Tutorial no -1

Example 1 :Write the following term in Logarithmic form

1
i) 53 = 125 ii) 34 = 81 iii) 70 = 1 iv) 5−2 = 25 v) 0.001 = 10−3

solution :
i) We know if y = ax then x = loga y
 53 = 125 then 3 = log5 125
ii) 34 = 81 then 4 = log3 81
0
iii) 7 =1 then 0 = log7 1

−2 = log5  25
1 1
iv) 5−2 = 25 then
 

Example 2 :write the following in exponential form

i) log3 27 = 3 ii) log3 81 = 4

iii) log(3 2) 18 = 2 iv) log4 ( 161 ) = −2

v) log0.01 0.0001 = 2 vi) log 7 343 = 6

Solution :

i) log3 27 = 3 then 33 = 27
ii) log3 81 = 4 then 34 = 81
2
iii) log(3 2) 18 = 2 then (3 2) = 18

log4 16 = −2
1 1
iv) then 4−2 = 16
 
v) log0.01 0.0001 = 2 then (0.01)2 = 0.0001
6
vi) log( 7) 343 = 6 then ( 7) = 343

Example .3 :Evaluate OR find the value of following

3
i) log81 3 ii) log3 243 iii) log10 1000 vi) log3 81

solution :
i) Let, log81 3 = x (This can be written in index form)
 81x = 3
x
 (34) = 3
 34x = 31 … From indices
 4x = 1
 1
 x=
4

ii) Let log3 243 = x (This can be written in index form)

 3x = 243
 3x = 35 … From indices
X = 5
3
iii) Let log10 1000 = x
3
 10x = 1000
 10x = (1000)1/3
3 1/3
 10x = [(10) ] … (am) n = am  n
 10x = 101 … (From indices)
 x=1
vi) Let log3 81
=log334
= 4log3 3
= 4(1)
=4
Example 4 : Evaluate without using log tables.
i) log5 8
25
log5 7 log 5
II) (625) iii) (12) 2 3 solution :
log5 8 log 8
i) 25 = [(5)2] 5

2
2 log5 8 log5 8
=5 =5
log5 64 loga y
=5 … (a = y)
log5 8
25 = 64
log5 7 log 7
ii) 625 = [(5)4] 5

4 log5 7
=5
log5 74
=5
log5 2401
=5
log5 7
625 = 2401
log 5
[(2 3) ]
log 5 2 2 3
iii (12) 2 3 =
log 5
2 2 3
= (2 3)
 log (5)2
= (2 3) 2 3

log (25)
= (2 3) 2 3

log 5
(12) 2 3 = 25

Example 6 Simplify
i) (log3 4) (log4 81) ii) log2 14 – log2 7

iii) 2 log (1516) + log (2524) – log (2732)

solution
i) Given (log3 4) (log4 81)
log 4 log 81
= log 3 × log 4

log 81 log 34 4 log 3

= log 3 = log 3 = log 3 = 4

ii) log2 14 – log2 7

= log2   = log2 (2) = 1

14
7

iii) 2 log   + log   – log  

16 25 32
15 24 27

= log 152 + log 24 – log 27

16 25 32
     
= log 225 + log 24 + log 32
256 25 27
     
= log 225 × 24 × 32 = log (1) = 0
256 25 27
 

Example7 : Find x if
i) log3 27 = x ii) log3 (x + 4) = 4
2
iii)log2 (x – 6x + 40) = 5
vi) log3 (x + 5) = 4
solution :
i) Given log3 27 = x (This can be written in index form)
 3x = 27
 3x = 33 … From indices
X =3
 ii) Given log3 (x + 4)= 4

 x + 4 = 34
 x + 4 = 81
 x = 81 – 4
 x = 77
vi) Given log2 (x – 6x + 40) = 5
2

 x2 – 6x + 40 = 25
 x2 – 6x + 40 = 32
 x2 – 6x + 40 – 32 = 0
 x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
 (x – 4) (x – 2) = 0
 x–4 = 0 OR x–2=0
 x=4 OR x=2
v) Given log3 (x + 5) = 4
 x + 5 = 34
 x + 5 = 81
 x = 81 – 5
 x = 76
Example 8 Find x if
i) log3 (x – 4) + log3 (x – 2) = 1

log x log 64
ii) log 4 = log 16

iii) Find ‘x’ if log2 [log3 (log2 x)] = 1

vi) log2 x – log2 (x – 1) = 5

solution :
i) Let log3 (x – 4) + log3 (x – 2) =1
 log3 [(x – 4) (x – 2)] = 1
 (x – 4) (x – 2) = 31
 x2 – 2x – 4x + 8 = 3
 x2 – 6x + 8 = 3
 x2 – 6x + 8 – 3 = 0
 x2 – 6x + 5 = 0
 (x – 5 ) (x – 1) = 0
 x–5 = 0 OR x–1=0
 x=5 OR x=1
 log x log 64
ii) Given log 4 = log 16
log 64
 log x =  log 4
log 16
log 64 log 64
=
log (4)
2 log 4 =
2log 4  log 4
1
= 2 log 64

log x = log (64)1/2

log x = log 8
 x=8
iii) Given log2 [log3 (log2 x)] = 1
 log3 (log2 x) = 21
 log3 (log2 x) = 2
 log2 x = 32
 log2 x = 9
 x = 29
 x = 512
vi) Given
log2 x – log2 (x – 1) =5

log2 x – 1
x
=5
 
x
 x–1 = 25
x
 x–1 = 32

 x = 32(x – 1)
 x = 32x – 32
 x – 32x = – 32
 – 31x = – 32
 31x = 32
32
X =31
 Example 9 Prove that,
1 1 1
i) log abc + log abc + log abc = 2
ab bc ac

iii) log qr + log rp  + log pq = 0

p2 q2 r2
     
1 1 1
iv) log 8 + log 8 + log 8 = 3
2 64 4

vi) logy x2  logz y3  logx z4= 24

Solution
1 1 1
i) L.H.S. = + +
logab abc logbc abc logac abc
1 1 1
= + +
log abc log abc log abc
log ab log bc log ac
log ab log bc log ac
= log abc + log abc + log abc
log ab + log bc + log ac
=
log abc
log [ab  bc  ac] log (a2b2c2)
= log abc = log abc
2
log (abc) 2 log (abc)
= = =2
log abc log abc
p  + log q  + log  r 
2 2 2
ii) L.H.S. = log
qr rp pq
p q r 
2 2 2
= log qr  rp  pq
 
pp q  q rr 
log  
 qr rp  pq = log [1] = 0
=

= R.H.S.
1 1 1
iii) L.H.S. = log 8 + log 8 + log 8
2 64 4

1 1 1
= log 8 + log 8 + log 8
log 2 log 64 log 4
log 2 log 64 log 4
= log 8 + log 8 + log 8

log 2 + log 64 + log 4

= log 8
log (2  64  4) log (512) log 83
= log 8 = log 8 = log 8

3 log 8
= log 8 = 3

= R.H.S.
vi) L.H.S. = logy x2  logz y3  logx z4
log x2 log y3 log z4
= log y  log z  log x
2 log x 3 log y 4 log z
= log y  log z  log x = 2  3  4 = 24

= R.H.S.
 Tutorial no 2
 5 3 2 − 1
Example .1 : If A = − 1 1 and B = 3 2 Find 2A − 3B
   

Solution : 2A − 3B = 2 
5 3
− 3 2 − 1
− 1 1 3 2 
6 6 − 3
= 
10
−
− 2 2 9 6 
10 − 6 6 + 3
=
− 2 − 9 2 − 6
2A − 3B = 
4 9 
− 11 − 4

Example.2 : If x = [−13 24] , y = [14 −53] , z = [−78 119]

Show that 3x + y = z

3x + y = 3 
1 2 4 5 
+
− 3 4 1 − 3
solution :

= 
3 6  4 5 
+
− 9 12 1 − 3

= 
3 + 4 6 + 5   7 11
=
− 9 + 1 12 − 3 − 8 9 

Example 3. :If A = 4 7 , B = 4 6 Find 2A + 3B − 4I

2 3 1 3

Where I is the unit matrix of order two.

=2 4 7 + 3 4 6 − 4 0 1

2 3 1 3 1 0
Solution : 2A + 3B − 4I

= 8 14 + 12 18 − 4 0 4

4 6 3 9 4 0

4+3−4 6+9−0 
=
8 + 12 − 0 14 + 18 − 4
= 20 28 Solution
3 15
22

2 3 2 1 2 1
Example 4 : If A = 0 [
−1 5
,B= 0]−1 3 [ ]
Evaluate 3A − 4B

Solution :

=3 0
3 2
− 4 0
2 1 2 1
3A − 4B
− 1 5 − 1 3

= 0
6 9 6  4 8 4 
−
− 3 15 0 − 4 12
6−4 9−8 6−4 
=
0 − 0 − 3 + 4 15 − 12
 3A − 4B = 0 1 3
2 1 2

3 −6 2 3 a b
Example 5 : If 4 [2
+ ] [
−2 1
= c d ] [ ] Find a, b, c, d.

Solution :

3 − 6 +  2 3 = a b
4 2  − 2 1 c d
3 + 2 − 6 + 3 = a b
4 − 2 2 + 1  c d
5 − 3 = a b
2 3  c d
 a = 5, b = − 3, c = 2, d=3

Example 6 : Find the value of x and y satisfying the following equation.

3 1 2
[1y x 0
] [ 4 2 2
] [
2 4 + 4 3 −2 = 6 5 2 ]
Solution :Given matrix equation is
1 x 0 + 3 1 2  = 4 2 2
y 2 4 4 3 − 2 6 5 2

 1 + 3 x + 1 0 + 2 = 4 2 2
y + 4 2 + 3 4 − 2 6 5 2

  4 x + 1 2 =  4 2 2
 y + 4 5 2  6 5 2
By equality of matrices, we get
x+1 =2 and y+4 =6
x =2−1 and y =6−4
 x =1 and y =2

 x 2 − 5 2y + 5 6 − 15
Example 7 : If A =  ,B=  and if 3A = B, Find x and y
3 1 2y   9 3 −6
Given : 3A = B
x 2 − 5 2y + 5 6 − 15
 3 3 1 =
2y   9 3 −6

 3x 6 − 15 = 2y + 5 6 − 15

 9 3 6y   9 3 −6
By equality of matrices, we get
3x = 2y + 5 … (1)
And 6y = − 6 … (2)
−6
 y= 6
  y = −1
Put y = − 1 in equation (1)
3x = 2(− 1) + 5
3x = − 2 + 5
3x = 3
3
x=3

 x=1

3 − 1 1 −1 3 
If A = 2 0  , B = 
Example 8 :
1 – 2 4 5 − 2
Find AB.

Solution : then AB is defined is 3  3

3 − 1 1 − 1 3 R1C1 R1C2 R1C3

AB =  2 0    R C R C R C 
  4 5 − 2 =  2 1 2 2 2 3
1 − 2 R3C1 R3C2 R3C3
3 − 4 – 3 − 5 9 + 2
= 2 + 0 − 2 + 0 6 + 0
 
1 − 8 − 1 − 10 3 + 4
− 1 − 8 11
AB =  2 − 2 6 
 
− 7 − 11 7 
1 − 5
If A =  , B = 0
1 0 
Find the matrix AB − 2I
Example 9 :
6 4  − 1

Solution : AB − 2I= 1 − 5 1 0  − 2 1 0
6 4  0 − 1 0 1

= 6 + 0
1 + 0 0 + 5 2 0
−
0 − 4 0 2
1 5  2 0 1 − 2 5 − 0 
= 6 − =
− 4 0 2 6 − 0 − 4 − 2
−1 5 
AB − 2I = 
6 − 6

4 2 2 6
Example 10 : [ ]
If A = 8 4 and B = [
− 4 − 12 ]
Show that AB is null matrix.

= 8 4 
4 2 2 6 
olution : AB
− 4 − 12
 8 − 8 24 − 24
=
16 − 16 48 − 48
AB = 0 0
0 0

 AB is null matrix.

4 3
Example 11 : [ ]
If A = 2 5 , Find A2 − 9 A + 14 I, Where I is unit matrix.

Solution : A2–9A + 14 I

= 2 5 2 5 − 9 2 5 + 14 0 1

4 3 4 3 4 3 1 0

= 8 + 10 6 + 25  − 18 45 +  0 14

16 + 6 12 + 15 36 27 14 0

= 18 31 − 18 45 +  0 14

22 27 36 27 14 0

=
22 − 36 + 14 27 − 27 + 0 
 18 − 18 + 0 31 − 45 + 14
= 0 0 = Null matrix
0 0

Example 12 : Find x and y if

 1 2 0 1 3 −1   02 
4
 [
2 −1 3 −2 ] [ 
2 −3 4  ]  =
− 1
[xy]
Solution :

 1 2 0 1 3 − 1  2
− 2 2  0  = y
x
4 
 2 − 1 3 −3 4 
− 1
 4 8 0  2 6 − 2  2
 0  = y
x
 − 
 8 − 4 12 4 − 6 8  
− 1
 4 − 2 8 − 6 0 + 2   2
 0  = y
x
  
 8 − 4 − 4 + 6 12 − 8 
− 1
2
 2 2 2  0  = x
4 2 4 y
− 1
 4 + 0 − 2 = x
8 + 0 − 4 y
 2 = x
4 y
x = 2
And y = 4
   3 1   0 2 
[−21] = yz
x
Example 13 If 3 4 0  − 2 − 2 3 
 3 − 3 − 5 4 
Find x, y, z

Solution : Given :
 3 1   0 2  − 1 x

3 4   
−2 3   
−2   2  =  
0 y
 3 − 3 − 5 4  z
  9 3   0 4  − 1 x
 12 0  −  − 4 6   2  = y
  9 − 9 − 10 8  z 
9−0 3−4  −1
12 + 4 0 − 6    = y
x
  2 z 
9 + 10 − 9 − 8
9 −1 −1
16 − 6    = y
x
  2 z 
19 − 17
 −9−2 
− 16 − 12 = y
x

  z 
− 19 − 34
− 11
− 28 = y
x

  z 
− 53
By equality of matrix
x = − 11
y = − 28
z = − 53

Example 14 : Find x and y satisfying the matrix equation

y 3
[13 22] [3x −1 2
7 0 7
] [
= 9 4 13 ]
Solution :

Given 1 2 x y 3=7 0 7 
3 2 3 − 1 2 9 4 13
 x + 6 y − 2 3 + 4=7 0 7 
3x + 6 3y − 2 9 + 4 9 4 13

 x + 6 y − 2 7  = 7 0 7 
3x + 6 3y − 2 13 9 4 13
 By equality of matrix, we have
x+6 =7 and y−2 =0
x =7−6 and y =0+2
x =1 and y =2

 1 3 2 3 0 2  12 xy
Example 15 Find x, y, z if  2 0 1 + 2 1 4 5   = 
 3 1 2 2 1 0  3 z

Solution :

 1 3 2 6 0 4   1 x
 2 0 1 + 2 8 10    = y
2
 3 1 2 4 2 0   3  z
 1 + 6 3 + 0 2 + 4   1 x
 2 + 2 0 + 8 1 + 10  2 = y
 3 + 4 1 + 2 2 + 0   3  z
7 3 6  1 x
4 8 11 2 = y
7 3 2  3  z
 7 + 6 + 18  x
4 + 16 + 33 = y
 7+6+6   z
31 x
   = y
53
19  z
By equality of matrix we have
x = 31
y = 53
z = 19
T T T
(A + B) =A + B

1 3 2 −1
Example 16: [ ]
A = 2 4 and B = 3
2 [ ]
Verify that (A + B)T = AT + BT

SOLUTION :

2 − 1
=2 4 and B = 3
1 3
Given A
2

BT = 
2 3
AT = 3 4
1 2
− 1 2
2 − 1
A + B = 2 4 + 3
1 3
Now consider
2
1 + 2 3 − 1 3 2
= 2 + 2 =
4 + 2 5 6
 Transpose of (A + B) = (A + B)T = 2
3 5
6 … (1)

AT + BT = 3 4 + 
1 2 2 3
−1 2

= 
1 + 2 2 + 3
3 − 1 4 + 2
AT + BT = 2 6
3 5
… (2)
From (1) and (2)
(A + B)T = AT + BT

2 −3 3 −1 2
Example 17 : If A = 1[ 5 ]
and B = 1
0 1 [ ]
then verify that

(AB) = B A

Solution :

2 − 3 3 − 1 2
Given A = 1 and B = 1
5 0 1
 3 1
A =  B = − 1 0
2 1
and
− 3 5  
 2 1
2 − 3 3 − 1 2
AB = 1
5  1 0 1
6 − 3 − 2 + 0 4 − 3
= 
3 + 5 − 1 + 0 2 + 5
3 − 2 1
AB = 8
 − 1 7
3 8
(AB) = − 2 − 1 … (i)
 
1 7
 3 1 2 1  6 − 3 3 + 5 
B  A = − 1 0   − 2 + 0 − 1 + 0
  − 3 5 =  
 2 1  4−3 2+5 
3 8
B  A = − 2 − 1 … (ii)
1 7
From (i) and (ii) we get
(AB) = B  A

Example 18 If A = [−12 −− 13] , B = [12 0 1

−1 3 ] Verify that (AB) = B  A

Solution :

Given A =
 1 − 3 and B = 1 0 1
− 2 − 1 2 − 1 3
 1 − 2 1 2 
A =  0 − 1
− 3 − 1 and B = 1 
3
1 − 3 1 0 1
AB = 
− 2 − 1 2 − 1 3
AB =
 1 − 6 0 + 3 1 − 9  = − 5 3 − 8
− 2 − 2 0 + 1 − 2 − 3 − 4 1 − 5
− 5 − 4
(AB) =  3 1 … (i)
 
− 8 − 5
1 2   1 − 2
B  A = 0 − 1
  − 3 − 1
1 3
1 − 6 − 2 − 2
B  A = 0 + 3 0 + 1 
 
1 − 9 − 2 − 3
− 5 − 4
 B  A =  3 1 … (ii)
 
− 8 − 5
From (i) and (ii)
(AB) = BA

2 3 −1 − 3 7
Example 19 : [
If A = 1 0
4] B = − 5 6 then show that (AB) = B  A
− 4 4

Solution :

2 3 − 1 − 3 7
Given A = 1 0 B = − 5 6
4  
− 4 4
 2 1 − 3 − 5 − 4
A =  3 0 B = 
  7 6 4 
− 1 4
Now consider,
− 3 7
2 3 − 1  − 6 − 15 + 4 14 + 18 − 4

AB = 1 0 − 5 6 = 
4   − 3 + 0 − 16 7 + 0 + 16 
− 4 4
− 17 28
AB = 
− 19 23
− 17 − 19
(AB) =  … (1)
28 23 
− 3 − 5 − 4 
2 1

B  A =  3 0
7 6 4  
− 1 4
=
− 6 − 15 + 4 − 3 + 0 − 16
 14 + 18 − 4 7 + 0 + 16 
 − 17 − 19
B  A =  … (2)
28 23 
From (1) and (2)
(AB) = B  A
|AB| = |A|  |B|

1 4
Example 20 : [ ]
Prove that the matrix 6 9 is non singular matrix.

Given A= 1 4
Solution :
6 9
|A| = 
1 4
6 9 = 9 − 24 = − 15
|A|  0
 A is non-singular matrix

1 2 2 1
Example 21: [ ] [ ]
If A = 3 4 , B = 0 3 Show that AB is non-singular matrix.

Given A = 1 2 B = 2 1
Solution :
3 4 0 3

AB = 3 4 0 3 = 6 + 0 3 + 12

1 2 2 1 2+0 1+6

AB = 6 15
2 7

|AB| = 
2 7
6 15 = 30 − 42
|AB| = − 12  0
 AB is non-singular matrix

−2 0 1 02 31
Example 22 : If A = [ ,]B =   Show that the matrix AB is non-singular. 
1 2 3 1 1
MSBTE : Winter 2010

− 2 0 1 B = 2 3
0 1
Solution : Given A =  1 2 3 1 1
− 2 0 1 
0 1

AB =  2 3
1 2 3
1 1
0 + 0 + 1 − 2 + 0 + 1 1 − 1
AB = 0 + 4 + 3 =
1 + 6 + 3  7 10 
1 − 1
|AB| = 
7 10  = 10 + 7
|AB| = 17  0
 AB is a non-singular matrix.
 Tutorial no 3
6 5
Example 1 : [ ]
If A = 2 1 , Find adj A

soluion :

A = 2
6 5
1

A=
6 5
2 1 = 6 − 10 = − 4  0
|A| = − 4  0
 A is non-singular
C11 = Cofactor of a11
C11 = 1
C12 = Co-factor of a12
C12 = − 2
C21 = Co-factor of a21
C21 = − 5
C22 = Co-factor of a22
C22 = 6
𝐶 𝐶12 1 −2
Co-factor of matrix = [ 11 ]=[ ]
𝐶21 𝐶22 −5 6
adj A = Transpose of cofactor of matrix
1 − 5
adj A = 
−2 6 

 1 0 − 1
Example 2 : Find adjoint of matrix of A. If A = 3 4 5 
0 − 6 − 7
Solution :

1 0 − 1 a11 a12 a13

A = 3 4 5  = a21 a22 a23
   
0 − 6 − 7 a31 a32 a33
1 0 − 1 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = 3 4 5  = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
     
0 − 6 − 7 a31 a32 a33 + − +

C11 = Cofactor of a11 = +

4 5 
− 6 − 7 = + (− 28 + 30) = 2
C12 = Co-factor of a12= −
3 5
0 − 7 = – (– 21 – 0) =– (– 21) = 21
 +
3 4
C13= Co-factor of a13 0 = + (− 18 − 0) = − 18
=
− 6

C21 = Co-factor of a21 = −

 0 − 1 = − (0 − 6) = 6
− 6 − 7
1 − 1 = + (− 7 − 0) = − 7
C22 = Co-factor of a22 = + 0
 − 7
C23 = Co-factor of a23 = –
1 0
0 − 6 = − (− 6 + 0) = 6
0 − 1
C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +
4 5  = + (0 + 4) = 4
1 − 1
C32 = Co-factor of a32 = −
3 5  = − (5 + 3) = − 8
C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +
1 0
3 4 = + (4 – 0) = 4
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 2 21 −18
Co-factor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [6 −7 6 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 4 −8 4
adj A = Transpose of co-factor matrix
 2 6 4 
=  21 − 7 − 8
 
− 18 6 4 

2 − 1 − 3
Example 3: Find adjoint of the matrix A. If A = 3 − 4 − 2
5 2 4 

Solution :

2 − 1 − 3 a11 a12 a13

Given : A = 3 − 4 − 2 = a21 a22 a23
   
5 2 4  a31 a32 a33
2 − 1 − 3 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = 3 − 4 − 2 = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
     
5 2 4  a31 a32 a33 + − +
− 4 − 2
C11 = Co-factor of a11 = +
 = + (− 16 + 4) = − 12
2 4
3 − 2
C12 = Co-factor of a12 = −
5 4  = − (12 + 10) = − 22
3 − 4
C13 = Co-factor of a13 = +
5 2  = 6 + 20 = 26
− 1 − 3
C21 = Co-factor of a21 = −
 2 4  = − (− 4 + 6) = − 2
2 − 3
C22 = Co-factor of a22 = +
5 4  = 8 + 15 = 23
 2 − 1
C23 = Co-factor of a23 = −
5 2  = − (4 + 5) = − 9

C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +

− 1 − 3 = + (2 − 12) = − 10
− 4 − 2
2 − 3 = − (– 4 + 9) = − 5
C32 = Co-factor of a32 = − 3
 − 2
2 − 1 = + (− 8 + 3) = − 5
C33 = Co-factor of a33 = + 3
 − 4
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 −12 −22 26
Co-factor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [ −2 23 −9]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 −10 −5 −5
adj (A) = Transpose of co-factor of matrix
− 12 − 2 − 10
= − 22 23 − 5 
 
 26 − 9 − 5 

 1 2 0
Example 4 : If A = − 1 3 4 , Find adj A
− 2 5 6 

Solution :

 1 2 0 a11 a12 a13

Given : A = − 1 3 4 = a21 a22 a23
   
− 2 5 6 a31 a32 a33
 1 2 0 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = − 1 3 4 = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
     
− 2 5 6 a31 a32 a33 + − +

C11 = Co-factor of a11 = +

3 4
5 6 = + (18 − 20) = − 2

C12 = Co-factor of a12 = −

− 1 4 = − (− 6 + 8) = − 2
− 2 6

C13 = Co-factor of a13 = +

− 1 3 = + (− 5 + 6) = 1
− 2 5
C21 = Co-factor of a21 = −
2 0
5 6 = − (12 − 0) = − 12
C22 = Co-factor of a22 = +
1 0
− 2 6 = + (6 − 0) = 6
C23 = Co-factor of a23 = −
1 2
− 2 5 = − (5 + 4) = − 9
C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +
2 0
3 4 = + (8 − 0) = 8
C32 = Co-factor of a32 = −
1 0
− 1 4 = − (4 − 0) = − 4
C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +
1 2
− 1 3 = + (3 + 2) = 5
 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 −2 −2 1
Co-factor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [−12 6 −9]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 8 −4 5
adj A=Transpose of co-factor of matrix
− 2 − 12 8 
adj A = − 2 6 − 4
 
 1 −9 5 

4 3
Example5 : [ ]
If A = 3 2 , Find A−1 by Adjoint method :

Given A= 4 3 = a11 a12

Solution :
3 2 a21 a22
4 3 a11 a12 + −
|A| = 
3 2 = a21 a22 = − +
= 8−9=−10
A is non-singular matrix.  A−1 is exists
C11 = Co-factor of a11 = + 2
C12 = Co-factor of a12 = − 3
C21 = Co-factor of a21 = − 3
C22 = Co-factor of a22 = + 4
𝐶 𝐶12 2 −3
Co-factor of matrix = = [ 11 ]=[ ]
𝐶21 𝐶22 −3 4
2 − 3
adj A = 
−3 4 
1 1  2 − 3 − 2 3 
A−1 = |A| adj A = =
− 1 − 3 4   3 − 4

 1 2 − 2
Example 6 : Find the inverse of the matrix A = − 1 3 0  By using adjoint matrix.
 0 −2 1 

Solution :

 1 2 − 2 a11 a12 a13

Given A = − 1 3 0  = a21 a22 a23
   
 0 − 2 1  a31 a32 a33
 1 2 − 2 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = − 1 3 0  = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
     
 0 − 2 1  a31 a32 a33 + − +
= 1(3 − 0) − 2(− 1 − 0) − 2(2 − 0)
= 1(3) − 2(− 1) − 2(2) = 3 + 2 − 4
= 10
 A is non-singular matrix  A−1 is exists
 C11 = Co-factor of a11 = +
3 0
− 2 1 = + (3 − 0) = 3
− 1 0
C12 = Co-factor of a12 = −
 0 1 = − (− 1 − 0) = 1
−1 3 
C13 = Co-factor of a13 = +
 0 − 2 = + (+ 2 − 0) = + 2
2 − 2
C21 = Co-factor of a21 = −
− 2 1  = − (2 − 4) = 2
1 − 2
C22 = Co-factor of a22 = +
0 1  = + (1 − 0) = 1
C23 = Co-factor of a23 = −
1 2 
0 − 2 = − (− 2 − 0) = 2
2 − 2
C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +
3 0  = + (0 + 6) = 6
1 − 2
C32 = Co-factor of a32 = −
− 1 0  = − (0 − 2) = 2
C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +
1 2
− 1 3 = + (3 + 2) = 5
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 3 1 2
Cofactor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [2 1 2]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 6 2 5
adj A = Transpose of co-factor matrix
3 2 6
adj A = 1 1 2
2 2 5
1
A−1 = |A|  adj A

1
3 2 6
= 1 1 2
1
2 2 5
3 2 6
−1
A = 1 1 2
2 2 5

2 − 1 0
Example 7 : Find A−1 by adjoint method if A = 1 0 4
1 − 1 1

Solution :

2 − 1 0 a11 a12 a13

Given A = 1 0 4 = a21 a22 a23
   
1 − 1 1 a31 a32 a33
2 − 1 0 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = 1 0 4 = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
     
1 − 1 1 a31 a32 a33 + − +
= 2(0 + 4) + 1(1 − 4) + 0
 = 2(4) + 1(− 3) = 8 − 3 = 5  0
 A is non-singular matrix  A−1 is exists

Co-factor of a11 = +
0 4
C11 = − 1 1 = + (0 + 4) = 4
Co-factor of a12 = −
1 4
C12 = 1 1 = − (1 − 4) = 3
Co-factor of a13 = +
1 0
C13 = 1 − 1 = + (− 1 − 0) = − 1
− 1 0
Co-factor of a21 = −
C21 =
− 1 1 = − (– 1 − 0) = + 1
Co-factor of a22 = +
2 0
C22 = 1 1 = + (2 − 0) = 2
C23 =
2 − 1 = − (− 2 + 1) = 1
Co-factor of a23 = − 1
 − 1
− 1 0
C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +
 0 4 = + (− 4 + 0) = − 4
Co-factor of a32 = −
2 0
C32 = 1 4 = − (8 − 0) = − 8
2 − 1
C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +
1 0  = + (0 + 1) = 1
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 4 3 −1
Co-factor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [ 1 2 1]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 −4 −8 1
adj A = Transpose of co-factor matrix
 4 + 1 − 4
adj A =  3 2 − 8
 
− 1 1 1 
1
A−1 =  adj A
|A|
4 1 − 4
1
A−1 = 5  3 2 − 8
 
− 1 1 1 

 1 2 4
Example 8 : Find inverse of the matrix A = − 1 2 3 using adjoint method.
 1 4 1

Solution :

 1 2 4 a11 a12 a13

Given A = − 1 2 3 = a21 a22 a23
   
 1 4 1 a31 a32 a33
  1 2 4 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = − 1 2 3 = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
     
 1 4 1 a31 a32 a33 + − +
= 1(2 − 12) − 2(− 1 − 3) + 4(− 4 − 2)
= 1(− 10) − 2(− 4) + 4(− 6)
= − 10 + 8 − 24 = − 26  0

= Co-factor of a11 = +
2 3
C11 4 1 = + (2 − 12) = − 10
− 1 3
C12 = Co-factor of a12 = −
 = − (− 1 − 3) = 4
1 1
− 1 2
C13 = Co-factor of a13 = +
 = + (− 4 − 2) = − 6
1 4

Co-factor of a21 = −
2 4
C21 = 4 1 = − (2 − 16) = 14

Co-factor of a22 = +
1 4
C22 = 1 1 = + (1 − 4) = − 3

Co-factor of a23 = −
1 2
C23 = 1 4 = – (4 − 2) = − 2

Co-factor of a31 = +
2 4
C31 = 2 3 = + (6 − 8) = − 2

Co-factor of a32 = −
1 4
C32 = − 1 3 = − (3 + 4) = − 7

C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +

1 2
− 1 2 = + (2 + 2) = 4
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 −10 4 −6
Co-factor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [ 14 −3 −2]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 −2 −7 4
adj A = Transpose of co-factor of matrix
− 10 14 − 2
=  4 − 3 − 7
 
−6 −2 4 
1
A−1 = |A|  adj A

− 10 14 − 2
1 
= 4 − 3 − 7
− 26  
−6 −2 4 
 Example 9 : Solve the equations using matrix method
x + 3y + 2z = 6
3x − 2y + 5z = 5
2x − 3y + 6z = 7

Solution : The given equations are

x + 3y + 2z = 6
3x − 2y + 5z = 5
2x − 3y + 6z = 7
This equations can be written in matrix form
AX = B
1 3 2 x 6
3 − 2 5 y = 5
  z  7
2 − 3 6
1 3 2 x 6
Where A = 3 − 2 5 , X = y , B = 5
  z  7
2 − 3 6
First we find A−1
1 3 2 a11 a12 a13
A = 3 − 2 5 = a21 a22 a23
   
2 − 3 6 a31 a32 a33
1 3 2 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = 3 − 2 5 = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
     
2 − 3 6 a31 a32 a33 + − +
= 1(− 12 + 15) − 3(18 − 10) + 2(− 9 + 4)
= 1(3) − 3(8) + 2(− 5) = 3 − 24 − 10
= − 31  0
 A is non singular matrix.  A−1 exists
− 2 5
C11 = Co-factor of a11 = +
− 3 6 = + (− 12 + 15) = 3

C12 = Co-factor of a12 = −

3 5
2 6 = − (18 − 10) = − 8
3 − 2
C13 = Co-factor of a13 = +2
 − 3 = + (− 9 + 4) = − 5

C21 = Co-factor of a21 = −

3 2
 = − (18 + 6) = − 24
− 3 6

C22 = Co-factor of a22 = +

1 2
2 6 = + (6 − 4) = 2

C23 = Co-factor of a23 = −

1 3 
2 − 3 = − (− 3 − 6) = 9
 C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +
3 2
− 2 5 = + (15 + 4) = 19

C32 = Co-factor of a32 = −

1 2
3 5 = − (5 − 6) = 1

C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +

1 3
3 = + (− 2 − 9) = − 11
− 2
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 3 −8 −5
Co-factor of matrix= [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [−24 2 9 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 19 1 −11

adj A = Transpose of co-factor matrix

 3 − 24 19 
adj A = − 8 2 1 
 
− 5 9 − 11
1
A−1 = |A|  adj A

3 − 24 19 
− 1 
= 31 − 8 2 1 
 
− 5 9 − 11

X = A−1  B

x − 1  3 − 24 19  6
y = 31 − 8 2 1
 5
z  − 5 9 − 11 7
x − 1 18 − 120 + 133
y = 31  − 48 + 10 + 7 
z   − 30 + 45 − 77 
x − 1  31 
y = 31 − 31
z  − 62
x=−1
x − 1
y =  1  By equality of matrix y=1
z   2 
z=2

Exmple 10 : Using matrix inversion method solve the equations.

x + y + z = 3; x + 2y + 3z = 4; x + 4y + 9z = 6

Solution : The given equations are

x+y+z = 3
x + 2y + 3z = 4
x + 4y + 9z = 6
 This equations can be written in matrix form
AX = B
1 1 1 x 3
1 2 3 y = 4
1 4 9 z 6
1 1 1 x 3
Where A = 1 2 3 , X = y , B = 4
1 4 9  z 6
First we find A−1
1 1 1 a11 a12 a13
A = 1 2 3 = a21 a22 a23
1 4 9 a31 a32 a33
1 1 1 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = 1 2 3 = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
1 4 9 a31 a32 a33 + − +
= 1(18 − 12) − 1(9 − 3) + 1(4 − 2)
= 1(6) − 1(6) + 1(2) = 6 − 6 + 2 = 2  0
 A is non-singular matrix.  A−1 exists

c11 = Co-factor of a11 = +

2 3
4 9 = + (18 − 12) = 6
C12 = Co-factor of a12 = −
1 3
1 9 = − (9 − 3) = − 6
C13 = Co-factor of a13 = +
1 2
1 4 = + (4 − 2) = 2
C21 = Co-factor of a21 = −
1 1
4 9 = − (9 − 4) = − 5
C22 = Co-factor of a22 = +
1 1
1 9 = + (9 − 1) = 8
C23 = Co-factor of a23 = −
1 1
1 4 = − (4 − 1) = − 3
C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +
1 1
2 3 = + (3 − 2) = 1
C32 = Co-factor of a32 = −
1 1
1 3 = − (3 − 1) = − 2
C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +
1 1
1 2 = + (2 − 1) = 1
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 6 −6 2
Co-factor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [−5 8 −3]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 1 −2 1
adj A = Transpose of co-factor of matrix
 6 −5 1 
adj A = − 6 8 − 2
 
 2 −3 1 
 6 −5 1 
1 
= |A|  adj A = 2 − 6 8 − 2
−1 1
A
 
 2 −3 1 
X = A−1 B
x 1  6 − 5 1  3
y = 2 − 6 8 − 2 4
z   2 − 3 1  6
18 − 20 + 6 
1  1  x 2
4

= 2 − 18 + 32 − 12 = 2 2  y = 1
  0 z  0
 6 − 12 + 6 
By equality of matrix,
x = 2, y = 1, z=0

Example 11 : Solve by matrix method the set of equations.

x+y+z=2; y+z=1; z+x=3

Solution : x+y+z = 2
y+z = 1
x+z = 3
This equations can be written in matrix form
AX = B
1 1 1 x 2
0 1 1 y = 1
1 0 1 z 3
1 1 1 x 2
Where A = 0 1 1 and X = y , B = 1
1 0 1 z  3
First we find A−1
1 1 1 a11 a12 a13
A = 0 1 1 = a21 a22 a23
1 0 1 a31 a32 a33
1 1 1 a11 a12 a13 + − +
|A| = 0 1 1 = a21 a22 a23 = − + −
1 0 1 a31 a32 a33 + − +
= 1(1 − 0) − 1(0 − 1) + 1(0 − 1)
= 1(1) − 1(− 1) + 1(− 1) = 1 + 1 − 1 = 1  0
 A is non-singular matrix.  A−1 exists

C11 = Co-factor of a11 = +

1 1
0 1 = + (1 − 0) = 1
C12 = Co-factor of a12 = −
0 1
1 1 = − (0 − 1) = 1
 C13 = Co-factor of a13 = +
0 1
1 0 = + (0 − 1) = − 1
C21 = Co-factor of a21 = −
1 1
0 1 = − (1 − 0) = − 1
C22 = Co-factor of a22 = +
1 1
1 1 = + (1 − 1) = 0
C23 = Co-factor of a23 = −
1 1
1 0 = − (0 − 1) = 1
C31 = Co-factor of a31 = +
1 1
1 1 = + (1 − 1) = 0
C32 = Co-factor of a32 = −
1 1
0 1 = − (1 − 0) = − 1
C33 = Co-factor of a33 = +
1 1
0 1 = + (1 − 0) = 1
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 1 1 −1
Co-factor of matrix = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] -= [−1 0 1]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 0 −1 1
adj A = Transpose of co-factor of matrix
 1 −1 0 
=1 0 − 1
 
− 1 1 1 
1
A−1 =  adj A
|A|
1 −1 0   1 −1 0 
1
= 1 1 0 − 1 =  1 0 − 1
   
− 1 1 1  − 1 1 1 
X = A−1 B
x  1 − 1 0  2
y =  1 0 − 1 1
z  − 1 1 1  3
x  2 − 1 + 0  x  1 
y =  2 + 0 − 3   y = − 1
z  − 2 + 1 + 3 z   2 
By equality of matrix,
x = 1, y = − 1, z=2
 TUTORIAL NO 4
x−2
Example .1 : Resolve into partial fractions
x(x − 1)

x−2
Solution : Given is a proper fraction. Here factors of denominator are linear and unequal.
x(x − 1)
x−2 A B
 = + … (1)
x(x − 1) x (x − 1)
x−2 A(x − 1) + B(x)
 =
x(x − 1) x(x − 1)
Comparing numerators
 x − 2 = A(x − 1) + B(x) … (2)
To find A, Put x = 0 in equation (2), we get
0 − 2 = A(0 − 1) + B(0)
 − 2 = A(− 1)
 −2 = −A
 A=2
To find B, Put x = 1 in equation (2), we get
1 − 2 = A(0) + B(1)
 −1 = B
 B = −1
Putting the value of A and B in equation (1)
x–2 2 1
= −
x(x − 1) x (x − 1)
1
Example 2 : Resolve into partial fractions
x2 − 1

1
Solution : Given fraction is a proper fraction.
x −1
2

1 1
 =
x2 − 1 (x − 1) (x + 1)
∵ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
Here the factors of denominator are linear and unequal.
1 A B
Let = + (x + 1) … (1)
(x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1)
1 A(x + 1) + B(x − 1)
=
(x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1) (x + 1)
Comparing numerators
 1 = A(x − 1) + B(x − 1) … (2)
 To find A, Put x = 1 in equation (2), we get
1 = A(1 + 1) + B(0)
 1 = A(2)
1
 A=2

To find B, Put x = − 1 in equation (2), we get

1 = A(0) + B(− 1 − 1)
 − 1 = B(− 2)
−1
 B= 2

Putting the value of A and B in equation (1)

1 1/2 1/2
= − (x + 1)
x − 1 (x − 1)
2

1 1 1
 = −
x2 − 1 2(x − 1) 2(x + 1)

x2 + 1
Example 3 : Resolve into partial fractions
x(x2 − 1)

x2 + 1
Solution : Given fraction is a proper fraction.
x(x2 − 1)
Here the factors of denominator are linear and unequal.
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
=
x(x − 1) x(x + 1) (x − 1)
2

∵ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
x2 + 1 A B C
Let = + − … (1)
x(x + 1) (x − 1) (x) (x + 1) (x − 1)
x2 + 1 A(x + 1) (x − 1) + B(x) (x − 1) + C(x) (x + 1)
 =
x(x + 1) (x − 1) x(x + 1) (x − 1)
Comparing numerators
 x2 + 1 = A(x + 1) (x − 1) + B(x) (x − 1) + C(x) (x + 1) … (2)
To find A, Put x = 0 in equation (2), we get
02 + 1 = A(0 + 1) (0 − 1) + B(0) + C(0)
 1 = A(1) (− 1)
 1 = A(− 1)
 1 = −A
 A = −1
 To find B, Put x = −1 in equation (2), we get
(− 1)2 + 1 = A(0) + B(− 1) (− 1 − 1) + C(0)
 1 + 1 = B(− 1) (− 2)
 2 = B(2)
 B = 2/2
 B=1
To find C, Put x = 1 in equation (2), we get
(1)2 + 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(1) (1 + 1)
 1 + 1 = C(1) (2)
 2 = C(2)
 C = 2/2
 C=1
Putting the value of A, B, C in equation (1)
x2 + 1 −1 1 1
= x + (x + 1) +
x(x − 1)
2
(x − 1)

x−5
Example 4 : Resolve into partial fractions
x3 + x2 − 6x

x−5
Solution : Given fraction is a proper fraction.
x + x2 − 6x
3

Here the factors of denominator are linear and unequal.

x−5 x−5 x−5
= =
x3 + x2 − 6x x(x2 + x − 6) x(x + 3) (x − 2)
x−5 A B C
Let = + + … (1)
x(x + 3) (x − 2) (x) (x + 3) (x − 2)
x−5 A(x + 3) (x − 2) + B(x) (x − 2) + C(x) (x + 3)
 =
x(x + 3) (x − 2) x(x + 3) (x − 2)
Comparing numerators
 x − 5 = A(x + 3) (x − 2) + B(x) (x − 2) + C(x) (x + 3) … (2)
To find A, Put x = 0 in equation (2), we get
0 − 5 = A(0 + 3) (0 − 2) + B(0) + C(0)
 − 5 = A(3) (− 2)
 − 5 = A(− 6)
 − 5 = − 6A  5 = 6A
5
 A=
6
To find B, Put x = −3 in equation (2), we get
 − 3 − 5 = A(0) + B(− 3) (− 3 − 2) + C(0)
 − 8 = B(− 3) (− 5)
 − 8 = B(15)
−8
 B = 15

To find C, Put x = 2 in equation (2), we get

2 − 5 = A(0) + B(0) + C(2) (2 + 3)
 − 3 = C(2) (5)
 − 3 = C(10)
−3
 C = 10

Putting the value of A, B, C in equation (1)

x−5 5/6 − 8/15 − 3/10
= x + (x + 3) +
x + x − 6x
2 2
(x − 2)
x−5 5 8 3
 = 6x − 15(x + 3) −
x + x − 6x
3 2
10(x − 2)

tan  + 1
Example 5 : Resolve into partial fractions
(tan  + 2) (tan  + 3)

tan  + 1
Solution : Given
(tan  + 2) (tan  + 3)
t+1
Put tan  = t then
(t + 2) (t + 3)
t+1
Now (t + 2) (t + 3) is a proper fraction. Here factors of denominator are linear and unequal.
t+1 A B
Let, (t + 2) (t + 3) = (t + 2) + (t + 3) … (1)
t+1 A(t + 3) + B(t + 2)
 (t + 2) (t + 3) = (t + 2) (t + 3)
Comparing numerators,
t + 1 = A(t + 3) + B(t + 2) … (2)
To find A, Put t = − 2 in equation (2), we get
− 2 + 1 = A(− 2 + 3) + B(0)
 − 1 = A(1)
 −1 = A
 A = −1
To find B, Put t = − 3 in equation (2), we get
 − 3 + 1 = A(0) + B(− 3 + 2)
 − 2 = B(− 1)
 −2 = −B
 B=2
Putting the value of A and B in equation (1)
t+1 −1 2
(t + 2) (t + 3) = (t + 2) + (t + 3)
But t = tan 
tan  + 1 −1 2
= +
(tan  + 2) (tan  + 3) (tan  + 2) (tan  + 3)

sin  + 1
Example 6 : Resolve into partial fractions
(sin  + 2) (sin  + 3)

sin  + 1
Solution : Given fraction
(sin  + 2) (sin  + 3)
t+1
Put sin  = t then (t + 2) (t + 3)
t+1
Now (t + 2) (t + 3) is a proper fraction. Here factors of denominator are linear and unequal.
t+1 A B
Let, = + … (1)
(t + 2) (t + 3) (t + 2) (t + 3)
t+1 A(t + 3) + B(t + 2)
 =
(t + 2) (t + 3) (t + 2) (t + 3)
Comparing numerators,
 t + 1 = A(t + 3) + B(t + 2) … (2)
To find A, Put t = − 2 in equation (2), we get
− 2 + 1 = A(− 2 + 3) + B(0)
 − 1 = A(1)
 A = −1
To find B, Put t = − 3 in equation (2), we get
− 3 + 1 = A(0) + B(− 3 + 2)
 − 2 = B(− 1)
 −2 = −B
 B=2
Putting the value of A and B in equation (1)
t+1 −1 2
(t + 2) (t + 3) = (t + 2) + (t + 3)
But t = sin 
 sin  + 1 −1 2
 = +
(sin  + 2) (sin  + 3) (sin  + 2) (sin  + 3)

ex
Example 7 : Resolve into partial fractions
e + 4ex + 3
2x

ex
Solution : Given [e2x = (ex)2 = t2]
e2x + 4ex + 3
t
Put ex = t then 2
t + 4t + 3
t
Now 2 is a proper fraction. Here factors of denominator are linear and unequal.
t + 4t + 3
t t
2 =
t + 4t + 3 (t + 3) (t + 1)
t A B
Let, = + … (1)
(t + 3) (t + 1) (t + 3) (t + 1)
t A(t + 1) + B(t + 3)
 (t + 3) (t + 1) = (t + 3) (t + 1)
Comparing numerators,
 t = A(t + 1) + B(t + 3) … (2)
To find A, Put t = − 3 in equation (2), we get
− 3 = A(− 3 + 1) + B(0)
 − 3 = A(− 2)
 − 3 = − 2A
 3 = 2A
3
 A=2

To find B, Put t = − 1 in equation (2), we get

− 1 = A(0) + B(− 1 + 3)
 − 1 = B(2)
−1
 B= 2

Putting the value of A and B in equation (1)

t 3/2 − 1/2
= +
(t + 3) (t + 1) (t + 3) (t + 1)
But t = ex
ex 3 1
 = −
(e + 3) (ex + 1) 2(ex + 3) 2(ex + 1)
x
 2x + 3
Example 8 : Resolve into partial fractions
x2(x − 1)
2x + 3
Solution : Given fraction is a proper fraction.
(x – 1)x2
Here factor (x − 1) is non repeated linear, so we write one constant ‘A’ for it and x is repeated linear, it
is repeated twice so we write two constant ‘B’ and ‘C’ for it.
2x + 3 A B C
Let, 2 = +x+ 2 … (1)
(x − 1)x (x − 1) x
2x + 3 A(x)2 + B(x) (x − 1) + C(x − 1)
=
(x − 1)x2 (x − 1)x2
Comparing numerators
 2x + 3 = A(x)2 + B(x) (x − 1) + C(x − 1) … (2)
To find A, Put x = 1 in equation (2), we get
 2(1) + 3 = A(1)2 + B(0) + C(0)
 2 + 3 = A(1)
 5=A
 A=5
To find C, Put x = 0 in equation (2), we get
2(0) + 3 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0 − 1)
 0 + 3 = C(− 1)
 3 = −C
 C = −3
To find B, Put x = 2 in equation (2), we get
2(2) + 3 = A(2)2 + B(2) (2 − 1) + C(2 − 1)
 4 + 3 = A(4) + B(2) (1) + C(1)
 7 = A(4) + B(2) + C(1)
 7 = 5(4) + B(2) − 3(1)
 7 = 20 + B(2) − 3
 7 = 17 + B(2)
 7 − 17 = B(2)
 − 10 = B(2)
− 10
 B= 2

 B = −5
Putting the value of A, B, C in equation (1),
2x + 3 5 5 3
= − −
(x − 1)x2 (x − 1) x x2
 x2 + x + 1
Example 9 : Resolve into partial fractions
(x − 2) (x2 − 4)

x2 + x + 1
Solution : Given fraction is a proper fraction.
(x − 2) (x2 − 4)
x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1
= (a2 – b2) = (a + b) (a – b)
(x − 2) (x2 − 4) (x − 2) (x − 2) (x + 2)
x2 + x + 1
=
(x + 2) (x − 2)2
Here factor (x + 2) is non-repeated linear, so we write one constant A for it and (x − 2) is repeated linear,
it is repeated twice so we write two constant B and C for it.
x2 + x + 1 A B C
Let, 2 = + + … (1)
(x + 2) (x − 2) (x + 2) (x − 2) (x − 2)2
x2 + x + 1 A(x − 2)2 + B(x + 2) (x − 2) + C(x + 2)
2 =
(x + 2) (x − 2) (x + 2) (x − 2)2
Comparing numerators
x2 + x + 1 = A(x − 2)2 + B(x + 2) (x − 2) + C(x + 2) … (2)
To find A, Put x = − 2 in equation (2), we get
 (− 2)2 + (− 2) + 1 = A(− 2 − 2)2 + B(0) + C(0)
 4 − 2 + 1 = A(− 4)2
 3 = A(16)
3
 A = 16

To find C, Put x = 2 in equation (2), we get

(2)2 + 2 + 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(2 + 2)
 4 + 2 + 1 = C(4)
 7 = C(4)
7
 C=4

To find B, Put x = 0 in equation (2), we get

02 + 0 + 1 = A(0 − 2)2 + B(0 + 2) (0 − 2) + C(0 + 2)
 0 + 0 + 1 = A(− 2)2 + B(2) (− 2) + C(2)
 1 = A(4) + B(− 4) + C(2)
3 7
 1 = 16 (4) + B(− 4) + 4 (2)
3 7
 1 = 4 + 2 + B(− 4)
17
 1 = 4 + B(− 4)
 17
 1 − 4 = B(− 4)

− 13
 4 = B(− 4)
13 13
 4 = B(4)  =B
44
13
 B = 16

Putting the value of A, B, C in equation (1), we get

x2 + x + 1 3/16 13/16 7/4
= + +
(x + 2) (x − 2)2 (x + 2) (x − 2) (x − 2)2
x2 + x + 1 3 13 7
= + +
(x + 2) (x − 2)2 16(x + 2) 16(x − 2) 4(x − 2)2

x2 + 23x
Example 10 Resolve into partial fractions
(x + 3) (x2 + 1)

x2 + 23x
Solution : Given fraction is a proper fraction.
(x + 3) (x2 + 1)
x2 + 23x A (Bx + C)
Let, 2 = (x + 3) + 2 … (1)
(x + 3) (x + 1) (x + 1)
x2 + 23x A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 3)
 2 =
(x + 3) (x + 1) (x + 3) (x2 + 1)
Comparing numerators
 x2 + 23x = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 3) … (2)
Given fraction
x2 + 23x A (Bx + C)
2 = (x + 3) + 2 … (1)
(x + 3) (x + 1) (x + 1)
x2 + 23x A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 3)
 2 =
(x + 3) (x + 1) (x + 3) (x2 + 1)
Comparing numerator’s
 x2 + 23x = A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 3) …(2)
Put x = – 3 in equation (2)
(– 3)2 + 23 (– 3) = A ((– 3)2 + 1)
9 – 69 = A (9 + 1)
– 60 = A (10)
 A = –6
Put x = 0, A = – 6 in equation (2), we get
02 + 23(0) = – 6 (02 + 1) + (B (0) + C) (0 + 3)
0 = – 6 (1) + (C) (3)
 0 = – 6 + 3C
6
C=3

C=2
Put x = 1, A = – 6 and C = 2 in equation (1), we get
(1)2 + 23(1) = – 6 ((1)2 + 1) + (B(1) + 2) (1 + 3)
1 + 23 = – 6(2) + (B + 2) (4)
24 = – 12 + 4B + 8
24 = – 4 + 4B
24 + 4 = 4B
28 = 4B
28
 B=
4
B=7
Putting the value of A, B, C in equation (1)
x2 + 23x –6 (7x + 2)
2 = + 2
(x + 3) (x + 23x) (x + 3) (x + 1)

3x − 2
Example 11 Resolve in to partial fraction
( x + 2)( x 2 + 4)
3x − 2
solution consider given fraction
( x + 2)( x 2 + 4)
3x − 2 A Bx + C
= + 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −1
( x + 2)( x + 4) x + 2 x + 4
2

3x − 2 ( x 2 + 4) A + ( Bx + C )( x + 2)
=
( x + 2)( x 2 + 4) ( x + 2)( x 2 + 4)
3x − 2 = ( x 2 + 4) A + ( Bx + C )( x + 2) − − − − − − − 2
Put x=-2 in equation 2 , we get
3(−2) − 2 = ((−2) 2 + 4) A + ( B(−2) + C )(−2 + 2)
− 6 − 2 = (4 + 4) A + (−2 B + C )(0)
− 8 = (8) A + (0)

8
− 8= (8) A A= = −1
−8
Put x=0 in equation 2 , we get
3(0) − 2 = ((0) 2 + 4) A + ( B(0) + C )((0) + 2)
 0 − 2 = (0 + 4) A + (0) + C )((0) + 2)
− 2 = (4) A+) + C (2)
− 2 = (4)(−1)+) + C (2)
− 2 = −4 + 2C
− 2 + 4 = 2C
2 = 2C
C =1
Put x=1 in equation 2 , we get
3(1) − 2 = ((1) 2 + 4) A + ( B(1) + C )((1) + 2)
3 − 2 = (1 + 4) A + ( B + C )(1 + 2)
1 = (5) A + ( B + C )(3)
1 = 5(−1) + 3B + 3(1)
1 + 5 − 3 = 3B
3 = 3B
B =1
Put the values of A , B , C In equation 1 , we get
3x − 2 − 1 1x + 1
= +
( x + 2)( x + 4) x + 2 x 2 + 4
2

x2 + 1
Example 12 : Resolve into partial fractions :
x2 − 1

x2 + 1
Solution : Given fraction 2 is a improper fraction.
x −1
We first convert this improper fraction into proper fraction by division method.
Divide numerator by denominator
1 Quotient (Q)
2 2
2 Divisor x –1 x +1
x + 1 R (D) 2
= Q+
2
x –1
D – x –+ 1
2 2 Remainder (R)
x + 1 2 .... (1)
2 = 1+ 2
x –1 x –1

Proper fraction

2 2
Now =
x − 1 (x + 1) (x − 1)
2

Here factors of denominator are linear and unequal.

 2 A B
Let, = + … (2)
(x + 1) (x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1)
2 A(x − 1) + B(x + 1)
 =
(x + 1) (x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1)
Comparing numerators
 2 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 1) … (3)
To find A, Put x = − 1 in equation (3), we get
 2 = A(− 1 − 1) + B(0)
 2 = A(− 2)
2
 A=  A=−1
−2
To find B, Put x = 1 in equation (3), we get
2 = A(0) + B(1 + 1)
 2 = B(2)
2
 B=2

 B=1
Putting the value of A, B in equation (2), we get
2 −1 1
= +
x2 − 1 (x + 1) (x − 1)
Equation (1) becomes
x2 + 1 1 1
= 1− + Example 13 :Resolve into partial
2
x −1 (x + 1) (x − 1)
3
x +x
fractions : 2
x −4

x3 + x
Solution : Given fraction is a improper fraction.
x2 − 4
We first convert this improper fraction into proper fraction by division method.
Divide numerator by denominator

5x 5x
Now =
x2 − 4 (x + 2) (x − 2)
 Here factors of denominator are linear and unequal.
5x A B
Let, = + … (2)
(x + 2) (x − 2) (x + 2) (x − 2)
5x A(x − 2) + B(x + 2)
 =
(x + 2) (x − 2) (x + 2) (x − 2)
 5x = A(x − 2) + B (x + 2) … (3)
To find A, Put x = − 2 in equation (3), we get
 5(− 2) = A(− 2 − 2) + B(0)
 − 10 = A(− 4)
 10 = A(4)
10 5
 A= 4  A=2

To find B, Put x = 2 in equation (3), we get

5(2) = A(0) + B(2 + 2)
 10 = B(4)
10 5
 B= 4  B=2

Putting the value of A, B in equation (2), we get

5x 5/2 5/2
= (x + 2) +
(x − 4)
2
(x − 2)
Equation (1) becomes
x3 + x 5 5
= x+ +
2
x −4 2(x + 2) 2(x − 2)