum map is
represented internally as arrays.

 Enum set is created using its predefined methods like allOf(), noneOf(), of(), etc. However, an
enum map is created using its constructor.

Clonable and Serializable Interfaces

The EnumMap class also implements Cloneable and Serializable interfaces.

Cloneable Interface

It allows the EnumMap class to make a copy of instances of the class.

Serializable Interface

Whenever Java objects need to be transmitted over a network, objects need to be converted into
bits or bytes. This is because Java objects cannot be transmitted over the network.

The Serializable interface allows classes to be serialized. This means objects of the classes
implementing Serializable can be converted into bits or byte

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/enummap-putallmap-method-in-java/ for more methods follow this

link
✅ What is WeakHashMap?
 WeakHashMap is part of the Java Collections Framework.

 It's similar to HashMap, but with one major difference:

Keys in a WeakHashMap are held using weak references.

📌 What is a Weak Reference?

In Java:

 A strong reference prevents garbage collection (like in normal HashMap).

 A weak reference does not prevent garbage collection.

So in WeakHashMap, if the key object is no longer strongly referenced anywhere else in the
program, it becomes eligible for garbage collection, even if it's still in the map.

✅ How does WeakHashMap behave?

 If the key becomes unreachable (no other references in the program), it is garbage collected.

 The entry is automatically removed from the WeakHashMap.

"Both null values and null keys are supported in WeakHashMap."

✔️Correct!

 WeakHashMap allows one null key (just like HashMap) and any number of null values.

Example:

WeakHashMap<String, String> map = new WeakHashMap<>();

map.put(null, "value");

map.put("key", null);

System.out.println(map); // Output: {null=value, key=null}

✅ 2. "It is not synchronized."

✔️Correct!

 WeakHashMap is not thread-safe.

 If multiple threads access it concurrently and at least one modifies it, you must manually
synchronize it.

To make it synchronized:

java
Copy code

Map<KeyType, ValueType> syncMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<>());

✅ Practical Example:

import java.util.*;

public class WeakHashMapExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Map<Object, String> map = new WeakHashMap<>();

Object key1 = new String("key1"); // weakly referenced key

Object key2 = new String("key2");

map.put(key1, "value1");

map.put(key2, "value2");

// Now remove strong reference to key1

key1 = null;

System.gc(); // Suggest garbage collection

// Give JVM a little time to do GC

try {

Thread.sleep(1000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

System.out.println(map); // key1 may be gone, key2 remains

}
Possible Output:

{key2=value2}

👉 Notice: key1 was collected by the garbage collector, and its entry was removed from the map!

✅ Why Use WeakHashMap?

 Useful when:

o You want the map entries to be automatically removed when keys are no longer
needed.

o For example, in caching, where you don’t want the cache itself to prevent unused
objects from being garbage collected.

✅ Summary Table

Feature WeakHashMap Behavior

Implements Map

Key type Held using weak references

Entry removal When key is garbage collected

Null key allowed? ✅ Yes (like HashMap)

Thread-safe? ❌ No (needs external sync)

Used for Memory-sensitive caches, listeners, metadata

⚠️Important Notes:

 Values are held strongly. Only keys are weak.

 It's not a good idea to use primitive wrappers (like Integer) or String literals as keys, because
they are often cached internally by the JVM and won't be collected.

 System.gc() only suggests GC — not guaranteed to run.

Absolutely! Let's compare WeakHashMap and HashMap with the same example to clearly
understand the difference in how they handle keys and garbage collection.

✅ Program: Difference between HashMap and WeakHashMap

import java.util.*;
public class WeakVsHashMapDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

// WeakHashMap

Map<Object, String> weakMap = new WeakHashMap<>();

// HashMap

Map<Object, String> hashMap = new HashMap<>();

// Keys with only weak references

Object weakKey = new String("weakKey");

Object strongKey = new String("strongKey");

// Put key-value pairs

weakMap.put(weakKey, "WeakValue");

hashMap.put(strongKey, "StrongValue");

// Remove strong references

weakKey = null;

strongKey = null;

// Request garbage collection

System.gc();

// Wait for GC to do its job

Thread.sleep(1000);

// Print both maps

System.out.println("WeakHashMap: " + weakMap);

System.out.println("HashMap: " + hashMap);

}
✅ Possible Output:

WeakHashMap: {}

HashMap: {strongKey=StrongValue}

🔍 Explanation:

Feature WeakHashMap HashMap

Weak (GC removes it if no strong Strong (won't be GC'd as long as it's in the
Key Reference
reference) map)

Garbage ✅ Yes — entry is removed ❌ No — entry stays until you remove it

Collected? automatically manually

Best Use Case Caching, memory-sensitive maps General-purpose mapping

Thread Safe? ❌ No ❌ No

Null Keys? ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

📌 Key Takeaway:

 WeakHashMap entries disappear when keys are no longer used elsewhere in the program.

 HashMap keeps all entries until you manually remove them, even if the key is no longer used
anywhere else.

✅ What is Hashtable in Java?

 Hashtable is a legacy class (introduced in Java 1.0) that implements a hash table for storing
key-value pairs.

 Part of the Java Collections Framework since Java 2 (because it was retrofitted to implement
the Map interface).

 Very similar to HashMap, but synchronized (thread-safe).

✅ Key Features of Hashtable

Feature Description

Thread-safe? ✅ Yes – all methods are synchronized.

Null keys/values
❌ No – neither null key nor null value is allowed.
allowed?
Feature Description

Implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable

Initial Capacity Default is 11

Load Factor Default is 0.75

Enumeration support ✅ Yes – supports Enumeration, not fail-fast (but legacy, not preferred).

Fail-Fast Iterator? ❌ No – its Enumeration is not fail-fast.

Uses hashing: Key is hashed using hashCode(), then bucket is chosen for
Internal Working
storage.

Legacy Status Replaced by HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap in modern code.

✅ Key Rule

To store objects as keys in Hashtable, they must override:

 hashCode() – for correct bucket placement

 equals() – to compare keys properly

✅ Code Example

import java.util.Hashtable;

public class HashtableExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a Hashtable

Hashtable<String, Integer> table = new Hashtable<>();

// Put values

table.put("A", 100);

table.put("B", 200);

table.put("C", 300);

// Get value

System.out.println("Value for key A: " + table.get("A"));

 // Remove key

table.remove("B");

// Print all entries

System.out.println("Hashtable contents: " + table);

Output:

Value for key A: 100

Hashtable contents: {C=300, A=100}

🆚 Hashtable vs HashMap Summary

Feature Hashtable HashMap

Thread-safe ✅ Yes ❌ No

Null key allowed? ❌ No ✅ Yes (1 key)

Null value allowed? ❌ No ✅ Yes

Synchronized ✅ Fully ❌ No

Performance ❌ Slower ✅ Faster

Introduced in Java 1.0 Java 1.2

✅ When to Use?

 ✔ Use Hashtable only for backward compatibility with older code.

 ❌ Do not use in new code — prefer:

o HashMap (single-threaded)

o ConcurrentHashMap (multi-threaded)

✅ What is ConcurrentHashMap in Java?

 A thread-safe implementation of the Map interface.

 Allows multiple threads to read and write simultaneously without locking the entire map.

 Ideal for concurrent applications like caching, shared configuration, real-time data
processing, etc.
 What does “ideal for concurrent applications” mean?

Concurrent applications are programs where multiple threads (parts of your program
running in parallel) need to access or update shared data at the same time.

If you don’t manage this shared access carefully, you get:

 Incorrect results

 Data corruption

 Crashes

✅ Why ConcurrentHashMap is "ideal"?

Because it allows safe and fast access to a shared map without locking the entire structure.

✅ Real-Life Examples

Here are the examples of the use cases you mentioned:

1. Caching (Data Storage)

🔹 You store recently accessed data (like database results or API responses) in a map to reuse
it and avoid fetching again.

👨‍💻 Multiple threads may access this cache:

 One thread adds data

 Another reads it

 Another removes expired data

✅ ConcurrentHashMap allows all this safely and fast.

2. Shared Configuration

🔹 Suppose your app reads settings like "theme=dark" or "maxUsers=1000" from a config
map.

👨‍💻 Multiple parts (threads) of your app use this:

 One thread may update settings

 Others read them

✅ ConcurrentHashMap ensures safe reading and updating without conflicts.

3. Real-Time Data Processing

 🔹 Imagine a server processing user actions (e.g., clicks, likes, logins) coming in from
thousands of users.

👨‍💻 Each thread handles different users and updates counts:

 "User123" clicked 5 times

 "User456" logged in 3 times

✅ You need a map that doesn’t break when accessed simultaneously by many threads.

✅ ConcurrentHashMap handles this well.

"Ideal for concurrent applications" means ConcurrentHashMap can be safely used where
many threads need to share or update data at the same time, without locking everything or
causing errors.

Key Features (Clarified)

Feature Explanation

Yes – allows concurrent access by using internal partitioning

Thread-Safe
(bucket-level locks).

No null keys or ❌ Both null key and null value are not allowed – will throw
values NullPointerException.

No full map lock Uses bucket-level locking (not global lock) for better concurrency.

Atomic Provides methods like putIfAbsent(), remove(key, value),

operations replace(key, oldValue, newValue) for atomic thread-safe updates.

Fail-safe Iterators don’t throw ConcurrentModificationException (but may

iteration not reflect latest changes).

Default
16 — internally divided into 16 segments (before Java 8). Since
concurrency
Java 8, it uses synchronized blocks and CAS (compare-and-swap).
level

✅ Class Declaration & Hierarchy

java

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ConcurrentHashMap<K, V> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

Hierarchy:

swift

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java.lang.Object
 ↳ java.util.AbstractMap<K, V>

↳ java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>

Implements:

 Map<K, V>

 ConcurrentMap<K, V>

 Serializable

✅ Constructors

Constructor Description

Creates a map with default initial

ConcurrentHashMap() capacity (16), load factor (0.75), and
concurrency level (16).

Creates a map with specified initial

ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) capacity and default load factor and
concurrency level.

Creates a map with given initial

ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float
capacity and load factor, default
loadFactor)
concurrency level.

ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float Allows full customization of capacity,

loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) load factor, and concurrency level.

ConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? Copies all mappings from the provided

extends V> m) map.

✅ Simple Example

java

Copy code

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

public class Demo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

// Put entries
 map.put("Java", 1);

map.put("Python", 2);

map.put("C++", 3);

// Retrieve

System.out.println("Value of Java: " + map.get("Java"));

// Remove

map.remove("Python");

System.out.println("Map: " + map);

✅ Multithreading Example (Simulated)

java

Copy code

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class ConcurrentExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

Runnable writer = () -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

map.put("Key" + i, i);

};

Runnable reader = () -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

 System.out.println("Reading Key" + i + ": " + map.get("Key" + i));

};

Thread t1 = new Thread(writer);

Thread t2 = new Thread(reader);

t1.start();

t2.start();

🆚 Comparison with Other Maps

Feature HashMap Hashtable ConcurrentHashMap

✅ Yes
Thread-safe ❌ No (synchronized ✅ Yes (lock-striping)
methods)

Null ✅ Yes (1 key,

❌ No ❌ No
keys/values many values)

✅ Fast (single ❌ Slower (full ✅ High (multi-

Performance
thread) map lock) threaded)

Iterator type Fail-fast Fail-fast ✅ Fail-safe

Introduced in Java 1.2 Java 1.0 Java 1.5

✅ When to Use ConcurrentHashMap

Use it when:

 You need a thread-safe map without using external synchronization.

 You’re working in multi-threaded applications like caching, logging, session tracking, etc.

 You want performance + safety.

 Great question!

✅ What does fail-fast mean in Java?

Fail-fast is a behavior of Java iterators (like Iterator and ListIterator) where:

If you modify a collection (like ArrayList, HashMap, etc.) after creating an iterator, the iterator will
immediately throw a ConcurrentModificationException.

📌 Example of Fail-Fast:

import java.util.*;

public class FailFastExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add("One");

list.add("Two");

// Create iterator

Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();

// Modify the list after creating the iterator

list.add("Three"); // Structural change

while (it.hasNext()) {

System.out.println(it.next()); // ❌ Throws ConcurrentModificationException

🔥 Why is it called fail-fast?

 It fails immediately (fast) as soon as it detects concurrent modification.

 It helps avoid unpredictable behavior or data corruption in your program.

❌ Collections that are fail-fast

 ArrayList

 HashMap

 LinkedList

 HashSet

 Most standard collections in java.util

✅ Fail-safe vs Fail-fast

Feature Fail-Fast Fail-Safe

Throws Does not throw an

Behavior
ConcurrentModificationException exception

Example ConcurrentHashMap,
ArrayList, HashMap
classes CopyOnWriteArrayList

Use of Works on a copy of the

Directly on the original collection
iterator collection

Safety in
❌ Not safe ✅ Safe
multithread

✅ Example of Fail-safe collection

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

public class FailSafeExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ConcurrentHashMap<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

map.put("A", "Apple");

map.put("B", "Banana");

// Iterating and modifying at the same time — safe

for (String key : map.keySet()) {

map.put("C", "Cherry"); // No exception!

 System.out.println(key + " = " + map.get(key));

📘 Summary

Fail-fast = detects concurrent modifications and throws an exception to avoid bugs.

Would you like to try a coding exercise to check your understanding of fail-fast vs fail-safe
behavior?

34. What are the benefits of Collection Framework?

✅ Final Points: ArrayList vs LinkedList in Java

📌 1. Basic Difference

 ArrayList → Uses dynamic array (stores elements in contiguous memory).

 LinkedList → Uses doubly linked list (stores elements as separate nodes with pointers).

📌 3. Key Takeaways

✅ Use ArrayList when:

✔ You need fast random access (get(index)).
✔ You mostly add/remove elements at the end.
✔ You want less memory usage (no extra pointers).

✅ Use LinkedList when:

✔ You need fast insertions/deletions in the middle or start.
✔ You don’t care about random access (get(index)).
✔ You are working with large data and avoid shifting costs.

📌 4. Memory Usage

 ArrayList uses less memory because it only stores data (with some extra space for resizing).
  LinkedList uses more memory due to extra pointers (next and prev).

📌 5. Best Use Cases

Scenario Best Choice

Need fast random access (get(index)) ArrayList ✅

Frequent insertions/deletions in the middle LinkedList ✅

Frequent insertions at the end ArrayList ✅

Frequent insertions at the beginning LinkedList ✅

Memory-efficient storage ArrayList ✅

Data size keeps changing frequently LinkedList ✅

🔥 Final Answer:
✔ If you need fast access, go with ArrayList.
✔ If you frequently insert/delete elements, choose LinkedList.

Would you like a Java program to demonstrate this? 🚀