Object Protocol
***************
PyObject *Py_GetConstant(unsigned int constant_id)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
Get a *strong reference* to a constant.
Set an exception and return "NULL" if *constant_id* is invalid.
*constant_id* must be one of these constant identifiers:
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Constant Identifier | Value | Returned object |
|==========================================|=======|===========================|
| Py_CONSTANT_NONE | "0" | "None" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_FALSE | "1" | "False" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_TRUE | "2" | "True" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_ELLIPSIS | "3" | "Ellipsis" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED | "4" | "NotImplemented" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_ZERO | "5" | "0" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_ONE | "6" | "1" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR | "7" | "''" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES | "8" | "b''" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
| Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE | "9" | "()" |
+------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
Numeric values are only given for projects which cannot use the
constant identifiers.
Added in version 3.13.
**CPython implementation detail:** In CPython, all of these
constants are *immortal*.
PyObject *Py_GetConstantBorrowed(unsigned int constant_id)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
Similar to "Py_GetConstant()", but return a *borrowed reference*.
This function is primarily intended for backwards compatibility:
using "Py_GetConstant()" is recommended for new code.
The reference is borrowed from the interpreter, and is valid until
the interpreter finalization.
Added in version 3.13.
PyObject *Py_NotImplemented
The "NotImplemented" singleton, used to signal that an operation is
not implemented for the given type combination.
Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED
Properly handle returning "Py_NotImplemented" from within a C
function (that is, create a new *strong reference* to
"NotImplemented" and return it).
Py_PRINT_RAW
Flag to be used with multiple functions that print the object (like
"PyObject_Print()" and "PyFile_WriteObject()"). If passed, these
function would use the "str()" of the object instead of the
"repr()".
int PyObject_Print(PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags)
Print an object *o*, on file *fp*. Returns "-1" on error. The
flags argument is used to enable certain printing options. The
only option currently supported is "Py_PRINT_RAW"; if given, the
"str()" of the object is written instead of the "repr()".
int PyObject_HasAttrWithError(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
Returns "1" if *o* has the attribute *attr_name*, and "0"
otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression "hasattr(o,
attr_name)". On failure, return "-1".
Added in version 3.13.
int PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
This is the same as "PyObject_HasAttrWithError()", but *attr_name*
is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather
than a PyObject*.
Added in version 3.13.
int PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Returns "1" if *o* has the attribute *attr_name*, and "0"
otherwise. This function always succeeds.
Note:
Exceptions that occur when this calls "__getattr__()" and
"__getattribute__()" methods aren't propagated, but instead given
to "sys.unraisablehook()". For proper error handling, use
"PyObject_HasAttrWithError()", "PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()" or
"PyObject_GetAttr()" instead.
int PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
This is the same as "PyObject_HasAttr()", but *attr_name* is
specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
a PyObject*.
Note:
Exceptions that occur when this calls "__getattr__()" and
"__getattribute__()" methods or while creating the temporary
"str" object are silently ignored. For proper error handling, use
"PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError()",
"PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()" or "PyObject_GetAttrString()"
instead.
PyObject *PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
Retrieve an attribute named *attr_name* from object *o*. Returns
the attribute value on success, or "NULL" on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression "o.attr_name".
If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you
can use "PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()" instead.
PyObject *PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
This is the same as "PyObject_GetAttr()", but *attr_name* is
specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
a PyObject*.
If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you
can use "PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()" instead.
int PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(PyObject *obj, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject
**result);
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
Variant of "PyObject_GetAttr()" which doesn't raise
"AttributeError" if the attribute is not found.
If the attribute is found, return "1" and set **result* to a new
*strong reference* to the attribute. If the attribute is not found,
return "0" and set **result* to "NULL"; the "AttributeError" is
silenced. If an error other than "AttributeError" is raised, return
"-1" and set **result* to "NULL".
Added in version 3.13.
int PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString(PyObject *obj, const char *attr_name, PyObject
**result);
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
This is the same as "PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()", but *attr_name*
is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather
than a PyObject*.
Added in version 3.13.
PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
Generic attribute getter function that is meant to be put into a
type object's "tp_getattro" slot. It looks for a descriptor in the
dictionary of classes in the object's MRO as well as an attribute
in the object's "__dict__" (if present). As outlined in
Implementing Descriptors, data descriptors take preference over
instance attributes, while non-data descriptors don't. Otherwise,
an "AttributeError" is raised.
int PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Set the value of the attribute named *attr_name*, for object *o*,
to the value *v*. Raise an exception and return "-1" on failure;
return "0" on success. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement "o.attr_name = v".
If *v* is "NULL", the attribute is deleted. This behaviour is
deprecated in favour of using "PyObject_DelAttr()", but there are
currently no plans to remove it.
int PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name, PyObject *v)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
This is the same as "PyObject_SetAttr()", but *attr_name* is
specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
a PyObject*.
If *v* is "NULL", the attribute is deleted, but this feature is
deprecated in favour of using "PyObject_DelAttrString()".
The number of different attribute names passed to this function
should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated
string as *attr_name*. For attribute names that aren't known at
compile time, prefer calling "PyUnicode_FromString()" and
"PyObject_SetAttr()" directly. For more details, see
"PyUnicode_InternFromString()", which may be used internally to
create a key object.
int PyObject_GenericSetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Generic attribute setter and deleter function that is meant to be
put into a type object's "tp_setattro" slot. It looks for a data
descriptor in the dictionary of classes in the object's MRO, and if
found it takes preference over setting or deleting the attribute in
the instance dictionary. Otherwise, the attribute is set or deleted
in the object's "__dict__" (if present). On success, "0" is
returned, otherwise an "AttributeError" is raised and "-1" is
returned.
int PyObject_DelAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
Delete attribute named *attr_name*, for object *o*. Returns "-1" on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement "del
o.attr_name".
int PyObject_DelAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.*
This is the same as "PyObject_DelAttr()", but *attr_name* is
specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
a PyObject*.
The number of different attribute names passed to this function
should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated
string as *attr_name*. For attribute names that aren't known at
compile time, prefer calling "PyUnicode_FromString()" and
"PyObject_DelAttr()" directly. For more details, see
"PyUnicode_InternFromString()", which may be used internally to
create a key object for lookup.
PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetDict(PyObject *o, void *context)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI since
version 3.10.*
A generic implementation for the getter of a "__dict__" descriptor.
It creates the dictionary if necessary.
This function may also be called to get the "__dict__" of the
object *o*. Pass "NULL" for *context* when calling it. Since this
function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, it may be
more efficient to call "PyObject_GetAttr()" when accessing an
attribute on the object.
On failure, returns "NULL" with an exception set.
Added in version 3.3.
int PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *o, PyObject *value, void *context)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.*
A generic implementation for the setter of a "__dict__" descriptor.
This implementation does not allow the dictionary to be deleted.
Added in version 3.3.
PyObject **_PyObject_GetDictPtr(PyObject *obj)
Return a pointer to "__dict__" of the object *obj*. If there is no
"__dict__", return "NULL" without setting an exception.
This function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, so it
may be more efficient to call "PyObject_GetAttr()" when accessing
an attribute on the object.
PyObject *PyObject_RichCompare(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
Compare the values of *o1* and *o2* using the operation specified
by *opid*, which must be one of "Py_LT", "Py_LE", "Py_EQ", "Py_NE",
"Py_GT", or "Py_GE", corresponding to "<", "<=", "==", "!=", ">",
or ">=" respectively. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression "o1 op o2", where "op" is the operator corresponding to
*opid*. Returns the value of the comparison on success, or "NULL"
on failure.
int PyObject_RichCompareBool(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Compare the values of *o1* and *o2* using the operation specified
by *opid*, like "PyObject_RichCompare()", but returns "-1" on
error, "0" if the result is false, "1" otherwise.
Note:
If *o1* and *o2* are the same object, "PyObject_RichCompareBool()"
will always return "1" for "Py_EQ" and "0" for "Py_NE".
PyObject *PyObject_Format(PyObject *obj, PyObject *format_spec)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Format *obj* using *format_spec*. This is equivalent to the Python
expression "format(obj, format_spec)".
*format_spec* may be "NULL". In this case the call is equivalent to
"format(obj)". Returns the formatted string on success, "NULL" on
failure.
PyObject *PyObject_Repr(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
Compute a string representation of object *o*. Returns the string
representation on success, "NULL" on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression "repr(o)". Called by the
"repr()" built-in function.
Changed in version 3.4: This function now includes a debug
assertion to help ensure that it does not silently discard an
active exception.
PyObject *PyObject_ASCII(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
As "PyObject_Repr()", compute a string representation of object
*o*, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
"PyObject_Repr()" with "\x", "\u" or "\U" escapes. This generates
a string similar to that returned by "PyObject_Repr()" in Python 2.
Called by the "ascii()" built-in function.
PyObject *PyObject_Str(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
Compute a string representation of object *o*. Returns the string
representation on success, "NULL" on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression "str(o)". Called by the
"str()" built-in function and, therefore, by the "print()"
function.
Changed in version 3.4: This function now includes a debug
assertion to help ensure that it does not silently discard an
active exception.
PyObject *PyObject_Bytes(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
Compute a bytes representation of object *o*. "NULL" is returned
on failure and a bytes object on success. This is equivalent to
the Python expression "bytes(o)", when *o* is not an integer.
Unlike "bytes(o)", a TypeError is raised when *o* is an integer
instead of a zero-initialized bytes object.
int PyObject_IsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Return "1" if the class *derived* is identical to or derived from
the class *cls*, otherwise return "0". In case of an error, return
"-1".
If *cls* is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in
*cls*. The result will be "1" when at least one of the checks
returns "1", otherwise it will be "0".
If *cls* has a "__subclasscheck__()" method, it will be called to
determine the subclass status as described in **PEP 3119**.
Otherwise, *derived* is a subclass of *cls* if it is a direct or
indirect subclass, i.e. contained in "cls.__mro__".
Normally only class objects, i.e. instances of "type" or a derived
class, are considered classes. However, objects can override this
by having a "__bases__" attribute (which must be a tuple of base
classes).
int PyObject_IsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Return "1" if *inst* is an instance of the class *cls* or a
subclass of *cls*, or "0" if not. On error, returns "-1" and sets
an exception.
If *cls* is a tuple, the check will be done against every entry in
*cls*. The result will be "1" when at least one of the checks
returns "1", otherwise it will be "0".
If *cls* has a "__instancecheck__()" method, it will be called to
determine the subclass status as described in **PEP 3119**.
Otherwise, *inst* is an instance of *cls* if its class is a
subclass of *cls*.
An instance *inst* can override what is considered its class by
having a "__class__" attribute.
An object *cls* can override if it is considered a class, and what
its base classes are, by having a "__bases__" attribute (which must
be a tuple of base classes).
Py_hash_t PyObject_Hash(PyObject *o)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Compute and return the hash value of an object *o*. On failure,
return "-1". This is the equivalent of the Python expression
"hash(o)".
Changed in version 3.2: The return type is now Py_hash_t. This is
a signed integer the same size as "Py_ssize_t".
Py_hash_t PyObject_HashNotImplemented(PyObject *o)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Set a "TypeError" indicating that "type(o)" is not *hashable* and
return "-1". This function receives special treatment when stored
in a "tp_hash" slot, allowing a type to explicitly indicate to the
interpreter that it is not hashable.
int PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *o)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Returns "1" if the object *o* is considered to be true, and "0"
otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression "not not o".
On failure, return "-1".
int PyObject_Not(PyObject *o)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Returns "0" if the object *o* is considered to be true, and "1"
otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression "not o". On
failure, return "-1".
PyObject *PyObject_Type(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
When *o* is non-"NULL", returns a type object corresponding to the
object type of object *o*. On failure, raises "SystemError" and
returns "NULL". This is equivalent to the Python expression
"type(o)". This function creates a new *strong reference* to the
return value. There's really no reason to use this function instead
of the "Py_TYPE()" function, which returns a pointer of type
PyTypeObject*, except when a new *strong reference* is needed.
int PyObject_TypeCheck(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)
Return non-zero if the object *o* is of type *type* or a subtype of
*type*, and "0" otherwise. Both parameters must be non-"NULL".
Py_ssize_t PyObject_Size(PyObject *o)
Py_ssize_t PyObject_Length(PyObject *o)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Return the length of object *o*. If the object *o* provides either
the sequence and mapping protocols, the sequence length is
returned. On error, "-1" is returned. This is the equivalent to
the Python expression "len(o)".
Py_ssize_t PyObject_LengthHint(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t defaultvalue)
Return an estimated length for the object *o*. First try to return
its actual length, then an estimate using "__length_hint__()", and
finally return the default value. On error return "-1". This is the
equivalent to the Python expression "operator.length_hint(o,
defaultvalue)".
Added in version 3.4.
PyObject *PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
Return element of *o* corresponding to the object *key* or "NULL"
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
"o[key]".
int PyObject_SetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *v)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Map the object *key* to the value *v*. Raise an exception and
return "-1" on failure; return "0" on success. This is the
equivalent of the Python statement "o[key] = v". This function
*does not* steal a reference to *v*.
int PyObject_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
Remove the mapping for the object *key* from the object *o*.
Return "-1" on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statement
"del o[key]".
int PyObject_DelItemString(PyObject *o, const char *key)
* Part of the Stable ABI.*
This is the same as "PyObject_DelItem()", but *key* is specified as
a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.
PyObject *PyObject_Dir(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
This is equivalent to the Python expression "dir(o)", returning a
(possibly empty) list of strings appropriate for the object
argument, or "NULL" if there was an error. If the argument is
"NULL", this is like the Python "dir()", returning the names of the
current locals; in this case, if no execution frame is active then
"NULL" is returned but "PyErr_Occurred()" will return false.
PyObject *PyObject_GetIter(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
This is equivalent to the Python expression "iter(o)". It returns a
new iterator for the object argument, or the object itself if the
object is already an iterator. Raises "TypeError" and returns
"NULL" if the object cannot be iterated.
PyObject *PyObject_SelfIter(PyObject *obj)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*
This is equivalent to the Python "__iter__(self): return self"
method. It is intended for *iterator* types, to be used in the
"PyTypeObject.tp_iter" slot.
PyObject *PyObject_GetAIter(PyObject *o)
*Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI since
version 3.10.*
This is the equivalent to the Python expression "aiter(o)". Takes
an "AsyncIterable" object and returns an "AsyncIterator" for it.
This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is an
"AsyncIterator", this returns itself. Raises "TypeError" and
returns "NULL" if the object cannot be iterated.
Added in version 3.10.
void *PyObject_GetTypeData(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *cls)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.*
Get a pointer to subclass-specific data reserved for *cls*.
The object *o* must be an instance of *cls*, and *cls* must have
been created using negative "PyType_Spec.basicsize". Python does
not check this.
On error, set an exception and return "NULL".
Added in version 3.12.
Py_ssize_t PyType_GetTypeDataSize(PyTypeObject *cls)
* Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.*
Return the size of the instance memory space reserved for *cls*,
i.e. the size of the memory "PyObject_GetTypeData()" returns.
This may be larger than requested using "-PyType_Spec.basicsize";
it is safe to use this larger size (e.g. with "memset()").
The type *cls* **must** have been created using negative
"PyType_Spec.basicsize". Python does not check this.
On error, set an exception and return a negative value.
Added in version 3.12.
void *PyObject_GetItemData(PyObject *o)
Get a pointer to per-item data for a class with
"Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END".
On error, set an exception and return "NULL". "TypeError" is raised
if *o* does not have "Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END" set.
Added in version 3.12.
int PyObject_VisitManagedDict(PyObject *obj, visitproc visit, void *arg)
Visit the managed dictionary of *obj*.
This function must only be called in a traverse function of the
type which has the "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" flag set.
Added in version 3.13.
void PyObject_ClearManagedDict(PyObject *obj)
Clear the managed dictionary of *obj*.
This function must only be called in a traverse function of the
type which has the "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" flag set.
Added in version 3.13.
int PyUnstable_Object_EnableDeferredRefcount(PyObject *obj)
*This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
releases.*
Enable deferred reference counting on *obj*, if supported by the
runtime. In the *free-threaded* build, this allows the interpreter
to avoid reference count adjustments to *obj*, which may improve
multi-threaded performance. The tradeoff is that *obj* will only
be deallocated by the tracing garbage collector.
This function returns "1" if deferred reference counting is enabled
on *obj* (including when it was enabled before the call), and "0"
if deferred reference counting is not supported or if the hint was
ignored by the runtime. This function is thread-safe, and cannot
fail.
This function does nothing on builds with the *GIL* enabled, which
do not support deferred reference counting. This also does nothing
if *obj* is not an object tracked by the garbage collector (see
"gc.is_tracked()" and "PyObject_GC_IsTracked()").
This function is intended to be used soon after *obj* is created,
by the code that creates it.
Added in version 3.14.
int PyUnstable_IsImmortal(PyObject *obj)
*This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
releases.*
This function returns non-zero if *obj* is *immortal*, and zero
otherwise. This function cannot fail.
Note:
Objects that are immortal in one CPython version are not
guaranteed to be immortal in another.
Added in version 3.14.
int PyUnstable_TryIncRef(PyObject *obj)
*This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
releases.*
Increments the reference count of *obj* if it is not zero. Returns
"1" if the object's reference count was successfully incremented.
Otherwise, this function returns "0".
"PyUnstable_EnableTryIncRef()" must have been called earlier on
*obj* or this function may spuriously return "0" in the *free
threading* build.
This function is logically equivalent to the following C code,
except that it behaves atomically in the *free threading* build:
if (Py_REFCNT(op) > 0) {
Py_INCREF(op);
return 1;
}
return 0;
This is intended as a building block for managing weak references
without the overhead of a Python weak reference object.
Typically, correct use of this function requires support from
*obj*'s deallocator ("tp_dealloc"). For example, the following
sketch could be adapted to implement a "weakmap" that works like a
"WeakValueDictionary" for a specific type:
PyMutex mutex;
PyObject *
add_entry(weakmap_key_type *key, PyObject *value)
{
PyUnstable_EnableTryIncRef(value);
weakmap_type weakmap = ...;
PyMutex_Lock(&mutex);
weakmap_add_entry(weakmap, key, value);
PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
PyObject *
get_value(weakmap_key_type *key)
{
weakmap_type weakmap = ...;
PyMutex_Lock(&mutex);
PyObject *result = weakmap_find(weakmap, key);
if (PyUnstable_TryIncRef(result)) {
// `result` is safe to use
PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
return result;
}
// if we get here, `result` is starting to be garbage-collected,
// but has not been removed from the weakmap yet
PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
return NULL;
}
// tp_dealloc function for weakmap values
void
value_dealloc(PyObject *value)
{
weakmap_type weakmap = ...;
PyMutex_Lock(&mutex);
weakmap_remove_value(weakmap, value);
...
PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
}
Added in version 3.14.
void PyUnstable_EnableTryIncRef(PyObject *obj)
*This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
releases.*
Enables subsequent uses of "PyUnstable_TryIncRef()" on *obj*. The
caller must hold a *strong reference* to *obj* when calling this.
Added in version 3.14.
