LINUX

What is Linux ?
Linux is a powerful and flexible family of operating systems that are free to
use and share. It was created by a person named Linus Torvalds in 1991.
What’s cool is that anyone can see how the system works because its source
code is open for everyone to explore and modify. This openness encourages
people from all over the world to work together and make Linux better and
better. Since its beginning, Linux has grown into a stable and safe system used
in many different things, like computers, smartphones, and big
supercomputers. It’s known for being efficient, meaning it can do a lot of tasks
quickly, and it’s also cost-effective, which means it doesn’t cost a lot to use.
Lots of people love Linux, and they’re part of a big community where they
share ideas and help each other out. As technology keeps moving forward,
Linux will keep evolving and staying important in the world of computers.

Linux Distribution
Linux Distribution is an operating system that is made up of a collection of
software based on Linux kernel or you can say distribution contains the Linux
kernel and supporting libraries and software. And you can get Linux based
operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions and these
distributions are available for different types of devices like embedded devices,
personal computers, etc. Around 600 + Linux Distributions are available and
some of the popular Linux distributions are:
• MX Linux
• Manjaro
• Linux Mint
• elementary
• Ubuntu
• Debian
• Solus
• Fedora
• openSUSE
• Deepin
LINUX DIRECTORY STRUCTURE

In Linux/Unix operating system everything is a file even directories are files,

files are files, and devices like mouse, keyboard, printer, etc are also files. Here
we are going to see the Directory Structure in Linux.

Types of files in the Linux system.

1. General Files – It is also called ordinary files. It may be an image,
video, program, or simple text file. These types of files can be in ASCII
or Binary format. It is the most commonly used file in the Linux
system.
2. Directory Files – These types of files are a warehouse for other file
types. It may be a directory file within a directory (subdirectory).
3. Device Files – In a Windows-like operating system, devices like CD-
ROM, and hard drives are represented as drive letters like F: G: H
whereas in the Linux system devices are represented as files. As for
example, /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, and so on.

• Linux/Unix operating system files are stored in a tree-like structure

starting with the root directory as shown in the below diagram.

The Linux/Unix file system hierarchy base begins at the root and everything
starts with the root directory.
These are the common top-level directories associated with the root
directory:
Directories Description

/bin binary or executable programs.

/etc system configuration files.

/home home directory. It is the default current directory.

/opt optional or third-party software.

/tmp temporary space, typically cleared on reboot.

/usr User related programs.

/var log files.

Some other directories in the Linux system:

Directories Description

It contains all the boot-related information files and folders such as conf,
grub, etc.
/boot

It is the location of the device files such as dev/sda1, dev/sda2, etc.

/dev

It contains kernel modules and a shared library.

/lib

It is used to find recovered bits of corrupted files.

/lost+found

It contains subdirectories where removal media devices are inserted.

/media
Directories Description

It contains temporary mount directories for mounting the file system.

/mnt

It is a virtual and pseudo-file system to contains info about the running

processes with a specific process ID or PID.
/proc

It stores volatile runtime data.

/run

binary executable programs for an administrator.

/sbin

It contains server-specific and server-related files.

/srv

It is a virtual file system for modern Linux distributions to store and allows
modification of the devices connected to the system.
/sys
 LINUX BASIC COMMANDS
Commands Description

Used to check whether the calling program has access to a

access specified file. It can be used to check whether a file exists or not

Used to turn on or turn off the process for accounting or change

accton info process accounting file

Used to automatically generate aclocal.m4 files from configure.in

aclocal file

acpi Used to display the battery status and other ACPI information

Tests whether ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power

acpi_available Interface) subsystem is available or not

It provides intelligent power management on a system and is used

acpid to notify the user-space programs about the ACPI events

addr2line Used to convert addresses into file names and line numbers

It is a Linux version of getty, which is a Unix program running on

a host computer that manages physical or virtual terminals to
agetty allow multi-user access

Instructs the shell to replace one string with another string while
alias executing the commands

It is a command-line mixer for ALSA(Advanced Linux Sound

amixer Architecture) sound-card driver

It is a command-line audio player for ALSA(Advanced Linux

aplay Sound Architecture) sound card drivers.

Used to play standard MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)

files, by sending the content of a MIDI file to an ALSA(Advanced
aplaymidi Linux Sound Architecture) MIDI port

It helps the user when they don’t remember the exact command
but knows a few keywords related to the command that define its
apropos uses or functionality
 Provides a high-level CLI (Command Line Interface) for the
package management system and is intended as an interface for
the end user which enables some options better suited for
interactive usage by default compared to more specialized APT
apt tools like apt-cache and apt-get

It is a command-line tool which helps in handling packages in

apt-get Linux

Opens up a highly built-in interface to interact with the package

aptitude manager of the machine

ar Used to create, modify and extract the files from the archives

arch Used to print the computer architecture

It manipulates the System’s ARP cache. It also allows a complete

arp dump of the ARP cache

aspell Used as a spell checker in Linux

It is a job scheduler daemon that runs jobs scheduled for later

atd execution

Used to remove the specified jobs. To remove a job, its job number
atrm is passed in the command

atq It displays the list of pending jobs which are scheduled by the user

autoconf Used in Linux to generate configuration scripts

Used to create a template file of C “#define” or any other template

autoheader header for configure to use

Used for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with

automake the set GNU Coding Standards

Used to create automatically buildable source code for Unix-like

autoreconf systems

Used to update configure.in file in our Linux system to a newer

autoupdate Autoconf.

It is a scripting language used for manipulating data and

awk generating reports
 banner Used to print the ASCII character string in large letter to standard output

It strips directory information and suffixes from file names i.e. it prints the
basename
file name NAME with any leading directory components removed

Used to read commands from standard input or a specified file and execute
batch them when system load levels permit i.e. when the load average drops below
1.5

bc Used for command line calculator

bg Used to place foreground jobs in background

A mail notification system for unix that notifies the user at the command
biff
line when new mail arrives and tells from whom it is

bind Used to set Readline key bindings and variables

bison It is basically a parser generator similar to yacc

break Used to terminate the execution of for loop, while loop and until loop

Used to run a shell builtin, passing it arguments(args), and also to get the
builtin
exit status

bzcmp Used to invoke the cmp utility on bzip2 compressed files

bzdiff Used to compare the bzip2 compressed files

Used to search for a pattern or an expression but inside a bzip2-compressed

bzgrep
file

bzip2 Used to compress and decompress the files

It does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with a large
bzless
file, it starts up faster
 Used as a filter for CRT viewing of bzip2 compressed files, which are saved
bzmore
with .bz2 suffix

Used to see the calendar of a specific month or a whole year. By default, it

cal
shows current month’s calendar as output

It is the best alternative when we had to use multiple if/elif on a single

case
variable

Reads data from file and gives their content as output. It helps us to create,
cat
view, concatenate files

cc It is used to compile the C language codes and create executables

ccrypt It is a command line tool for encryption and decryption of data

Known as change directory command. It is used to change current working

cd
directory

It displays or manipulates the disk partition table by providing a text-based

cfdisk
“graphical” interface

chage Used to view and change the user password expiry information

It is a file system command which is used for changing the attributes of a

chattr
file in a directory

It allows you to change a user’s name and other details easily. chfn stands
chfn
for Change finger

chgrp Used to change the group ownership of a file or directory

chkconfig Used to list all available services and view or update their run level settings

chmod Used to change the access mode of a file

 chown Used to change the file Owner or group

chpasswd Used to change password for multiple users at a time

chroot Used to change the root directory

chrt Used for manipulating the real-time attributes of a process

chsh Used to change the user’s login shell(currently login shell)

Used to switch between the different TTY (TeleTYpewriter) terminals

chvt
available

Used to display a CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check) value, the byte size of

cksum
the file and the name of the file to standard output

clear Used to clear the terminal screen

Used to compare the two files byte by byte and helps you to find out
cmp
whether the two files are identical or not

It is used to filter out reverse line feeds. The col utility simply reads from the
col
standard input and writes to standard output

Used to format the text processor output so that it can be viewed on Cathode
colcrt
Ray Tube displays

colrm Removes selected columns from a file

column Used to display the contents of a file in columns

Compares two sorted files line by line and write to standard output; the lines
comm
that are common and the lines that are unique

Used to reduce the file size. After compression, the file will be available
compress
with an added .Z extension
continue Used to skip the current iteration in for, while and until loop

cp Used to copy files or group of files or directory

cpio stands for “copy in, copy out“. It is used for processing the archive files
cpio
like *.cpio or *.tar. This command can copy files to and from archives

It is automatically used by C compiler to transform your program before

cpp
compilation

A software utility, offered by Linux-like operating system which automates

cron
the scheduled task at a predetermined time

A list of commands that you want to run on a regular schedule, and also the
crontab
name of the command used to manage that list

csplit Used to split any file into many parts as required by the user

It allows quick access across the files (For example quickly seeing definition
ctags
of a function)

It is a type of scheduler for CUPS (Common Unit Printing System). It

cupsd
implements the printing system on the basis of the Internet Printing Protocol

A tool to transfer data to or from a server, using any of the supported

curl
protocols

For cutting out the sections from each line of files and writing the result to
cut
standard output

Used to store the history of a file. Whenever a file gets corrupted or anything
cvs goes wrong “cvs” help us to go back to the previous version and restore our
file

Used to display the system date and time. It is also used to set date and
date
time of the system
 Used to evaluate arithmetic expressions. It evaluates expressions in the
dc
form of a postfix expression

It is a command-line utility for Unix and Unix-like operating systems

dd
whose primary purpose is to convert and copy files

Used to declare shell variables and functions, set their attributes and
declare
display their values

Used to generate a list of dependency description of kernel modules and

depmod
its associated map files

Used to display information related to file systems about total space and
df
available space

Used to display the differences in the files by comparing the files line by
diff
line

diff3 Used to compare the three files line by line

dir Used to list the contents of a directory

Used to remove the trailing forward slahes “/” from the NAME and
dirname
prints the remaining portion

dirs Used to display the list of currently remembered directories

disable Used to stop the printers or classes

Used to examine the kernel ring buffer and print the message buffer of
dmesg
kernel

Used when the user wants to retrieve system’s hardware related

dmidecode information such as Processor, RAM(DIMMs), BIOS detail, etc. of
Linux system in a readable format
 Used to return the Network Information System (NIS) domain name of
domainname
the host

dos2unix Converts a DOS text file to UNIX format

dosfsck Diagnoses MS-DOS file system for problems and attempts to repair them

Used to retrieve information or statistics form components of the system

dstat
such as network connections, IO devices, or CPU, etc.

Used to track the files and directories which are consuming excessive
du
amount of space on hard disk drive

dump Used to backup the filesystem to some storage device

Used to print the super block and blocks group information for the
dumpe2fs
filesystem present on device

dumpkeys Used for the dump keyboard translation tables

echo Used to display line of text/string that are passed as an argument

Used for launching the ed text editor which is a line-based text editor with a
ed minimal interface which makes it less complex for working on text files i.e
creating, editing, displaying and manipulating files

It treats the pattern as an extended regular expression and prints out the lines
egrep
that match the pattern

It allows ejecting a removable media (typically a CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape,

eject
or JAZ or ZIP disk) using the software

It is a editor having simple user interface. Also, there is no insert mode in this
emacs
editor. It only have editing mode.

enable Used to start the printers or classes

 Used to either print environment variables. It is also used to run a utility or
env
command in a custom environment

eval Built-in command used to execute arguments as a shell command

It is a text editor in Linux which is also termed as the line editor mode of the vi
ex
editor

exec Used to execute a command from the bash itself

exit Used to exit the shell where it is currently running

Allows you to convert tabs into spaces in a file and when no file is specified it
expand
reads from standard input

This command or scripting language works with scripts that expect user inputs.
expect
It automates the task by providing inputs

It is bash shell BUILTINS commands, which means it is part of the shell. It

export
marks an environment variables to be exported to child-processes

expr It evaluates a given expression and displays its corresponding output

Used to print the prime factors of the given numbers, either given from
factor
command line or read from standard input

Used to list, edit or re-execute the commands previously entered into an

fc
interactive shell

It scans the font directories and build font cache for applications which use
fc-cache
fontconfig for their font handling

It is used to list the available fonts and font styles. Using the format option,
fc-list
the list of all fonts can be filtered and sorted out

Format disk is a dialog-driven command in Linux used for creating and

fdisk
manipulating disk partition table
 fg Used to put a background job in foreground

fgrep Used to search for the fixed-character strings in a file

Used to determine the type of a file. .file type may be of human-readable(e.g.

file
‘ASCII text’) or MIME type(e.g. ‘text/plain; charset=us-ascii’)

find Used to find files and directories and perform subsequent operations on them

It is a user information lookup command which gives details of all the users
finger
logged in.

fmt Works as a formatter for simplifying and optimizing text files

It wraps each line in an input file to fit a specified width and prints it to the
fold
standard output

Used to repeatedly execute a set of command for every element present in the
for
list

Displays the total amount of free space available along with the amount of
free memory used and swap memory in the system, and also the buffers used by
the kernel

Fun Used to draw various type of patterns on the terminal

function Used to create functions or methods

Used for preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking of source code

g++
to generate an executable file

gawk Used for pattern scanning and processing language

GNU Compiler Collections is used to compile mainly C and C++ language.

gcc
It can also be used to compile Objective C and Objective C++
 GNU Debugger tool helps to debug the programs written in C, C++, Ada,
gdb
Fortran, etc.

getent Used to get the entries in a number of important text files called databases

gpasswd Used to administer the /etc/group and /etc/gshadow

Searches a file for a particular pattern of characters, and displays all lines
grep
that contain that pattern

groupadd Used to create a new user group

groupdel Used to delete a existing group

groupmod Used to modify or change the existing group on Linux system

Groups are the collection of users. Groups make it easy to manage users
groups
with the same security and access privileges

It verifies the integrity of the groups information. It checks that all entries in
grpck
/etc/group and /etc/gshadow have the proper format and contain valid data

It is used to convert to shadow groups. The grpconv command creates a

grpconv
gshadow from the group and an optionally existing gshadow

This command invokes Ghostscript, which is an interpreter of Adobe

gs
Systems PostScript and Portable Document Format(PDF) languages

gunzip Used to compress or expand a file or a list of files in Linux

Used to compress executable files and also used to automatically

gzexe
uncompress and execute the files

This command compresses files. Each single file is compressed into a single
gzip
file.
 Used to instruct the hardware to stop all the CPU functions. Basically, it
halt
reboots or stops the system.

hash Used to maintain a hash table of recently executed programs

Used to get statistics about the hard disk, alter writing intervals, acoustic
hdparm
management, and DMA settings

Head Prints the top N number of data of the given input

help Displays information about shell built-in commands

Used to filter and display the specified files, or standard input in a human
hexdump
readable specified format

history Used to view the previously executed command

host Used for DNS (Domain Name System) lookup operations

hostid Used to displays the Host’s ID in hexadecimal format

Used to obtain the DNS(Domain Name System) name and set the
hostname
system’s hostname or NIS(Network Information System) domain name.

Provides a proper API used to control Linux system hostname and change
hostnamectl
its related settings

It is a command line utility that allows the user to interactively monitor

htop
the system’s vital resources or server’s processes in real time

Utility for accessing the hardware clock, also called Real Time Clock
hwclock
(RTC)

iconv Used to convert some text in one encoding into another encoding
 Used to find out user and group names and numeric ID’s (UID or group ID)
id
of the current user or any other user in the server

if Used to execute commands based on conditions

ifconfig Used to configure the kernel-resident network interfaces.

It is a network analyzing tool used by system administrators to view the

iftop
bandwidth related stats

It basically brings the network interface up, allowing it to transmit and

ifup
receive data

Used for capturing a screenshot for any of the active pages we have and it
import
gives the output as an image file

Reads documentation in the info format. It will give detailed information

info
for a command when compared with the main page

insmod Used to insert modules into the kernel

install Used to copy files and set attributes

iostat Used for monitoring system input/output statistics for devices and partitions

Used to display and monitor the disk IO usage details and even gets a table
iotop
of existing IO utilization by the process

ip Used for performing several network administration tasks

Used to remove some IPC(Inter-Process Communication) resources. It

ipcrm eliminates the IPC objects and their associated data structure form the
system

Shows information on the inter-process communication facilities for which

ipcs
the calling process has read access
 Used to set up and maintain tables for the Netfilter firewall for IPv4,
iptables
included in the Linux kernel

iptables- It will save the current iptables rules in a user specified file, that can be
save used later when the user wants

Used to display the parameters, and the wireless statistics which are
iwconfig
extracted from /proc/net/wireless

It is a command line utility for joining lines of two files based on a key field
join
present in both the files

journalctl Used to view systemd, kernel and journal logs

Used to terminate processes manually. kill command sends a signal to a process

kill
which terminates the process

Used to display the list of all the users logged in and out since the file
last
/var/log/wtmp was created

less Used to read contents of text file one page(one screen) per time

let Used to evaluate arithmetic expressions on shell variables

ln Used to create links between files

locate Used to find the files by name

look Shows the lines beginning with a given string

Used to display details about block devices and these block devices(Except ram
lsblk
disk) are basically those files that represent devices connected to the pc.

Used to generate the detailed information of the system’s hardware

lshw
configuration from various files in the /proc directory
 Used to display the status of modules in the Linux kernel. It results in a list of
lsmod
loaded modules

lsof Provides a list of files that are opened

Used to display the information about USB buses and the devices connected to
lsusb
them

This command in Linux prints the mail queue i.e the list of messages that are
mailq
there in the mail queue

Used to display the user manual of any command that we can run on the
man
terminal

md5sum To verify data integrity using MD5 (Message Digest Algorithm 5)

Allows the user to create directories. This command can create multiple
mkdir
directories at once

modinfo Used to display the information about a Linux Kernel module

Used to view the text files in the command prompt, displaying one screen at a
more
time in case the file is large (For example log files)

Used to mount the filesystem found on a device to big tree structure(Linux

mount
filesystem) rooted at ‘/‘

mpstat Used to report processor related statistics.

Used to move one or more files or directories from one place to another in file
mv
system like UNIX

It is one of the powerful networking tool, security tool or network

nc(netcat)
monitoring tool.
 Displays various network related information such as network connections,
netstat routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, multicast
memberships, etc.

Used for controlling NetworkManager. nmcli command can also be used to

nmcli display network device status, create, edit, activate/deactivate, and delete
network connections

It is a network administration tool for querying the Domain Name System

nslookup (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or any other specific
DNS record

Used to convert the content of input in different formats with octal format as the
od
default format

passwd Used to change the user account passwords

Used to join files horizontally (parallel merging) by outputting lines

paste consisting of lines from each file specified, separated by tab as delimiter, to
the standard output

pidof Used to find out the process IDs of a specific running program

ping Used to check the network connectivity between host and server/host

It is a user information lookup command which gives details of all the users
pinky logged in. Unlike finger, in the pinky, you may trim the information of your
interest.

Used to display the memory map of a process. A memory map indicates how
pmap
memory is spread out

poweroff Sends an ACPI signal which instructs the system to power down

Used to display the given string, number or any other format specifier on the
printf
terminal window
 Used to list the currently running processes and their PIDs along with some
ps
other information depends on different options

pwd It prints the path of the working directory, starting from the root

ranlib Used to generate index to archive

rcp Used to copy files from one computer to another computer

Reads up the total number of bytes from the specified file descriptor into the
read
buffer

readelf Used to get information of ELF(Executable and Linkable Format) Files

readlink Used to print resolved symbolic links or canonical file names

reboot Instructs the system to restart or reboot

rename Used to rename the named files according to the regular expression perlexpr

Used to initialize the terminal. This is useful once a program dies leaving a
reset
terminal in an abnormal state

restore Used for restoring files from a backup created using dump

return Used to exit from a shell function.

rev Used to reverse the lines characterwise

Used to remove objects such as files, directories, symbolic links and so on

rm
from the file system like UNIX

rmdir Used to remove empty directories from the filesystem in Linux

rmmod Used to remove a module from the kernel

 route Used when you want to work with the IP/kernel routing table

It is a software utility for Unix-Like systems that efficiently sync files and
rsync
directories between two hosts or machines

Used to monitor Linux system’s resources like CPU usage, Memory

sar
utilization, I/O devices consumption, etc.

scp Used to copy file(s) between servers in a secure way.

Provides the ability to launch and use multiple shell sessions from a single
screen
ssh session

script Used to make typescript or record all the terminal activities

Used to replay a typescript/terminal_activity stored in the log file that was

scriptreplay
recorded by the script command

Used to compare two files and then writes the results to standard output in
sdiff
a side-by-side format

Used for finding, filtering, text substitution, replacement and text

sed
manipulations like insertion, deletion search etc.

select Used to create a numbered menu from which a user can select an option

seq Used to generate numbers from FIRST to LAST in steps of INCREMENT

setsid Used to run a program in a new session

shift Shifts/moves the command line arguments to one position left.

prints to standard output either the scan codes or the key code or the
showkey
`ascii’ code of each key pressed

shred Used in order to delete a file completely from hard disk

shutdown Used to shutdown the system in a safe way

Used to create a dummy job. A dummy job helps in delaying the

sleep
execution

Used to read and execute the content of a file(generally set of commands),

source
passed as an argument in the current shell script

sort Used to sort a file, arranging the records in a particular order

split Used to split large files into smaller files

ssh Protocol used to securely connect to a remote server/system

It is one of the most powerful process monitoring, diagnostic,

strace
instructional tool of Linux.

stty Used to change and print terminal line settings

sudo Used as a prefix of some command that only superuser are allowed to run

sum Used to find checksum and count the blocks in a file

sync Used to synchronize cached writes to persistent storage

Used to examine and control the state of “systemd” system and service
systemctl
manager

tac Used to concatenate and print files in reverse

Tail Prints the last N number of data of the given input

tar Used to create Archive and extract the Archive files

Reads the standard input and writes it to both the standard output and one or
tee
more files
 Used to execute a command and prints a summary of real-time, user CPU
time time and system CPU time spent by executing a command when it
terminates

top Provides a dynamic real-time view of the running system

touch Used to create, change and modify timestamps of a file

tr It is a command line utility for translating or deleting characters

tracepath Used to traces path to destination discovering MTU along this path

traceroute Prints the route that a packet takes to reach the host

A recursive directory listing program that produces a depth-indented listing

Tree
of files

It displays the information related to terminal. It basically prints the file

tty
name of the terminal connected to standard input

type Used to describe how its argument would be translated if used as commands

uname Displays the information about the system

Converts each spaces into tabs writing the produced output to the standard
unexpand
output

It is a command line utility that reports or filters out the repeated lines in a
uniq
file

unix2dos Converts a Unix text file to DOS format

Used to execute a set of commands as long as the final command in the

until
‘until’ Commands has an exit status which is not zero

Uptime Used to find out how long the system is active (running)
useradd Used to add user accounts to your system

usermod Used to change the properties of a user in Linux through the command line

It provides a set of commands to fetch username and its configurations from

username
the Linux host

users Used to show the user names of users currently logged in to the current host

userdel Used to delete a user account and related files

It is the default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called
vi
visual editor.

It is a performance monitoring command of the system as it gives the

vmstat information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, disk and CPU
scheduling

Used by system administrators in order to monitor network parameters such as

vnstat
bandwidth consumption or maybe some traffic flowing in or out

w Used to show who is logged on and what they are doing

Displays a message, or the contents of a file, or otherwise its standard input,

wall
on the terminals of all currently logged in users

watch Used to execute a program periodically, showing output in fullscreen

Used to find out number of lines, word count, byte and characters count in the
wc
files specified in the file arguments

Used to download files from the server even when the user has not logged on
Wget to the system and it can work in background without hindering the current
process

whatis Used to get a one-line manual page descriptions

 Used to locate the executable file associated with the given command by
which
searching it in the path environment variable

Used to repeatedly execute a set of command as long as the COMMAND

while
returns true

who Used to get information about currently logged in user on to system

whoami Displays the username of the current user when this command is invoked

Allows a user to communicate with other users, by copying lines from one
write
user’s terminal to others

Used to build and execute commands from standard input. It converts input
xargs
received from standard input into arguments of a command

xdg-
Used to open a file or URL in the user’s preferred application
open

Used to print a continuous output stream of given STRING. If STRING is not

yes
mentioned then it prints ‘y’

zdiff Used to invoke the diff program on files compressed via gzip

Used to print the current time in the specified zone or you can say prints the
zdump
current time in each zonename named on the command line

zgrep Used to search out expressions from a given a file even if it is compressed

It is a compression and file packaging utility for Unix. Each file is stored in
zip
single .zip {.zip-filename} file with the extension .zip