DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT - 1
PHP Basics
PHP is a server-side scripting language. It is used to develop Static
websites or Dynamic websites or Web applications.
PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-processor, that earlier stood for Personal Home
Pages.
PHP scripts can only be interpreted on a server that has PHP installed.
The client computers accessing the PHP scripts require a web browser only.
A PHP file contains PHP tags and ends with the extension ".php".

Commonusesof PHP
¾ PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can
create, open, read, write, and close them.
¾ PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file,
through email you can send data, return data to the user.
¾ We can add, delete and modify elements within our database through PHP.
¾ Access cookies variables and set cookies.
¾ Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
¾ It can encrypt data.

History of PHP

¾ The first version of PHP is PHP/FI (Form Interpreter) developed by

Ramous Lerdorf, monitoring page view for his online resume.
¾ This version supports some basic function, capable to handle form data and
mSql db.
¾ PHP/FI 1.0 followed by PHP/FI 2.0 and quickly supplanted in1997 by

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

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PHP3.0.
¾ PHP3.0 developed by Anti Gutmus and Zee Surakshi, complete rewrite of
PHP/FI.
¾ It supports a wide range of database such as MySQL and Oracle.
¾ In 2003 PHP4.0 was released with better performance, greater
reliability, support for web server other than Apache. Support OOPs
concept.
¾ PHP 5.0 support message passing, abstract classes, destructor, better
memory management.
¾ PHP is used on over 15 million website.

Characteristics of PHP
There are many features given by PHP. All Features discussed below one by one.
Familiarity
Simplicity
Efficiency
Security
Flexibility
Open source
Object Oriented

Familiarity:
If you are in programming background then you can easily understand
the PHP syntax. And you can write PHP script because of most of PHP
syntax inherited from other languages like C or Pascal.
Simplicity:
PHP provides a lot of pre-define functions to secure your data. It is also

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

________________________________________________________________________________
compatible with many third-party applications, and PHP can easily integrate
with other.
In PHP script there is no need to include libraries like c, special
compilation directives like Java, PHP engine starts execution from (<?)
escape sequence and end with a closing escape sequence (<?). In PHP script,
there is no need to write main function. And also you can work with PHP
without creating a class.

Efficiency:
PHP 4.0 introduced resource allocation mechanisms and more
pronounced support for object-oriented programming, in addition to session
management features. Eliminating unnecessary memory allocation.

Security:
Several trusted data encryption options are supported in 3+3¶V predefined
function set.
You can use a lot of third-party applications to secure data, allowing for securing
application.

Flexibility: -
PHP is a very flexible language because PHP is an embedded language
you can embed PHP scripts with HTML, JAVA SCRIPT, WML, XML, and
many others. You can run your PHP script on any device like mobile Phone,
tabs, laptops, PC and others because of PHP script execute on the server then
after sending to the browser of your device.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

________________________________________________________________________________
Free:
PHP is an open source programming language so you can download freely
there is no
need to buy a licence or anything.
Object Oriented
PHP has added some object-oriented programming features, and Object
Oriented programming became possible with PHP 4. With the introduction of
PHP 5, the PHP developers have really beefed up the object-oriented features
of PHP, resulting in both more speed and added features.

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable:

<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>

The variable $txt will hold the value Hello world! the variable $x
will hold the value 5, and the variable $y will hold the value 10.5.

PHP Variables
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive
name (age, car name, total volume).

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Rules for PHP variables:

¾ A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
¾ A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
¾ A variable name cannot start with a number
¾ A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
¾ Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables)

PHP variable names are case-sensitive.

Output Variables

¾ The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen.
¾ The following example will show how to output text and a variable:
Example:
<?php
$txt = "Hello
World!"; echo
"Welcome To $txt!";
?>
Output:
Welcome To Hello World!

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

The following example will produce the same output as the example above:
<?php
$txt = "Hello World";
echo "Welcome To " . $txt. "!";
?>
Output: Welcome To Hello World!

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which
data type the variable is.PHP automatically converts the variable to the
correct data type, depending on its value.
In other languages such as C, C++, and Java, the programmer must
declare the name and type of the variable before using it.

PHP Variables Scope

In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.

The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be referenced
/ used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
¾ Local
¾ Global
¾ Static

Global and Local Scope

A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and
can only be accessed outside a function:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example:
<?php
$x = 5; // global scope
function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo"<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

echo"<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

?>

Output:
Variable x inside function is:
Variable x outside function is: 5
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and
can only be accessed within that function:

Example:
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo"<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo"<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
Output:
Variable x inside
function is: 5 Variable x
outside function is:
You can have local variables with the same name in different
functions, because local variables are only recognized by the function in
which they are declared.

Global Keyword
The global keyword is used to access a global variable from
within a function. To do this, use the global keyword before the
variables (inside the function):

Example:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

functionmyTe
st(){ global
$x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
myTest();

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

echo $y; // outputs 15

?>
Static Keyword
Normally, when a function is completed / executed, all of its variables
are deleted. However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted.
We need it for a further job. To do this, use the static keyword when you first
declare the variable:

Example:
<?php
function
myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>

Output: 0 1 2
Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the
information it contained from the last time the function was called.

Note: The variable is still local to the function.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP Data Types

Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do
different
things.
PHP supports the following data types:
¾ String
¾ Integer
¾ Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
¾ Boolean
¾ Array
¾ Object
¾ NULL
¾ Resource

PHP String
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!". A string can
be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes:
Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello
world!'; echo
$x;
echo"<br>";
echo $y; ?>

Output:

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Hello World
Hello World

PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a
number in exponential form.
In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump () function
returns the data type and value:
Example

<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>

Output:

float (10.365)

PHP Boolean

A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

$x=true;
$y = false;

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Booleans are often used in conditional testing

PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump ()
function returns the data type and value:

<?php
$cars =
array("Volvo","BMW","Toyo
ta"); var_dump($cars);
?>

Output
array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "Volvo" [1]=> string(3) "BMW" [2]=> string(6) "Toyota"
}

PHP Object
An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to
process that data. In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared. First we
must declare a class of object. For this, we use the class keyword.

A class is a structure that can contain properties and methods:

<? php
class
Car {

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

function Car () {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}

// create an object
$herbie = new Car();

// show object
properties echo
$herbie->model;
?>

Output: VW

PHP NULL Value

Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a
value of NULL. Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to
NULL:
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

var_dump(
$x);
?>

Output: NULL

PHP Resource
The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a
reference to functions and resources external to PHP. A common example of
using the resource data type is a database call.

PHP Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:

¾ Arithmetic operators
¾ Assignment operators
¾ Comparison operators
¾ Increment/Decrement operators
¾ Logical operators
¾ String operators
¾ Array operators

PHP Arithmetic Operators

The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

perform common arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction,

multiplication etc.

Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y

- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by

$y

Result of raising $x to the

** Exponentiation $x ** $y
$y'th power (Introduced in
PHP

PHP Assignment Operators

The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to
write a value to a variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left
operand gets set to the value of the assignment expression on the right.
Assignment Same as... Description

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x±y Subtraction

x *= y x=x*y Multiplication

x /= y x=x/y Division

x %= y x=x%y Modulus

Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or
string):

Operator Name Example Result

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
Returns true if $x is equal to $y,
=== Identical $x === $y
and they are of the same type

!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

< Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
>
Returns true if $x is not equal to $y,
!= Not identical $x !== $y
or they are not of the same type
=
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Greater than or Returns true if $x is greater than

>= $x >= $y
equal to or equal to $y
Returns true if $x is less than or
<= Less than or $x <= $y
equal to $y
equal to

Increment / Decrement Operators

The PHP increment operators are used to increment a
variable's value. The PHP decrement operators are
used to decrement a variable's value.

Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by

one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns
$x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by
one

PHP Logical Operators

The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Operator Name Example Result

and And $x and y True if both $x and
$y are true

or Or $x or $y True if either $x or
$y is true

True if either $x or
xor Xor $x xor
$y is true, but not
$y
both

&& And $x && True if both $x and

$y $y are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or
$y is true

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

PHP String Operators

PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.

Operator Name Example Result

Concatenation of
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2
$txt1 and $txt2

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Concatenati
$txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to
on
.= $txt1
assignment
PHP Array Operators
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different
conditions

Operator Name Example Result

. + Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
Returns true if $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y
have the same key/value
pairs
Returns true if $x and $y
=== Identity $x === $y have the same key/value
pairs in the same order and
of the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal
to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal
to $y
Returns true if $x is not
!== Non-identity $x !== $y identical to $y

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT 2
CONTROL STRUCTURE AND LOOPS

PHP Conditional Statements

Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions
for different conditions. You can use conditional statements in your code to
do this. In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

¾ if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

¾ if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
¾ if...else if else statement - executes different codes for more than two
conditions
¾ switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

PHP - The if Statement

The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Syntax

if (condition)

{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}

The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time (HOUR) is
less than 20:

Example

<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t <"20") {
echo"Have a good day!";
}
?>

Output: Have a good day!

PHP - The if...else Statement

The if else statement executes some code if a condition is true and another code if

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

that
condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition)

{
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time
is less than 20, and "Have a good night!" otherwise:

PHP - The if...elseif else Statement

The if....else if else statement executes different codes for more than two
conditions.
Syntax
if (condition)

{
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} else {

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

code to be executed if all conditions are false;

}

The example below will output "Have a good morning!" if the current
time is less than 10, and "Have a good day!" if the current time is less than
20. Otherwise it will output "Have a good night!":

Example

<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t <"10") {
echo"Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t <"20") {
echo"Have a good
day!";
} else {
echo"Have a good night!";
}
?>

The PHP switch Statement

Use the switch statement to select one of the many blocks of code to be

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

executed.

Syntax
switch (n)

{
caselabel1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case
label2:

code to be executed
if n=label2;
break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
default:
code execute when n is different from all label

This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable),
that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the
values for each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from
running into the next case automatically. The default statement is used if no
match is found.

Example
<?php
$favcolor =
"red"; switch
($favcolor){
case ³UHG
HFKR³<RXU
favoritecolor is red!";

break;
case"blue":
echo"Your favoritecolor
is blue!"; break;
case"green":
echo"Your favoritecolor
is green!"; break;
default:
echo"Your favoritecolor is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>

Output: Your favourite color is red!

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP Loops
Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over
and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal code-lines in a
script, we can use loops to perform a task like this.

In PHP, we have the following looping statements:

¾ while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true
¾ do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as the specified condition is true
¾ for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
¾ for each - loops through a block of code for each element in an array
The PHP while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is
true.

Syntax
while (condition is true)

{
code to be executed;
}

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the
while loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5 ($x <=
5). $x will increase by 1 each time the loop runs ($x++):

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <=
5) {
echo"The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>
Output :

PHP do...while Loop

The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it
will then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified
condition is true.

Syntax
do

{
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the
do while loop will write some output, and then increment the variable $x with

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

1. Then the condition is checked (is

$x less than, or equal to 5?), and the loop will continue to run as long as $x is
less than, or equal to 5:
Example
<?php
$x =
1; do
{
echo"The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

Output:
The number is: 1 The number is: 2 The number is: 3 The number is: 4 The number
is: 5
Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable:

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing
the cars in single variables could look like this:

$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";
Create an Array in
PHP

In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:

array();

In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

¾ Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

¾ Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
¾ Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

PHP Indexed Arrays

There are two ways to create indexed arrays:

The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota"); or the index can be
assigned manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";

The following example creates an indexed array named $cars, assigns

three elements to it, and then prints a text containing the array values:

Example

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>

PHP Associative Arrays

Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you
assign to them. There are two ways to create an associative
array:
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",

"Joe"=>"43"); or:
$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";

The named keys can then be used in a script:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] .
" years old.";
?>

Sort Functions For Arrays

we will go through the following PHP array sort functions:

¾ sort() - sort arrays in ascending order

¾ rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
¾ asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the
value
¾ ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
¾ arsort()- sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
value
¾ krsort()- sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key

Sort Array in Ascending Order - sort()

The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in ascending
alphabetical order:

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota"); sort($cars);
?>
The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in ascending
numerical
order:
Example
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2,
22, 11); sort($numbers);
?>
Sort Array in Descending Order - rsort()
The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in descending
alphabetical
order:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota"); rsort($cars);
?>

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in

 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in

descending numerical order:

Example
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2,
22, 11); rsort($numbers);
?>

Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Value - asort()

The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order,
according to the
value:

Example

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); asort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Key - ksort()

The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order,
according to the
key:
Example

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); ksort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Value - arsort()

The following example sorts an associative array in descending order,
according to the
value:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); arsort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Key - krsort ()

The following example sorts an associative array in descending order,
according to the
key:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); krsort($age);

?>

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in

 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT-III
PHP ± FUNCTIONS, OBJECTS AND ERRORS

PHP functions are similar to other programming languages. A function is a piece of

code which takes one more input in the form of parameter and does some processing
and returns a value.

You already have seen many functions like fopen() and fread() etc. They are built-in
functions but PHP gives you option to create your own functions as well.

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x Creating a PHP Function

x Calling a PHP Function

In fact you hardly need to create your own PHP function because there are already
more than 1000 of built-in library functions created for different area and you just need
to call them according to your requirement.

Please refer to PHP Function Reference for a complete set of useful functions.

Creating PHP Function

Its very easy to create your own PHP function. Suppose you want to create a PHP
function which will simply write a simple message on your browser when you will call
it. Following example creates a function called writeMessage() and then calls it just
after creating it.

Note that while creating a function its name should start with keyword function and all
the PHP code should be put inside { and } braces as shown in the following example
below ±

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<html>

<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function</title>
</head>

<body>

<?php
/* Defining a PHP Function */
function writeMessage() {
echo "You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!";
}

/* Calling a PHP Function */

writeMessage();
?>

</body>
</html>

7KLVZLOOGLVSOD\IROORZLQJUHVXOWí

You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!

PHP Functions with Parameters

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP gives you option to pass your parameters inside a function. You can pass as many
as parameters your like. These parameters work like variables inside your function.
Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then print
them.

<html>

<head>

<title>Writing PHP Function with Parameters</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

function addFunction($num1, $num2) {

$sum = $num1 + $num2;

echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";

addFunction(10, 20);

?>

</body>

</html>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

TKLVZLOOGLVSOD\IROORZLQJUHVXOWí

Sum of the two numbers is : 30

Passing Arguments by Reference

It is possible to pass arguments to functions by reference. This means that a reference

to the variable is manipulated by the function rather than a copy of the variable's value.

Any changes made to an argument in these cases will change the value of the original
variable. You can pass an argument by reference by adding an ampersand to the
variable name in either the function call or the function definition.

Following example depicts both the cases.

<html>

<head>

<title>Passing Argument by Reference</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

function addFive($num) {

$num += 5;

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

function addSix(&$num) {

$num += 6;

$orignum = 10;

addFive( $orignum );

echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";

addSix( $orignum );

echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";

?>

</body>

</html>

7KLVZLOOGLVSOD\IROORZLQJUHVXOWí

Original Value is 10
Original Value is 16
PHP Functions returning value

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

A function can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a value or
object. return stops the execution of the function and sends the value back to the calling
code.

You can return more than one value from a function using return array(1,2,3,4).

Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then
returns their sum to the calling program. Note that return keyword is used to return a
value from a function.

<html>

<head>

<title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

function addFunction($num1, $num2) {

$sum = $num1 + $num2;

return $sum;

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

$return_value = addFunction(10, 20);

echo "Returned value from the function : $return_value";

?>

</body>

</html>

7KLVZLOOGLVSOD\IROORZLQJUHVXOWí

Returned value from the function : 30

Setting Default Values for Function Parameters

You can set a parameter to have a default value if the function's caller doesn't pass it.

Following function prints NULL in case use does not pass any value to this function.

<html>

<head>

<title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title>

</head>

<body>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<?php

function printMe($param = NULL) {

print $param;

printMe("This is test");

printMe();

?>

</body>

</html>

7KLVZLOOSURGXFHIROORZLQJUHVXOWí

This is test

Types of errors in PHP

Basically, an error is a mistake in a program that may be caused by writing incorrect

syntax or incorrect code. An error message is displayed on your browser containing the
filename along with location, a message describing the error, and the line number in
which error has occurred.

There are usually different types of error. In PHP, mainly four types of errors are
considered:

1. Syntax Error or Parse Error

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

2. Fatal Error
3. Warning Error
4. Notice Error

We will discuss all these errors in detail with examples:

Syntax Error or Parse Error

A syntax error is a mistake in the syntax of source code, which can be done by
programmers due to their lack of concern or knowledge. It is also known as Parse
error. Compiler is used to catch the syntax error at compile time.

Fatal Error

A fatal error is another type of error, which is occurred due to the use of undefined
function. The PHP compiler understands the PHP code but also recognizes the
undefined function. This means that when a function is called without providing its
definition, the PHP compiler generates a fatal error.

Warning Error

A warning is generated when the programmer tries to include a missing file. The PHP
function calls that missing file which does not exist. The warning error does not
stop/prevent the execution of the program.

The main reason behind generating a warning error is to pass an incorrect number of
parameters to a function or to include a missing file

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Notice Error

Notice error is same as warning error. When program contains something wrong, the
notice error occurs. But it allows/continue the execution of the program with a notice
error. Notice error does not prevent the execution of the code. For example - access to
undefined variable.

Objects in php

A class is defined by using the class keyword, followed by the name of the class and a
pair of curly braces ({}). All its properties and methods go inside the braces

<?php
class Fruit {
// code goes here...
}
?>

Classes are nothing without objects! We can create multiple objects from a class. Each
object has all the properties and methods defined in the class, but they will have
different property values.

Objects of a class are created using the new keyword.

In the example below, $apple and $banana are instances of the class Fruit:

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;

// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}

$apple = new Fruit();

$banana = new Fruit();
$apple->set_name('Apple');
$banana->set_name('Banana');

echo $apple->get_name();
echo "<br>";
echo $banana->get_name();
?>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT 4
WORKING WITH FORMS

HTML forms are used to send the user information to the server and returns the result
back to the browser. For example, if you want to get the details of visitors to your
website, and send them good thoughts, you can collect the user information by means
of form processing. Then, the information can be validated either at the client-side or
on the server-side. The final result is sent to the client through the respective web
browser. To create a HTML form, form tag should be used.

Attributes of Form Tag:

Attribute Description

It specifies the name of the form and is used to identify individual

name or id forms.

It specifies the location to which the form data has to be sent when
action the form is submitted.

It specifies the HTTP method that is to be used when the form is

submitted. The possible values are get and post. If get method is
used, the form data are visible to the users in the url. Default HTTP
method method is get.

It specifies the encryption type for the form data when the form is
encType submitted.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

It implies the server not to verify the form data when the form is
novalidate submitted.

Creating a simple HTML Form: All the form controls given above is designed by
using the input tag based on the type attribute of the tag. In the below script, when
the form is submitted, no event handling mechanism is done. Event handling refers to
the process done while the form is submitted. These event handling mechanisms can
be done by using javaScript or PHP. However, JavaScript provides only client-side
validation. Hence, we can use PHP for form processing.

Form Validation: Form validation is done to ensure that the user has provided the
relevant information. Basic validation can be done using HTML elements. For
example, in the above script, the email address text box is having a type value as
³HPDLO´ZKLFKSUHYHQWVWKHXVHUIURPHQWHULQJWKHLQFRUUHFWYDOXHIRUDQHPDLO(YHU\
form field in the above script is followed by a required attribute, which will intimate
the user not to leave any field empty before submitting the form. PHP methods and
arrays used in form processing are:
x isset(): This function is used to determine whether the variable or a form control is
having a value or not.
x $_GET[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the form control through the
parameters sent in the URL. It takes the attribute given in the url as the parameter.
x $_POST[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the form control through
the HTTP POST method. IT takes name attribute of corresponding form control as
the parameter.
x $_REQUEST[]: It is used to retrieve an information while using a database.
When and why we are using forms?

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

x Forms come in handy when developing flexible and dynamic applications that
accept user input.
x Forms can be used to edit already existing data from the database

Create a form

We will use HTML tags to create a form. Below is the minimal list of things you need
to create a form.

x 2SHQLQJDQGFORVLQJIRUPWDJVIRUP!«IRUP!
x Form submission type POST or GET
x Submission URL that will process the submitted data
x Input fields such as input boxes, text areas, buttons,checkboxes etc.

We can create and use forms in PHP. To get form data, we need to use PHP
superglobals $_GET and $_POST.

The form request may be get or post. To retrieve data from get request, we need to use
$_GET, for post request $_POST.

PHP Get Form

Get request is the default form request. The data passed through get request is visible
on the URL browser so it is not secured. You can send limited amount of data through
get request.

Let's see a simple example

<form action="welcome.php" method="get">

Name: <input type="text" name="name"/>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE ± 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<input type="submit" value="visit"/>

</form>
File: welcome.php
<?php
$name=$_GET["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable

echo "Welcome, $name";

?>

PHP Post Form

Post request is widely used to submit form that have large amount of data such as file
upload, image upload, login form, registration form etc.

The data passed through post request is not visible on the URL browser so it is secured.
You can send large amount of data through post request.

Let's see a simple example to receive data from post request in PHP.

File: form1.html
<form action="login.php" method="post">
<table>
<tr><td>Name:</td><td> <input type="text" name="name"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>Password:</td><td> <input type="password" name="password"/></td></tr>

<tr><td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="login"/> </td></tr>

</table>
</form>

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in