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Exponentials and Logarithms

The document covers the laws of exponents and logarithms, including index laws for multiplication, division, and raising powers. It explains logarithms as the power to which a base must be raised to yield a number, along with log laws and examples of simplifications. Additionally, it includes practice questions and examples related to exponential growth and solving logarithmic equations.

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47 views2 pages

Exponentials and Logarithms

The document covers the laws of exponents and logarithms, including index laws for multiplication, division, and raising powers. It explains logarithms as the power to which a base must be raised to yield a number, along with log laws and examples of simplifications. Additionally, it includes practice questions and examples related to exponential growth and solving logarithmic equations.

Uploaded by

wexogix874
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exponentials and logarithms

Index laws Logarithms


𝒂𝒎 × 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎#𝒏
When multiplying terms with the same base, add the powers The logarithm of a number is the power to which the base must
be raised to give the number.
𝒂𝒎 ÷ 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎$𝒏 This means that a logarithm is an index.
When multiplying terms with the same base, subtract the
powers
8 = 𝟐!
(𝒂𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒏 This familiar statement may be written as
When raising a term in index to another power, multiply the
indices. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝟐 8 = 𝟑
𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏
Any term (other than zero) raised to the power of zero is 1 Generally
𝑎8 = 𝑛 ⟺ 𝑙𝑜𝑔- 𝑛 = 𝑥
Negative indices
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 #𝒏 𝒃 𝒏 𝒃𝒏
𝒂$𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 𝒂"𝒎
= 𝒂𝒎 ! "
𝒃
=! " =
𝒂 𝒂𝒏
Log laws
𝑙𝑜𝑔- (𝑚𝑛) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔- 𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔- 𝑛

Fractional indices and surds 𝑚


𝟏 𝑙𝑜𝑔- = > = 𝑙𝑜𝑔- 𝑚 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔- 𝑛
𝒂 = 𝒎√𝒂
𝟐 𝑛
𝒎 √𝒂 is written √𝒂
𝑙𝑜𝑔- (𝑚7 ) = 𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑔- 𝑚

Practise questions
Examples
Question 1: Simplify the following – leave all your
answers with positive indices 1. Solve. 𝑙𝑜𝑔+ 𝑥 = 5

(a) (4𝑚$() )*
2, = 𝑥
(b) 2𝑝* 𝑞$+ × 5𝑝$* 𝑞$,
32 = 𝑥
-% × -"& × 0 "%
(c)
(- × -"& × 0 % )%
2. Simplify 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 6 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 2
3 '
(d) 𝑦 × 1𝑦
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔() (6 × 2)

Question 2: 3 × √27 = 34 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔() (12)


Find the value of 𝑛

") 3. Simplify 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 6𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑏 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2𝑎


(
Question 3: & can also be expressed in index form as 𝑎 *
5- (
What are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (6𝑎 × 𝑏) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2𝑎

9-0
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 ( +- )
Question 4: 8 √8 can be written in the form 86
Find the value of 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (3𝑏)
Exponentials and logarithms
Further examples Change of base
(
4. Simplify 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 36 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 15 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔() 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔" 𝒚
+
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒂 𝒚 =
( 𝑙𝑜𝑔" 𝒂
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 36+ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 15 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 5+

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 6 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 15 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 25


Examples:
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔() (
9 ×+,
) Find, correct to four significant figures:
(,
𝑙𝑜𝑔$% 5
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝟐 5 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔$% 2
= 1 Type into calculator
≈ 2.322
5. Simplify 3𝑙𝑜𝑔() 𝑎 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔() 𝑏 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔() 5

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 𝑎3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 𝑏+ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 5+ Solve for 𝑥:


+,-' 2& = 7
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔() ( 0%
)

𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔' 7
6. Solve for 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔() (2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 3
Change to base 10
𝑙𝑜𝑔$% 7
2𝑥 + 1 = 3 𝑥=
𝑙𝑜𝑔$% 2
𝑥=1
≈ 2.807
7. Solve for 𝑥 58#( = 7.5
Take logs of both sides Exponential growth
8#( The rabbit population on Kanin Island is doubling every year. A few
𝑙𝑜𝑔() 5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 7.5
years ago, a study estimated that there were 500 rabbits there.
(𝑥 + 1)𝑙𝑜𝑔() 5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔() 7.5 How many years later will the rabbit population be 10,000?

𝑙𝑜𝑔() 7.5 Let P be the rabbit population 𝑛 years after the study
(𝑥 + 1) =
𝑙𝑜𝑔() 5
Then 𝑃 = 500 × 24
𝑥 + 1 = 1.252
Put 𝑃 = 10000, then 10000 = 500 × 24
𝑥 = 0.25
24 = 20

Practise questions 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔+ 20


Exact answer
𝑙𝑜𝑔() 20
=
𝑙𝑜𝑔() 2

≈ 4.3
Correct to 0.1 years

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