test.
sv Page 1
//SV Constraints Interview Questions and Solutions:
//1. Generate unique random values without using unique constraint.
//Ans.
class packet;
rand bit[3:0] arr[10];
constraint con1 {
foreach (arr[i]) {
foreach (arr[j]) {
if (i != j)
arr[i] != arr[j];
}
}
}
function void display();
$display("%p",arr);
endfunction
endclass
module test;
packet p1;
initial begin
p1 =new;
p1.randomize();
p1.display();
end
endmodule
//2. Write a constraint to display the Fibonacci sequence.
//Ans.
class cons;
rand int array[];
constraint size{array.size() inside {[10:15]};}
constraint fibo{
foreach(a[i])
if(i<2)
a[i]==i;
else
a[i]==a[i-1]+a[i-2];}
function void post_randomize();
$display("Fibonacci sequence --> %0p",a);
endfunction
endclass
module test;
cons c;
initial begin
c=new();
c.randomize;
end
endmodule
//3. Write a code to have the cyclic randomization behaviour without
//using the randc keyword.
//Ans.
class sample;
rand bit [2:0] a;
bit [2:0] que [$];
constraint rand_a_c {
// unique {a, que};
!(a inside {que});
}
function void post_randomize();
que.push_back(a);
endfunction
test.sv Page 2
endclass
module test;
sample s=new();
initial begin
repeat(8) begin
s.randomize();
$display(" a = %0d",s.a);
end
$display(" que = %p",s.que);
end
endmodule
//4. Write a constraint such that even locations contain odd numbers and
//odd locations contains even numbers.
//Ans.
class cons;
rand int arr[];
constraint size{arr.size inside {[10:20]};}
constraint range{foreach(arr[i])
arr[i] inside {[1:100]};}
constraint even_odd{foreach(arr[i])
if(i%2==0)
arr[i]%2==1;
else
arr[i]%2==0;}
function void post_randomize();
$display("After randomizing data is %p",arr);
endfunction
endclass
module test;
cons c;
initial begin
c=new;
c.randomize;
end
endmodule
//5. Constraint to Generate Pattern 0, 2, 1, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 8.
//Ans.
class packet;
rand int array[];
constraint con1 { array.size == 10;}
constraint con2 {
foreach(array[i]) {
if(i%4==0)
array[i]==i;
else{
if(i%2==0)
array[i]==i-1;
else
array[i] == array[i-1] +2;
}
} }
function void display();
$display("----------------------------------");
$display("array --> %p", array);
$display("----------------------------------");
endfunction
endclass
test.sv Page 3
module test;
packet p1;
initial begin
p1 = new();
if (!p1.randomize()) begin
$display("Randomization Failure");
end else begin
p1.display();
end
end
endmodule
//6. Write a constraint to generate a pattern 0102030405.
//Ans.
class pass;
rand int arr[];
constraint size{arr.size() inside{[10:20]};}
constraint name{foreach(arr[i])
if(i%2==0)
arr[i]==0;
else
arr[i]==(i+1)/2;}
endclass
module test;
pass p1;
initial begin
p1= new;
if(!p1.randomize())
$display("Randomization failure");
$display("array = %p",p1.arr);
end
endmodule
//7. Write a constraint in such a way that for read transaction 30% time and
//for write transaction 70% time for the signal wr_rd.
//Ans.
//wr_rd = 1 -------> write opearion
//wr_rd = 0 -------> read opearion
//Weighted Distribution Constraint using dist keyword
class packet;
rand bit wr_rd;
constraint range { wr_rd dist {1:=7,0:=3 }; }
endclass
module test;
packet pkt;
initial begin
pkt = new();
$display("------------------------------------");
repeat(10) begin
pkt.randomize();
$display("wr_rd = %b",pkt.wr_rd);
end
$display("------------------------------------");
end
endmodule
test.sv Page 4
//8. Write a constraint for a 16-bit variable such that no two consecutive (continuous
)
//ones should be generated.
//Ans.
class packet;
rand bit [15:0] a;
constraint a_value {
foreach (a[i])
if(i>0)
a[i]!=a[i-1];
}
endclass
module test;
packet pkt;
initial begin
pkt=new();
repeat(10)
begin
pkt.randomize();
$display("value of a=%0b",pkt.a);
end
end
endmodule
//9. Having 32-bit of variable, only single bit high values need to be accessed.
//Write a constraint for that.
//Ans.
class packet;
rand bit [31:0] a;
//rand bit [4:0] i;
constraint con1 {
(a & (a - 1)) == 0;
//$countones(a)==1;
//a==2 ** i;
}
function void display();
$display("a --> %b (%0d)", a, a);
endfunction
endclass
module test;
packet p1;
initial begin
p1 = new;
if (!p1.randomize()) begin
$display("Randomization Failure");
end else begin
p1.display();
end
end
endmodule
//10. Write a constraint with array size 5 to 10 values & the array values
//should be in ascending order/descending order.
//Ans.
//Ascending order
class ascending;
rand bit [5:0] array [];
constraint size{array.size inside{[5:10]};}
constraint order
test.sv Page 5
{
foreach(array[i])
if(i>0)
array[i]>array[i-1];
}
function void display(string msg = "After sorting");
$display("-------------------------------------------------");
$display("%s",msg);
$display("%p",array);
$display("-------------------------------------------------");
endfunction
endclass
//Descending order
class descending;
rand bit [5:0] array [];
constraint con1{array.size inside{[5:10]};}
constraint con2
{
foreach(array[i])
if(i>0)
array[i]<array[i-1];
}
function void display(string msg = "After sorting");
$display("-------------------------------------------------");
$display("%s",msg);
$display("%p",array);
$display("-------------------------------------------------");
endfunction
endclass
module test;
ascending p1;
descending p2;
initial begin
p1 =new ;
p2 =new ;
if(!p1.randomize())
$display("Randomize Failure");
p1.display("ASCENDING ORDER");
if(!p2.randomize())
$display("Randomize Failure");
p2.display("DESCENDING ORDER");
end
endmodule
