Stand ard Lumuts
hgh-
sin2 Sin 0
10
Ina
-COS m
-LO Sm 2 m
I-C n2
X-00
(+
Cau chy Mean Value heo Ven
1f fo), go) at dno wal valued funttins cefinud on Cab]
and 0f), 9(x) aM tntinuOLr cn l2,b]
0 fa), g0) ?n devivable tn (ab)
0goa) #0 xelvb) then thuye existi atlext
One point te Cub) such that|'flb)-f(a)
g'Cc) 9Ci)-4Ca)
Nate
he Qeomudrital interpeta tin of Legvenger Meon Valu Theovepn
and authyi Me an Volue heoen ave sawe
Tayby Series (oeneal Mean V»lue Thoyem)
1f fa) i (otinuously di ferentiable at 3 peint 72 ther
fa) (a)+ (-3)fh+ (-, f't) +a- f
2
3
3
seroun3s Maclauins Senies
Sinl -
7!
Sinhx X+
-
4 6!
toshz I+ t 4!
e +Xt+ 4..
2 3
1-21-t
InCx)2-+-
InC1-2)-----2
h e tayloy seie) eyanuon of 4a) -Sma. at x
fo) Shn ' ) t6
f'a) ro) Mo)--
fre)z ft ) + (0-%)T'C%) + -f'%)+-V )
(a-9)+ ()+
21 '-9) 3
3
TEx3pleg
fay) 24y
-y
fCxx,ty) a1+ My4
k-y -9 y
Henue, humogeneaus with degree 2
fxy) 1 Sm'(%) Rhomogentous of degre&
fOy)- z tos h) t z" sInYa) in not homagenenul
, f) ta(4") i not bemoganeou
y
Ealers thee ver
u - f/,y) homogeneato of degee n then
2dU t y 24 =nu
Oy
Dy oy
ExAY: 1yhanogene or
Exnple
) 4y'du +2xy2u71)4
ay2
anby 42
1f uft)+9(») where f and9 are homogeneGu!
ntions of degee m,n respeetively te)
) r 92u mf+ n
=
0) d 2xy +
y' mCm-1)f tnCh-)g
FraNmple
u-
'i(%)+(4 0)
Degritn Deqioe-n
xU+y - nt -h9
xyixdy + y u n(n-1)f+ (-n)(-n-14
(n-n)f t(nie h) 4
I f u:f(x) nt homogeneous but F(u) i hamupeneou
degree n then
() 1 2 +y u = n Fu
fC)
ndy y2
9u) h ku
xmple u- ln +) i t
homogeneoul
-9
ty i bmogeneoty of detne 3
-y
3e
y Fu)
3
9u) say
0noy oy 96uC9to-)
3(0-1)
3
(2 Jfo) taif foy í evev fa)-fo
fo) d f fo s odd f2)-fta)
0
Ho)dx f(4-2)d
d
2
fo)+ f1-)
-e
0 e i ddj
COSX-+ StnX
3sin (-3) tSesC7-)
to (-)t Sin (y-3
3 CoS X snn
Stri t toSx
+)
1:
COS + SIh
l 27
In 2dt-J In (tttnt)dt
1I2-1 21- n2 I T n2
Redluctin VMthod
Simadx Cos"ad 7C)- Whtn n i
eve
C) hen ng
odd
Example
Sun'xda 7:53.1T
8.C-4-2 2 usadr
Siy da 42 .0)
7-5-3
n-)m-3)(m-s). (10r 1)Cn-1Xn3)0-5) Ca)
k|
(t0en)(mtn-2) (mtn -4) . - --. (2 671)
hene k hun Mh m and n at tveyn?
athy ekuwie
S Tf)tf'oyJax e"fo) +
EXample
Sinxtos&dn7531.5.3.1 T
14-12.10-0.6.4-2
sin cos ad 4-2.5-3. (1)
1.9 75.3.1
cost-Sin'(60) de
tet 30 t 3d6dt
dt> do- dt
0 t-0
W2
wst sin cat). -} t (2int cstJ dt
tott-&sin't. (os 4dt -
Ot sin t dt
e.4-2- 2
T0.8-6.4.2.
(2 fevdx if f(23-) fo)
f)do 0
if t(2) -fo)
let tan-t
Secad: dt
X=0
t
dt
2 tirl-tw's ab - T
fa) dx a fcxdnif flax)- fa)
EXampe 11
.Sin 2 toszdx TT Sinx tofa d
D
fCT-x)- fa 53-1:3. T 3
T
10-8-6-4-2 S12
Stnz
f-)- ft)
Sn du
StnX c e dt
SthXdx -dt 2
t =0
dt (tont)
IHt2
0
1(tao'- ta'o) T (-0) 4
i amnna furnction
hfInh or h
Exampit
ul y'-t y: t%
dy that
9-0 t-0
e
eat -
f T xittyj+z and
- -J:'y'h'
then
Vfo-f'm
The dietional devilative of suntate plauyz) at point Pin
the divetton of a vecty guen by Vtf*
Th maximum value of divctünal devvative tu the susfce
xy/2) at point P b gheo by V e l
Ihe divegen of a vectUY pint aunction FFiiti+ 5E
sgiven by
diu- VF- (i+i +k )6,
dz ithi+GE)
2tih+
0y
d hich it a stalay pun
functm
he cunl 0of a vech pint function F:F,ithj t k
givan by cunl -
Vx
Partial Diftocentöl Equatim
r-2 to2
ay n
OnDy ay
Erample
Fnd the POt of family of Cel of the im 27- y
2z y )
2 02 202 2
y
() (9
ay
Eon (2) Xy 2nd Ean () xy then ub:titule m
02 +y z - 1z Sthe nquived PDE
y
a p +y4:2z
7-f(x-y)
ftxy).7x 2-fo-y)
Oy
1-4)
-()
(2)3)
02
9n-/32
y2 2 ay 22 +yZ 0
zA+9P - 0
FarmIThe PDE of m P + 0 -R
nhere PQ, R are fanctins of ,9,2
hite the Subsrdary equ»Bitn - dy - dz
QR
Sulve the StinulEmeuy e4uatins nd rit e solutòn
tthefywnof ua and vb
he omplete seution B (uv) -0
Sulve yz d2 + r'z 2 - y'x
y
de dy dz
'
dy dx
9
dn dy
The tan pedt Salut (on
2'd ydy xdz 2d
( - ,1):0
Sxde Jzdz
7 2 b1
Faml h PDE s bf ths fum f(pa) -0
Wite the equation the tanm of f(Ob) -0
b fla)
2. he tonmyplete solutien Z- 1+by +c
Exanple
Solve p +4
V--V
b-(-6a
The twwplate Solutian
Z t by + C
Fam 11 17u P.DE i of thh fovn fC04)=0]
AsSume t t2y 2nd subs titate
P d2 and 4*adz
u du
Solue the 0.D E 0 2 md u
Resubsttule
3
u- uf 2y in the esulfant Solutin
Example
Soluve pCt4) 42
dz
au
(1+ 3d2) du
z
Hd2 2
du
dz 32
du
d z du dz -du
21
In (22-1) - Utb
In (a2-1) ztay +b
Fom IV hu PDE i of the fmn fay Ma)-o
tfCa)= fly-4) =1 (ay)
2 flp)-3 f(yp)= a
Solve for p Solve diu a
Cy)
2 dz 2 da + a2 dy
ax ay
d2Pak t4dy
dz u)dh + Vty)dy
2 pold + y)dy
Erample
Sule p+a AY
-
4y-3
4(9-2)
d2 2dr + 2 dy
y
dz plx +1y
dz (a42)t (9-3) ay
&7 a+)"da t (y-) "dy
h
ZCxta) + (y-3)"+b
FoYm V OE t of thu nn of z pe1Qy +fCPA)
he solulin s 2 0tby + fCay b)
Eximple
Solve (2-pe -4y)= P t2(pt4')*
Z-P-4y =PA +2(Pt4' s
Solution 15 2- 32t by + (ab+2 (a*+b')")"
Nature 0f Curves
A n+ +t
ay
D t y F
-AAC 0 fanobolic
B-4AC <0
Ellptic
B4AC 70 tlyper bolic
1 The PDE
x
o'u4u
x dy
14 0 type
oy
A-1, B-4,C:4
- 4 AC 1-4XIX4 = 0 - Parabollt
2
ay2 type
BA,B0,t:I
- 4 AC= 0-4XIX 1 - 4<0 ENiptic
Methvd 6f Separatön
Solve - A b y he methd of sepanatin ofVayabes
(1)
Let uoyt) XT o)
2 XT . 0) ux'T.. (4)
Subst7tuke () 3nd 4) th
XT x'T
- k (ay) x
TLET 0 x-x 6
DT-ET 0 px -X 0
(0-k)T 0 -- 6)
p-)x0 6)
Root k
Solutun i T : Ge - (7) Solutwn i +e
Xe 8)
Solutun is E
uCayt) Ge"(Ge
'y 4n-y -20
2+1)tos2 dhe e'snixdy «
M-)tes N esuna
Cos e CoJX
ay
Salutm
maz
+tevant of Nhve bun Jdy -
(e1) sun x - C
Aules to Keduce To EteslExatt Drferential
1f Mand N are bomogenapus kunehin s of same deyee thn
M2tNy
M and N 3Ve noi ho muge ne oui but M- yfrxy )
th IP e 1
N-21,Cy
x-Ny
If - N faydx
- fa) CUnstnt tien 1F =e
N
If - f) o cmstant than IF - e'Tdy
y
M
Solve (x'+y'+2x)di ydy -0
M- xAy+ 2x N 2y
2y
y
M0
y-- TF = e tdx e
y 0t
EQuatun ) xIF
(aaya7r) de + e y dy =
0
y ON- 2ye
Soluton
dnt/toms m , bn fovn Jely =
PPf t t t f t t s s s
Variaticn of Parameters
f(D)y R(a)
CF u(x) + , Vc)
PI AUa) t Bv(x)
when
A Va)R(x) da
u A-V du
d
b uCa) R(a) da
u-Vd
GS CFt PI
Example
(0+9)y Sec3x
AE m+9 -0
M: t3i
CF C tos 3x + Sin 32
UCos3n V Stn 3x
a 3sin3 dv 30s3 x
A A V Rex) d Sinia.taleedr -dn Z
udv vdu
MU)Rtx)d COS .COSet n
cotx da InSina
ndU vdu
PI A u tu) t B V)
=-t0S f Stnx In Ctma)
aton ith Vavnble -o-èfrcient
DIHerential Equ
Cauchy-Euleys dilterintial Eguatich
' d y a ,z"dh"y dny foa)
e 2-Inz|
ud-xD--da'o-
dz
0 (o-)x'o'ole-)o-)
nn [n+| n nt
n
. 2/T
The eng th of the anc y- fa) bebueun V
9 nd -b i gitn by
b
dx
b
he lengeh of ti nt 2- fey
betulen y- tnd y- d gnen by y
d
J14 . dy
he lengtn of to Mc Y {(e) betwee O- O and 0-6, i
given by ref) d
2
J+ ( .40
Y
The length of thu aNt 1
U), y- Yt) betven tt ard
t gieo y
t
Thi sunface ares obtainedby yotatimg the ac y= fl) ariund
-3X IS betueen x: a and -b I guen by
S- 7ty ds nbeye dt-+(d
dl
The surlare av obtained by votatung the ave 1-fty)
2vound y 2xis betveen y-l and y-d is given by
S 2Txd bhere d+(d dy
soid evelution of thu ny»fo) 0und
Th vdume of
between - 2nd N-b gven by
x9Xis
Ty'dr y-fcx)
he voune of solid nvolurtion of the are a-fey) mund
y 3xis betuen yC and y-d i given by V. Tedy
yd
afly)
