Module - 1

The cloud ecosystem: Significance and scope of Cloud Computing, Cloud Computing in Economic growth of
Nation, Impact of Cloud Computing on societal problems, sustainable solutions, Career perspective of Cloud
Computing, current innovations in Cloud Computing, Cloud Computing in Research Cloud Computing at a
Glance, The Vision of Cloud Computing, Defining a Cloud, A Closer Look, Cloud Computing Reference Model,
Characteristics and Benefits, Challenges Ahead. Enabling technologies: Distributed Systems, Web 2.0, Service-
Oriented Computing, Utility-Oriented Computing, Building Cloud Computing Environments, Application
Development, Infrastructure and System Development
Introduction
• Computing is being transformed into a model consisting of services that
are commoditized and delivered in a manner similar to utilities such as
water, electricity, gas, and telephony.

• Cloud computing is a technological advancement that is based on the

concept of dynamic provisioning, which is applied not only to services but
also to compute capability, storage, networking, and information
technology (IT) infrastructure in general.

• Resources are made available through the Internet and offered on a pay-
per-use basis from cloud computing vendors.
Cloud Computing at a glance
• In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the chief scientists of the original
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), which seeded
the Internet, said:
As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up
and become sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of ‘computer
utilities’ which, like present electric and telephone utilities, will service
individual homes and offices across the country.
• One of the most diffuse views of cloud computing can be summarized as
follows:
I don’t care where my servers are, who manages them, where my
documents are stored, or where my applications are hosted. I just want
them always available and access them from any device connected through
Internet. And I am willing to pay for this service for as a long as I need it.
 Significance and Scope of Cloud Computing
Faster time to market
• You can spin up new instances or retire them in seconds, allowing developers to
accelerate development with quick deployments.
• Cloud computing supports new innovations by making it easy to test new ideas and
design new applications without hardware limitations or slow procurement processes.

Scalability and flexibility

• Cloud computing gives your business more flexibility. You can quickly scale resources
and storage up to meet business demands without having to invest in physical
infrastructure.

• Companies don’t need to pay for or build the infrastructure needed to support their
highest load levels. Likewise, they can quickly scale down if resources aren’t being used.
Cost savings
• Whatever cloud service model you choose, you only pay for the resources you actually use. This
helps you avoid overbuilding and overprovisioning your data center and gives your IT teams back
valuable time to focus on more strategic work.

Better collaboration
• Cloud storage enables you to make data available anywhere you are, anytime you need it. Instead
of being tied to a location or specific device, people can access data from anywhere in the world
from any device—as long as they have an internet connection.

Advanced security
• Despite popular perceptions, cloud computing can actually strengthen your security posture
because of the depth and breadth of security features, automatic maintenance, and centralized
management.
• Reputable cloud providers also hire top security experts and employ the most advanced
solutions, providing more robust protection.
Data loss prevention

• Cloud providers offer backup and disaster recovery features. Storing data in the cloud rather than
locally can help prevent data loss in the event of an emergency, such as hardware malfunction,
malicious threats, or even simple user error.
Cloud Computing in Economic growth of Nation
Cloud computing has become a significant driver of economic growth
worldwide
• Reduced Costs and Increased Efficiency:
• Lower IT Infrastructure Costs: Cloud computing eliminates the need for businesses to invest
heavily in on-premises servers, data centers, and IT staff. This reduces capital expenditure
(CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX).

• Scalability and Flexibility: Businesses can easily scale their computing resources up or down
based on demand, paying only for what they use. This optimizes resource utilization and avoids
overspending.

• Increased Productivity: Cloud-based applications and tools enable employees to collaborate

more effectively, access data from anywhere, and automate tasks, leading to increased
productivity.
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
• Lower Barriers to Entry: Cloud computing makes it easier and more affordable
for startups and small businesses to access powerful computing resources,
enabling them to innovate and compete with larger companies.

• Faster Development and Deployment: Cloud platforms provide tools and

services that accelerate the development and deployment of new applications
and services, fostering innovation and faster time-to-market.

• Access to Advanced Technologies: Cloud providers offer access to cutting-edge

technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), big data
analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT), which can drive innovation and create
new business opportunities.
• Job Creation and Economic Diversification:
• Demand for Cloud Professionals: The growth of cloud computing creates
demand for skilled professionals in areas such as cloud architecture, cloud
security, cloud administration, and cloud development.

• New Business Models: Cloud computing enables the development of new

business models, such as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service
(PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), which can create new revenue
streams and employment opportunities.

• Digital Transformation: Cloud computing facilitates the digital transformation of

industries, enabling businesses to adopt new technologies and processes, which
can lead to increased competitiveness and economic growth.
• Improved Competitiveness and Globalization:
• Enhanced Competitiveness: Cloud computing enables businesses to become
more agile, efficient, and innovative, which enhances their competitiveness in the
global market.

• Global Reach: Cloud computing makes it easier for businesses to expand their
reach into new markets and serve customers around the world. .
Impact of Cloud Computing on societal
problems
• Positive Impacts:
• Improved Access to Education:
• Online Learning Platforms: Cloud-based platforms make education more accessible to
remote areas and diverse learners.
• Digital Resources: Cloud storage and applications provide access to vast libraries of
educational materials, including e-books, videos, and interactive simulations.
• Cost Reduction: Cloud solutions can reduce the cost of educational infrastructure, making
education more affordable.
• Example : Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs): Platforms like Coursera, edX, and Udacity
use cloud infrastructure to deliver courses to millions of learners worldwide.
• Enhanced Healthcare:

• Electronic Health Records: Cloud storage enables secure and accessible storage
of patient data, improving care coordination and efficiency.

• Telemedicine: Cloud platforms facilitate remote consultations and monitoring,

expanding access to healthcare in underserved areas.

• Research and Development: Cloud computing provides the processing power and
storage needed for complex medical research and data analysis.

• Platforms like Teladoc Health and Amwell use cloud technology to connect
patients with doctors remotely through video conferencing and other tools.
• Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Aid:
• Data Storage and Recovery: Cloud services ensure that critical data is backed up
and can be accessed even in disaster-stricken areas.
• Communication and Coordination: Cloud-based critical data is backed up and
can be accessed even in disaster-stricken areas communication tools help relief
organizations coordinate efforts and provide real-time updates.
• Mapping and Analysis: Cloud platforms enable the analysis of disaster data to
identify needs and allocate resources effectively.
• Example: Crisis Mapping Platforms: Organizations use cloud-based platforms to
collect and analyze data from social media, satellite imagery, and other sources to
create maps of disaster-affected areas.
• Environmental Sustainability:
• Resource Optimization: Cloud computing can help organizations optimize energy
consumption and reduce waste by using shared resources.
• Remote Work: Cloud-based collaboration tools enable remote work, reducing the need for
commuting and associated carbon emissions.
• Data Analysis for Environmental Monitoring: Cloud platforms facilitate the analysis of
environmental data to track pollution, monitor climate change, and develop sustainable
solutions.
• Example : Smart Agriculture Platforms: Farmers use cloud-based platforms to collect and
analyze data from sensors, drones, and other sources to optimize irrigation, fertilization,
and other agricultural practices. This reduces water consumption, minimizes pollution,
and improves crop yields.
• Economic Development:
• Empowering Small Businesses: Cloud computing reduces the cost of IT
infrastructure, making it easier for small businesses and startups to compete.
• Job Creation: The growth of the cloud computing industry creates new jobs in
areas such as cloud engineering, development, and support.
• Innovation: Cloud platforms provide access to advanced technologies, fostering
innovation and creating new business opportunities.
Example : E-commerce Platforms
• Government Services:
• Improved Efficiency: Cloud computing can help governments streamline
operations, reduce costs, and improve service delivery.
• Citizen Engagement: Cloud-based platforms can enhance communication and
engagement between citizens and government agencies. Example : Cloud-Based
Citizen Portals
• Data Management and Security: Cloud solutions provide secure and efficient
storage and management of government data.
Challenges and Negative Impacts:
• Digital Divide:
• Unequal access to technology and internet connectivity can exacerbate existing
inequalities.
• Cloud-based solutions may not be accessible to individuals and communities with
limited resources.
• Security and Privacy Concerns:
• Data breaches and cyberattacks can compromise sensitive information stored in the
cloud.
• Privacy concerns arise from the collection and storage of personal data by cloud
providers.
• Job Displacement:
• Automation and cloud-based solutions may lead to job displacement in certain
industries.
• There is a need to invest in training and education to prepare workers for new roles in
the digital economy
•Dependence on Technology:
•Over-reliance on cloud services can create vulnerabilities and disruptions if systems fail.
•There is a need for robust backup and disaster recovery plans.

•Ethical Concerns:
•The use of AI and other cloud-based technologies raises ethical concerns about bias,
fairness, and accountability.
•There is a need for ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure responsible use of
technology.
Cloud Computing and Sustainable Solutions
• Energy Efficiency and Reduced Carbon Footprint:
• Optimized Resource Utilization: Cloud providers use large, centralized data
centers designed for maximum energy efficiency. They employ advanced cooling
systems, virtualization techniques, and power management strategies to minimize
energy consumption.
• Shared Infrastructure: Cloud computing allows multiple organizations to share
computing resources, reducing the need for each organization to maintain its own
energy-intensive data centers.
• Renewable Energy Integration: Many cloud providers are increasingly investing in
renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to power their data
centers, further reducing their carbon footprint.
• Reduced Electronic Waste (E-waste):
• Extended Hardware Lifespan: Cloud computing can extend the lifespan of
hardware by enabling users to access applications and data from less powerful
devices. This reduces the need for frequent hardware upgrades and the
disposal of old equipment.

• Centralized Hardware Management: Cloud providers manage and maintain

hardware in their data centers, optimizing its use and reducing the amount of e-
waste generated by individual organizations.
• Examples of Cloud-Based Sustainable Solutions:
• Smart grids: Cloud computing supports the development of smart grids that
can optimize energy distribution and reduce energy waste.
• Precision agriculture: Cloud-based tools enable farmers to use resources
more efficiently and reduce their environmental impact.
• Carbon footprint tracking: Cloud platforms can help organizations track and
manage their carbon footprint, enabling them to identify areas for
improvement.
• Disaster management: Cloud computing facilitates rapid response and
recovery efforts in the wake of natural disasters, minimizing environmental
damage.
Career perspective of Cloud
Computing
Why Cloud Computing is a Strong Career Path:
• High Demand: Businesses across all industries are adopting cloud technologies,
creating a huge demand for skilled cloud professionals. This demand is expected to
continue to grow rapidly in the coming years.
• Variety of Roles: Cloud computing offers a wide range of career paths, from technical
roles like cloud architect and cloud engineer to more business-oriented roles like cloud
consultant and cloud sales specialist. This diversity allows individuals with different
skills and interests to find a fulfilling career in the field.
• High Earning Potential: Cloud computing professionals are in high demand, which
translates to competitive salaries and excellent earning potential.
• Continuous Learning and Growth: The cloud computing landscape is constantly
evolving, with new technologies and services being introduced regularly. This means
that cloud professionals have the opportunity to continuously learn and grow their
skills, making it a dynamic and challenging field.
• Global Opportunities: Cloud computing is a global phenomenon, meaning that cloud
professionals have the opportunity to work for organizations around the world.
• Impactful Work: Cloud computing plays a critical role in enabling digital
transformation and innovation across industries. Cloud professionals have the
opportunity to work on projects that have a significant impact on businesses and
society.
 Career Perspective
1. Cloud Engineer
Role: Builds, deploys, and manages cloud infrastructure.
• Works with cloud platforms and automation tools.
2. Cloud Architect
Role: Designs and implements cloud solutions.
• Focuses on scalability, reliability, security, and cost-effectiveness.
3. Cloud Security Specialist:
Role: Protects cloud environments from threats.
• Implements security measures and ensures compliance.
4. DevOps Engineer:
Role: Automates software development and deployment in the cloud.
• Focuses on efficiency and speed of delivery
5. Cloud Administrator
Role: Manages and maintains cloud systems.

Handles tasks like monitoring, troubleshooting, and security.

6. Cloud Developer
Role: Develops applications in the cloud.

Uses cloud services and APIs to build and run applications.

7. Cloud Consultant:
Role: Provides guidance to organizations on cloud strategy and adoption.

• Helps businesses assess their needs and implement cloud solutions.

 Current innovations in Cloud Computing
• AI and Machine Learning (AI/ML) Integration:
• AI-Powered Cloud Services: Cloud providers are increasingly integrating AI and ML into their
platforms. This includes AI-driven analytics, predictive modeling, and intelligent automation.
• AI/ML for Cloud Optimization: AI/ML is being used to optimize cloud resource allocation,
improve performance, and enhance security.
• AI-Driven Applications: Cloud platforms are providing tools and services that make it easier for
developers to build AI-powered applications.
• Example:
• Healthcare: Cloud-based platforms are used to analyze medical images (like X-rays and MRIs)
using AI, helping doctors detect diseases earlier.
• Retail: E-commerce companies use AI-powered cloud services to personalize product
recommendations for customers, based on their browsing and purchase history.
• Finance: Banks are using cloud based AI to detect fraudulent transactions in real time.
• Edge Computing:
• Decentralized Computing: Edge computing brings computation and data
storage closer to the source of data, reducing latency and improving the
performance of real-time applications.

• IoT and Edge: Edge computing is crucial for supporting the growth of the Internet
of Things (IoT) by enabling faster processing of data from IoT devices.
• Example:
• Smart City Applications
• Edge devices in smart cities can process data from sensors (traffic lights, cameras,
environmental monitors) locally, enabling real-time traffic management, pollution monitoring,
and public safety.
• This reduces the need to send all data to a central cloud, improving responsiveness.
• Serverless Computing:
• Abstraction of Infrastructure: Serverless computing allows developers to run
code without managing servers, simplifying application development and
deployment.
Example:
• Google Cloud Functions
• Google Cloud Functions enables developers to create event-driven serverless functions.
• Use cases include building mobile backends, processing data, and integrating with other
Google Cloud services.
• Enhanced Cloud Security:
• Zero-Trust Security: Zero-trust security models are gaining prominence, focusing
on verifying every user and device before granting access to resources.
• AI-Powered Threat Detection: AI and ML are used to detect and respond to
security threats in real-time.
• Data Protection and Compliance: Innovations are focused on improving data
protection, encryption, and compliance with data privacy regulations.
• Quantum Computing as a Service:
• Access to Quantum Computing: Cloud providers are beginning to offer access to quantum computing
resources, making this powerful technology more accessible to researchers and developers.
• Solving Complex Problems: Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems in
areas such as drug discovery, materials science, and financial modeling.
• Decentralized Computing: Edge computing brings computation and data storage closer to the source
of data, reducing latency and improving the performance of real-time applications.
• IoT and Edge: Edge computing is crucial for supporting the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) by
enabling faster processing of data from IoT devices.
• Edge-to-Cloud Continuum: Innovations are focusing on seamless integration between edge devices
and cloud infrastructure.
• Example:
• Pharmaceuticals: Researchers are using cloud-based quantum computing platforms to simulate
molecular interactions, accelerating the discovery of new drugs.
• Financial modelling: Quantum computers are being used to perform complex financial risk modelling.
 Cloud Computing in Research
• Cloud computing has revolutionized research across many disciplines by providing:
• Massive Computing Power: Researchers can access the vast processing power of cloud computing
to perform complex simulations, analyze large datasets, and run computationally intensive
algorithms. This is crucial for fields like genomics, climate modeling, astrophysics, and drug
discovery.
• Scalable Storage: Cloud storage offers virtually unlimited capacity to store and manage the massive
amounts of data generated by modern research. This enables researchers to easily share and
collaborate on data.
• Accessibility and Collaboration: Cloud-based platforms allow researchers to access data and
tools from anywhere with an internet connection, facilitating collaboration among geographically
dispersed teams. This accelerates the pace of research and promotes knowledge sharing.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Cloud computing eliminates the need for researchers to invest in expensive on-
premises infrastructure, reducing costs and making advanced computing resources more
accessible. Researchers can pay only for the resources they use, optimizing their budgets.
• Examples of Cloud Computing in Research:
• Genomics Research: Cloud platforms are used to analyze and store the vast amounts
of genomic data generated by sequencing projects, enabling researchers to identify
disease-causing genes and develop new treatments.
• Climate Modeling: Cloud computing provides the processing power needed to run
complex climate simulations, helping scientists to understand climate change and its
impacts.
• Drug Discovery: Cloud-based tools are used to screen potential drug candidates,
analyze experimental data, and accelerate the drug development process.
• Social Science Research: Cloud platforms enable researchers to analyze large
datasets from social media, surveys, and other sources to study social trends and
behaviors.
The Vision of Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing allows anyone with a credit card to provision virtual
hardware, runtime environments, and services. These are used for as long
as needed, with no up-front commitments required.

• The entire stack of a computing system is transformed into a collection of

utilities, which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy
systems in hours rather than days and with virtually no maintenance
costs.
• The long-term vision of cloud computing is that IT services are traded as
utilities in an open market, without technological and legal barriers.
• In this Cloud computing marketplace, cloud service providers and
consumers, trading cloud services as utilities, play a central role.
• Many of the technological elements contributing to this vision already
exist. The capability for Web-based access to documents and their
processing using sophisticated applications is one of the appealing
factors for end users.
• Vision of cloud computing is that in the near future it will be possible to
find the solution that matches the customer needs by simply entering our
request in a global digital market that trades cloud computing services.
Defining a Cloud
• Cloud computing has become a popular buzzword and it has been widely
used to refer to different technologies, services, and concepts. It is often
associated with virtualized infrastructure or hardware on demand, utility
computing, IT outsourcing, platform and software as a service, and many
other things that now are the focus of the IT industry.

“Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services

over the Internet, and the hardware and system software in the data centers
that provide those services.”
It introduces the concept of everything as a service, mostly referred as XaaS,
where the different components of a system—IT infrastructure, development
platforms, databases, and so on—can be delivered, measured, and
consequently priced as a service.
Defining a Cloud
• Cloud computing environment is highlighted in a definition proposed
by American National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST):

“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient,

on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage, applications,
and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.”
 No capital investments

Quality of Service

Pay as you go

Billing

IT outsourcing

Security
Cloud
Computing?
According to Reese, we can define three criteria to discriminate whether
a service is delivered in the cloud computing style:
• The service is accessible via a Web browser (non-proprietary) or Web
services API.
• Zero capital expenditure is necessary to get started.
• You pay only for what you use as you use it.
A Closer Look
• Cloud computing is helping enterprises, governments, public and private
institutions, and research organizations shape more effective and
demand-driven computing systems.

Large enterprises can offload some of their activities to cloud-based

systems.
The New York Times has converted its digital library of past editions into a Web-friendly
format. This required a considerable amount of computing power for a short period of
time. By renting Amazon EC2 and S3 Cloud resources, the Times performed this task in
36 hours and relinquished these resources, with no additional costs.
• Small enterprises and start-ups can afford to translate their ideas into
business results more quickly, without excessive up-front costs.
Animoto is a company that creates videos out of images, music, and video fragments
submitted by users. The process involves a considerable amount of storage and
backend processing required for producing the video, which is finally made available to
the user. Animoto does not own a single server and bases its computing infrastructure
entirely on Amazon Web Services.

• System developers can concentrate on the business logic rather than dealing
with the complexity of infrastructure management and scalability
Little Fluffy Toys is a company in London that has developed a widget providing users with
information about nearby bicycle rental services. The company has managed to back the
widget’s computing needs on Google AppEngine and be on the market in only one week.
• End users can have their documents accessible from everywhere and any
device.
• Apple iCloud is a service that allows users to have their documents
stored in the Cloud and access them from any device users connect to it.
 A bird’s-eye view of a cloud computing environment :
Deployment models
• The three major models for deploying and accessing cloud computing
environments are public clouds, private/enterprise clouds, and hybrid
clouds. Figure 1.4.
• Public clouds are the most common deployment models in which
necessary IT infrastructure (e.g., virtualized datacenters) is established by
a third-party service provider that makes it available to any consumer on a
subscription basis. Such clouds are appealing to users because they allow
users to quickly leverage compute, storage, and application services. In
this environment, users’ data and applications are deployed on cloud
datacenters on the vendor’s premises.
• Examples:Amazon Web Services (AWS): Offers a wide range of cloud services, from
computing and storage to AI and machine learning. Microsoft Azure: Provides cloud
computing services for building, deploying, and managing applications. Google
Cloud Platform (GCP): Offers a suite of cloud computing services that run on
Google's infrastructure.
Figure 1.4.
• A private cloud is a cloud computing model where the infrastructure is
dedicated to a single organization. This means that the public Cloud models
are not shared with other organizations. It has only authentic users and single-
occupant architecture.
• Examples:
• A large financial institution that maintains its own data center to store and process sensitive
customer data.
• A government agency that uses a dedicated cloud infrastructure for critical operations.

• Whenever private cloud resources are unable to meet users’ quality-of-service

requirements, hybrid computing systems, partially composed of public cloud
resources and privately owned infra- structures, are created to serve the
organization’s needs. These are often referred as hybrid clouds, which are
becoming a common way for many stakeholders to start exploring the
possibilities offered by cloud computing.
• Examples:
• A retail company that uses a private cloud to store sensitive customer data and a public cloud to
handle seasonal spikes in online traffic.
• A healthcare organization that stores patient records in a private cloud and uses a public cloud for
data analytics.
 Public Clouds

Applications

Development and
Runtime Platform
Compute

All users, on any device Storage

Cloud Manager
Private
Resources

Private Cloud Private Cloud

(Government)

Organization Personnel Government

Agencies
 Cloud-Computing Reference Model
• A fundamental characteristic of Cloud computing is the capability of
delivering on demand a variety of IT services, which are quite diverse
from each other. This variety creates a different perception of what
Cloud computing is among users.
• Despite this, it is possible to classify Cloud computing services
offerings into three major categories:
• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),
• Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS),
• and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
 Web 2.0 Software as a Service
Interfaces
End user applications
Scientific applications
Office automation, Photo editing,
CRM, and Social Networking
Examples: Google Documents, Facebook, Flickr, Salesforce

Platform as a Service

Runtime Environment for Applications

Development and Data Processing Platforms
Examples: Windows Azure, Hadoop, Google AppEngine, Aneka

Infrastructure as a Service
Virtualized Servers
Storage and Networking
Examples: Amazon EC2, S3, Rightscale, vCloud
Characteristics and Benefits
Cloud computing has some interesting characteristics that bring
benefits to both
✓Cloud Service Consumers(CSCs)
✓Cloud service providers (CSPs).
They are
• No upfront commitments;
• On demand access;
• Budget-friendly;
• Simplified application acceleration and scalability;
• Efficient resource allocation;
• Energy efficiency; and
• Seamless creation and the use of third-party services.
• Challenges’ concerning the dynamic provisioning of cloud computing services
and resources arises.
For example,
in IaaS domain, how many resources need to be provisioned, and for how long
should they be used, in order to maximize the benefit? Technical challenges also
arise for cloud service providers for the management of large computing
infrastructures and the use of virtualization technologies on top of them.
• Security in terms of confidentiality, secrecy, and protection of data in a cloud
environment is another important challenge. Organizations do not own the
infrastructure they use to process data and store information. This condition
poses challenges for confidential data, which organizations cannot afford to
reveal.
• Example: A rogue employee could potentially access, copy, or leak your confidential
information
• Legal issues may also arise. These are specifically tied to the ubiquitous nature
of cloud computing, which spreads computing infrastructure across diverse
geographical locations. Different legislation about privacy in different countries
may potentially create disputes as to the rights that third parties (including
government agencies) have to your data.
 Challenges ahead
Cloud computing, while offering numerous benefits, also presents several challenges. Here's a
breakdown of some key areas:
1. Security and Compliance:
• Data breaches: Storing sensitive data in the cloud raises concerns about unauthorized access and
breaches.
• Compliance: Meeting regulatory requirements (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA) can be complex when data is
distributed across different cloud environments.
• Shared responsibility: Understanding the division of security responsibilities between the cloud provider
and the user is crucial, and sometimes misunderstood.
• Identity and Access Management (IAM): Properly managing user access and permissions is essential to
prevent unauthorized access.
• Encryption: Ensuring data is encrypted both in transit and at rest is vital for data protection.
2. Data Management and Governance:
• Data migration: Moving large volumes of data to the cloud can be time-consuming and complex.
• Data integration: Combining data from various sources, both on-premises and in the cloud, can be
challenging.
• Data governance: Establishing clear policies for data quality, security, and compliance is essential.
• Vendor lock-in: Dependence on a specific cloud provider can make it difficult to switch to another vendor.
• Data sovereignty: Understanding where data is physically stored and which laws apply is crucial for
compliance.
3. Performance and Availability:
• Latency: Network latency can impact application performance, especially for real-
time applications.
• Downtime: Cloud outages can disrupt critical business operations.
• Scalability: While cloud offers scalability, managing it effectively can be complex.
• Network bandwidth: Sufficient bandwidth is crucial for optimal cloud performance.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity: Ensuring data and applications can be
recovered in the event of a disaster is essential.
4. Cost Management:
• Unexpected costs: Cloud costs can be unpredictable, especially with variable usage
patterns.
• Resource optimization: Efficiently managing cloud resources is crucial to avoid
overspending.
• Monitoring and billing: Accurately tracking cloud usage and costs can be
challenging.
• Hidden fees: Understanding all potential costs, including data transfer and storage
fees, is essential.
5. Complexity and Skillset:
• Complexity: Managing cloud infrastructure and services can be complex,
requiring specialized skills.
• Skill shortage: There's a shortage of skilled cloud professionals.
• Integration with legacy systems: Integrating cloud services with existing
on-premises systems can be challenging.
• Multi-cloud management: managing multiple cloud environments adds
complexity.
• Automation: implementing proper automation requires high skillsets, and
proper planning.
6. Environmental Concerns:
• Energy consumption: Cloud data centers consume significant amounts of
energy.
• E-waste: The disposal of outdated hardware contributes to e-waste.
• Sustainability: Organizations are increasingly concerned about the
environmental impact of their cloud usage.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• The idea of renting computing services by leveraging large distributed
computing facilities has been around for long time. It dates back to the days
of the mainframes in the early 1950s.
• From there on, technology has evolved and been refined. This process has
created a series of favorable conditions for the realization of cloud
computing.
• Figure 1.6 provides an overview of the evolution of the distributed
computing technologies that have influenced cloud computing.
• In tracking the historical evolution, we briefly review five core technologies
that played an important role in the realization of cloud computing. These
technologies are
• Distributed systems,
• Virtualization,
• Web 2.0,
• Service-oriented computing,
• Utility computing.
Distributed Systems
“A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that
appears to its users as a single coherent system.”
Examples:
• Cloud Storage (e.g., Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage):Data is distributed
across multiple servers and data centers for redundancy and availability.
• Databases (e.g., Google Spanner, Amazon DynamoDB):Data is distributed
across multiple servers to handle high volumes of read and write operations.
Three major milestones that have led to Cloud computing:
• Mainframe computing,
• Cluster computing, and
• Grid computing.
Virtualization
• Virtualization is another core technology for
Cloud computing. It encompasses a collection
of solutions allowing the abstraction of some
of the fundamental elements for computing
such as: hardware, runtime environments,
storage, and networking.
• Virtualization has been around for more than
40 years, but its application has always been
limited by technologies that did not allow an
efficient use of virtualization solutions
• Virtualization is essentially a technology that
allows creation of different computing
environments.
• The most common example of virtualization is
hardware virtualization
Amazon EC2, RightScale, VMware vCloud
Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 refers to the second stage of the World Wide Web's evolution,
characterized by a shift from static, read-only web pages to dynamic,
interactive, and user-generated content platforms.
Web 2.0 is a set of technologies, applications, and social trends that
emphasize:
• User Participation: Users are active contributors, not just passive
consumers of content.
• Collaboration: Tools and platforms enable users to work together,
share information, and create content collectively.
• Social Networking: Platforms connect users and facilitate social
interactions.
• User-Generated Content (UGC):
• Users create and share content through blogs, wikis, social media, and other
platforms.
• Rich Internet Applications (RIAs):
• Web applications that offer a more interactive and desktop-like user experience.
• The Web as a Platform:
• The web is used as a platform for delivering applications and services, rather
than just displaying static information.

Web 2.0 is about the interactive and social web, where users are
empowered to create, share, and collaborate.
 Service-Oriented Computing
• Service orientation is the core reference model for cloud computing systems.
This approach adopts the concept of services as the main building blocks of
application and system development.

• Service-oriented computing(SOC) supports the development of rapid, low-

cost, flexible, interoperable, and evolvable applications and systems

• A service is an abstraction representing a self-describing and platform-

component that can perform any function—anything from a simple function to
a complex business process.
 Scenario 1
Customer Relationship Management (CRM ):
A sales team needs a centralized system to manage customer
interactions and track sales leads.
Service Orientation:
• They use a SaaS CRM (e.g., Salesforce) delivered over the internet.
• The CRM provider manages the underlying infrastructure and software.
• The sales team can access the CRM from any device with an internet
connection.
• Other software the company uses, can use API's to interact with the CRM.

• Adv: Increased efficiency, improved collaboration, and reduced IT

costs.
 Scenario 2
E-commerce During a Flash Sale:
An online retailer anticipates a massive surge in traffic during a "Black
Friday" or similar flash sale.
• Service Orientation:
• They leverage IaaS (e.g., AWS EC2) to dynamically scale their web servers
based on demand.
• They use a DBaaS (e.g., Amazon RDS) to handle the increased database load.
• They might utilize a CDN (Content Delivery Network) service to efficiently
deliver static content to users.
• They can use a serverless function to handle customer orders, and payment
processing.
• All of these services are accessed through API’s.
• Adv: The retailer can handle the sudden spike in traffic without
crashing, ensuring a smooth customer experience.
 Service-Oriented Computing
• Service-oriented computing introduces and diffuses two important
concepts, which are also fundamental to cloud computing:
1) Quality of service (QoS)
2) Software-as-a-Service(SaaS).
• Quality of service (QoS)- identifies a set of functional and non
functional attributes that can be used to evaluate the behavior of a
service from different perspectives
Performance metrics are-response time, or security attributes,
transactional integrity, reliability, scalability, and availability.
• Software-as-a-Service -introduces a new delivery model for
applications..
 Utility-oriented computing
• Utility computing is a vision of computing that defines a service-
provisioning model for compute services in which resources such as
storage, compute power, applications, and infrastructure are packaged
and offered on a pay-per-use basis.

• The idea of providing computing as a utility like natural gas, water, power,
and telephone connection has along history but has become a reality
today with the advent of cloud computing.
Core Principles:
•On-Demand Access:
•Computing resources (processing power, storage, network bandwidth,
etc.) are available when needed.
•Metered Service:
•Usage is tracked and billed based on consumption.
•Elasticity:
•Resources can be scaled up or down dynamically to meet changing
demands.
•Abstraction:
•Users don't need to worry about the underlying infrastructure.
•Service-Level Agreements (SLAs):
•Providers guarantee a certain level of service quality and reliability.
Building cloud computing environments
Application Development
Infrastructure and system development
Computing platforms and technologies –
Extra topics
• Amazon web services (AWS)
• Google AppEngine
• Microsoft Azure
• Hadoop
• Force.com and Salesforce.com
• Manjrasoft Aneka
Google App Engine
Microsoft Azure
Hadoop
Force.com
Manjrasoft Aneka