Exponential
and
Logarithmic
Prepared by: Christian A. Oscares
Learning outcomes
at the end of the lesson students must be
able to:
a. distinguish exponential function,
exponential equation, exponential inequality
b. distinguish logarithmic function,
logarithmic equation, logarithmic inequality
❑ An exponential function is a function defined by
f(x)= a. 𝑏𝑃(𝑥) + ℎ
❑ Where a, b, h∈ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 ≠ 0,
𝑏 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
❑ An equation that involves expression
𝑏 𝑝𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
❑ An inequality of the form 𝑏 𝑥 ≤ c or 𝑏 𝑥 ≥c, or any
variation of these is called an exponential
inequality.
Determine whether the given is Exponential function,
Exponential equation, or Exponential inequality.
1. f(x)= 2𝑥+1
2. 3𝑥 = 1 and 2𝑥 = 42𝑥−1
3. 3𝑥−1 > 3
4. 4𝑥 +1 < 6
5. g(x)= 6𝑥
❑ The Logarithmic function with the base b defined
by f(x)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 is the inverse function of
exponential function with base b whose value is
always positive. That is, y=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 if and only if x=
𝑏𝑦.
❑ An equation that involves an expression such as
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 is called logarithmic equation.
❑ An inequality form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 >0 or 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 <0, or any
variation of these type is called a logarithmic
inequality.
Determine whether the given is, Logarithmic function,
Logarithmic equation, or Logarithmic inequality.
1. f(x)= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.5 𝑥 + 3 = −5
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (1 − 𝑥) < 625
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.2 (𝑥 + 4) > -2
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 + 5) =2
Conversion of exponential to logarithmic
Exponential form y=𝑏 𝑥
Logarithmic form x= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦
Exponential form logarithmic form
y=𝑏 𝑥 x= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦
25 = 32 5= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32
9x = 88 X= 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 88
67 = 3x X= 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 67
25= 52 2= 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 25
43 = 64 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64=3
Learning outcomes
at the end of the lesson students must be
able to:
a. solve exponential equation
b. solve logarithmic equation
To solve an exponential use the following properties:
Theorem 2.5.1: Let b>0 and b≠1. Then 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 if
and only if x=y
In other words, the theorem states that two exponential
expressions of the same base b are equal if and only if
their exponents are equal. Aside from theorem, you will
use y=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 if and only if 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Solve the following exponential equations:
a. 32𝑥 =81
A. Change 81 to its exponential form 34 . Thus equation
can be written32𝑥 = 34 . Using theorem 2.5.1, you have 2x
= 4. Thus, x = 2
Solve the following exponential equations:
b. 5𝑥 = 125
A. Change 125 to its exponential form 53 . Thus equation
can be written5𝑥 = 53 . Using theorem 2.5.1, you have
x=3
Solve the following exponential equations:
c. 2𝑥 = 5
A. 5 is not a power of 2, Thus you cannot apply theorem
2.5.1. However you can use y=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 ↔ 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥. Since 2𝑥
= 5, then x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 5. Thus solution to the equation is
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 5.
Solve the following exponential equations:
c. 4𝑥 = 7
A. 7 is not a power of 4, Thus you cannot apply theorem
2.5.1. However you can use y=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 ↔ 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥. Since 4𝑥
= 7, then x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 7. Thus solution to the equation is
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 7.
What if the given bases cannot be expressed as a power
of some specific constant, say 3𝑥+1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 ?
Theorem 2.5.2
Let r be a real numbers and b, m, p and q be
positive real numbers where b and m are
not equal to 1.
Then the following properties hold:
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑝𝑞 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑝 +𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑞
𝑝
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑝 -𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑞
𝑞
𝑟
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑝 = 𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑝
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 𝑝
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑝 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 𝑏
Note: Property 4 is often referred to as the change
of base property.
Learning outcomes
at the end of the lesson students must be
able to:
a. find the asymptotes, intercepts, zero,
domain and range of exponential function.
b. graph exponential function.
Exponential Function
An exponential function is a function defined
by
f(x)= (a) (𝑏𝑃(𝑥) ) + ℎ
Where a, b, h∈ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑎 ≠ 0,
𝑏 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Exponential Function
An exponential function is a function defined
by
f(x)= 𝑏 𝑥
b is the base and x is the exponent
Where b>0, b≠1, and x is any real number.
Exponential
function
1. f(x)=2𝑥
2. f(x)= 3𝑥−1
3. f(x)= 2𝑥+1 -1
Not
Exponential
function
1. f(x)=𝑥 𝑥
2. f(x)= 1𝑥
3. f(x)= 𝑥 2
Find the asymptote of an
exponential function
Vertical Asymptote- NO
Horizontal asymptote- is 0
f(x)=𝟐𝒙
Note: Exponential asymptote
there is always horizontal
asymptote, where y=h
Find the asymptote of an
exponential function
Vertical Asymptote- NO
Horizontal asymptote- is 0
f(x)=𝟑𝒙
Note: Exponential asymptote
there is always horizontal
asymptote, where y=h
Find the asymptote of an
exponential function
Vertical Asymptote- NO
Horizontal asymptote- is 0
f(x)=𝟑𝒙−𝟏
Note: Exponential asymptote
there is always horizontal
asymptote, where y=h
Find the asymptote of an
exponential function
Vertical Asymptote- NO
Horizontal asymptote- is 4
f(x)=𝟐
𝒙−𝟏
+𝟒
Note: Exponential asymptote
there is always horizontal
asymptote, where y=h
Find the range and domain of an
exponential function
f(x)=𝟐𝒙 Domain: is the set of all real
numbers, (−∞,∞),{x|x∈R}
Range: is the set of positive
real numbers, (0,∞),{y|y>0}
Find the range and domain of an
exponential function
f(x)=𝟑
𝒙−𝟏 Domain: is the set of all real
numbers ,(−∞,∞),{x|x∈R}
Range: is the set of positive
real numbers, (0,∞),{y|y>0}
Find the range and domain of an
exponential function
f(x)=𝟑𝒙 +1 Domain: is the set of all real
numbers ,(−∞,∞),{x|x∈R}
Range: is the set of positive
real numbers except 1,
(1,∞),{y|y>1}
Find the range and domain of an
exponential function
f(x)=𝟐𝒙−𝟏
− 𝟐 Domain: is the set of all real
numbers ,(−∞,∞),{x|x∈R}
Range: is the set of real
numbers greater than -2,
(-2,∞),{y|y>-2}
Find the intercepts of an exponential
function
f(x)=𝟐𝒙 x-intercept: let y=0, NONE
y-intercept: let x=0, (0,1)
Find the intercepts of an exponential
function
f(x)=𝟑𝒙−𝟏
x-intercept: let y=0, NONE
𝟏
y-intercept: let x=0, (0, )
𝟑
Find the intercepts of an exponential
function
f(x)=𝟐𝒙−𝟏
+1 x-intercept: let y=0, (None)
𝟑
y-intercept: let x=0, (0, )
𝟐
Find the intercepts of an exponential
function
f(x)=𝟐𝒙−𝟏
− 𝟐 x-intercept: let y=0, (2,0)
𝟑
y-intercept: let x=0, (0,− )
𝟐
Find the Zero of an exponential
function
To find the zero of an
f(x)=𝟐𝒙−𝟏
− 𝟐 exponential function replace
y with zero
f(x)=𝟐
𝒙−𝟏
−𝟐 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
y=𝟐𝒙−𝟏 − 𝟐 1=x-1
0= 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 − 𝟐 1+1=x 2=x
Find the Zero of an exponential
function
To find the zero of an
f(x)=𝟐𝒙
exponential function replace
y with zero
f(x)=𝟐𝒙
y=𝟐𝒙 No solution
0= 𝟐𝒙
Find the Zero of an exponential
function
To find the zero of an
f(x)=𝟐 +1
𝒙
exponential function replace
y with zero
f(x)=𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
y=𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 No solution
-1= 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
Thank you for your
listening!
