NumPy
The NumPy library is the core library for scientific computing in Python. It provides a high-
performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.
Use the following improt convention:
>>> import numpy as np
Numpy Arrays
Creating Arrays
>>> a = np.array([1,2,3])
>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], dtype = float)
>>> c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)],[(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]], dtype = float)
Initial Placeholders
>>> np.zeros((3,4)) #Create an array of zeros
>>> np.ones((2,3,4),dtype=np.int16) #Create an array of ones
>>> d = np.arange(10,25,5)#Create an array of evenly spaced values (step
value)
>>> np.linspace(0,2,9) #Create an array of evenlyspaced values (number of
samples)
>>> e = np.full((2,2),7)#Create a constant array
>>> f = np.eye(2) #Create a 2X2 identity matrix
>>> np.random.random((2,2)) #Create an array with random values
>>> np.empty((3,2)) #Create an empty array
I/O
Saving & Loading on Disk
>>> np.save('my_array' , a)
>>> np.savez( 'array.npz', a, b)
>>> np.load( 'my_array.npy')
Saving & Loading Text Files
>>> np.loadtxt("myfile.txt")
>>> np.genfromtxt("my_file.csv", delimiter= ',')
>>> np.savetxt( "myarray.txt", a, delimiter= " "
Inspecting Your Array
>>> a.shape #Array dimensions
>>> len(a)#Length of array
>>> b.ndim #Number of array dimensions
>>> e.size #Number of array elements
>>> b.dtype #Data type of array elements
>>> b.dtype.name #Name of data type
>>> b.astype(int). #Convert an array to a different type
Data Types
>>> np.int64 #Signed 64-bit integer types
>>> np.float32. #Standard double-precision floating point
>>> np.complex. #Complex numbers represented by 128 floats
>>> np.bool #Boolean type storing TRUE and FALSE values
>>> np.object #Python object type
>>> np.string_ #Fixed-length string type
>>> np.unicode_ #Fixed-length unicode type
Array Mathematics
Arithmetic Operations
>>> g = a - b. #Subtraction
array([[-0.5,0. ,0.], [-3. , -3. , -3. ]])
>>> np.subtract(a,b) #Subtraction
>>> b + a #Addition
array([[ 2.5, 4. , 6.],[5. ,7. ,9. ]])
>>> np.add(b,a) #Addition
>>> a/b #Division
array([[0.66666667,1. ,1.],[0.25 ,0.4 ,0.5 ]])
>>> np.divide(a,b) #Division
>>> a * b #Multiplication
array([[1.5, 4. ,9.],[ 4. , 10. , 18. ]])
>>> np.multiply(a,b) #Multiplication
>>> np.exp(b) #Exponentiation
>>> np.sqrt(b) #Square root
>>> np.sin(a) #Print sines of an array
>>> np.cos(b) #Elementwise cosine
>>> np.log(a)#Elementwise natural logarithm
>>> e.dot(f) #Dot product
array([[7.,7.],[7.,7.]])
Comparison
>>> a == b #Elementwise comparison
array([[False , True, True],
[ False,False ,False ]], dtype=bool)
>>> a< 2 #Elementwise comparison
array([True, False, False], dtype=bool)
>>> np.array_equal(a, b) #Arraywise comparison
Copying Arrays
>>>h = a.view()#Create a view of the array with the same data
>>> np.copy(a) #Create a copy of the array
>>>h = a.copy() #Create a deep copy of the array
Sorting Arrays
>>> a.sort() #Sort an array
>>> c.sort(axis=0) #Sort the elements of an array's axis
Subsetting, Slicing, Indexing
Subsetting
>>> a[2] #Select the element at the 2nd index
3
>>> b[1,2] #Select the element at row 1 column 2(equivalent to b[1][2])
6.0
Slicing
>>> a[0:2]#Select items at index 0 and 1
array([1, 2])
>>> b[0:2,1] #Select items at rows 0 and 1 in column 1
array([ 2.,5.])
>>> b[:1]
#Select all items at row0(equivalent to b[0:1, :])
array([[1.5, 2., 3.]])
>>> c[1,...] #Same as[1,:,:]
array([[[ 3., 2.,1.],[ 4.,5., 6.]]])
>>> a[ : : -1] #Reversed array a array([3, 2, 1])
Boolean Indexing
>>> a[a<2] #Select elements from a less than 2
array([1])
Array Manipulation
Transposing Array
>>> i = np.transpose(b) #Permute array dimensions
>>> i.T #Permute array dimensions
Changing Array Shape
>>> b.ravel() #Flatten the array
>>> g.reshape(3, -2) #Reshape, but don’t change data
Adding/Removing Elements
>>>h.resize((2,6)) #Return a new arraywith shape(2,6)
>>> np.append(h,g) #Append items to an array
>>> np.insert(a,1,5) #Insert items in an array
>>> np.delete(a,[1]) #Delete items from an array
Combining Arrays
>>> np.concatenate((a,d),axis=0) #Concatenate arrays
array([1, 2, 3, 10, 15, 20])
>>> np.vstack((a,b) #Stack arrays vertically(row wise)
array([[1. , 2. , 3.],[1.5, 2. , 3.],[ 4. ,5. , 6. ]])
>>> np.r_[e,f] #Stack arrays vertically(row wise)
>>> np.hstack((e,f)) #Stack arrays horizontally(column wise)
array([[7.,7.,1.,0.],[7.,7.,0.,1.]])
>>> np.column_stack((a,d)) #Create stacked column wise arrays
array([[1, 10],[ 2, 15],[ 3, 20]])
>>> np.c_[a,d] #Create stacked column wise arrays
Splitting Arrays
>>> np.hsplit(a,3) #Split the array horizontally at the 3rd index
[array([1]),array([2]),array([3])]
>>> np.vsplit(c,2) #Split the array vertically at the 2nd index
[array([[[ 1.5, 2. ,1.],[ 4. ,5. , 6. ]]]),
array([[[ 3., 2., 3.],[ 4.,5., 6.]]])]
Common NumPy String Functions
Here are some of the string functions provided by NumPy:
Functions Descriptions
add() concatenates two strings
multiply() repeats a string for a specified number of times
capitalize() capitalizes the first letter of a string
lower() converts all uppercase characters in a string to lowercase
upper() converts all lowercase characters in a string to uppercase
join() joins a sequence of strings
equal() checks if two strings are equal or not
Common NumPy Array Functions
There are many NumPy array functions available but here are some of the most commonly used
ones.
Array Operations Functions
Array Creation Functions np.array(), np.zeros(), np.ones(), np.empty(), etc.
Array Manipulation Functions np.reshape(), np.transpose(), etc.
Array Mathematical Functions np.add(), np.subtract(), np.sqrt(), np.power(), etc.
Array Statistical Functions np.median(), np.mean(), np.std(),and np.var().
Array Input and Output Functions np.save(), np.load(), np.loadtxt(), etc.
Numpy Broadcasting
In NumPy, we can perform mathematical operations on arrays of different shapes. An array with
a smaller shape is expanded to match the shape of a larger one. This is called broadcasting.
array1 = [1, 2, 3]
array2 = [[1], [2], [3]]
array1 is a 1-D array and array2 is a 2-D array. perform addition between these two arrays of
different shapes.
result = array1 + array2
Here, NumPy automatically broadcasts the size of a 1-D array array1 to perform element-wise
addition with a 2-D array array2.
