देवो भ

ष्ट्र
CONSTRAINTS

व:
रा

Chanchal Tiwari
Linkedin
 Randomization

Constraints :-

• Create code that converts a binary number to a gray integer

using a constraint.

module binary_to_gray(input bit [3:0] binary ,

output logic [3:0] gray );

always@* begin
gray[3] = binary[3] ^ 1'b0 ;
gray[2] = binary[2] ^ binary[3] ;
gray[1] = binary[1] ^ binary[2] ;
gray[0] = binary[0] ^ binary[1] ;
end
endmodule

class converter ;
rand logic [3:0] binary ;
logic [3:0] gray ;
constraint size{ binary inside{[0:10]};}

function void post_randomize();

gray = binary ^ (binary >> 1) ;
endfunction

endclass

module top ;
converter con;
reg [3:0] binary ;
wire [3:0] gray;
 Randomization

binary_to_gray dut(.binary(binary),.gray(gray));

initial begin
con = new();
repeat(10) begin
con.randomize();
binary = con.binary ;
#1;
if(gray == con.gray ) begin
$display("binary : %b, con.gray :%b, gray
:%b",con.binary,con.gray,gray);
$display("constraint passed ");
end else begin
$display("binary : %b, con.gray :%b, gray
:%b",con.binary,con.gray,gray);
$display("constraint failed");
end;
end
end
endmodule

# binary : 1001, con.gray :1101, gray :1101

# constraint passed
# binary : 1010, con.gray :1111, gray :1111
# constraint passed
# binary : 0110, con.gray :0101, gray :0101
# constraint passed
# binary : 0011, con.gray :0010, gray :0010
# constraint passed
# binary : 0111, con.gray :0100, gray :0100
# constraint passed
# binary : 0110, con.gray :0101, gray :0101
# constraint passed
# binary : 0111, con.gray :0100, gray :0100
# constraint passed
# binary : 0011, con.gray :0010, gray :0010
# constraint passed
# binary : 1010, con.gray :1111, gray :1111
# constraint passed
# binary : 0011, con.gray :0010, gray :0010
# constraint passed

• Create code that converts a gray number to a binary number

using a constraint
 Randomization

module gray_to_binary (
input bit [3:0] gray ,
output logic [3:0] binary
);

always @(*) begin

binary[3] = gray[3] ^ 1'b0 ;
binary[2] = gray[2] ^ binary[3] ;
binary[1] = gray[1] ^ binary[2] ;
binary[0] = gray[0] ^ binary[1] ;
end
endmodule

class converter ;
rand logic [3:0] gray ;
bit [3:0] binary ;

constraint cons{
gray inside{[0:15] };
}

function void post_randomize();

binary[3] = gray[3] ;
for (int i = 2; i>=0; i-- ) begin
binary[i] = gray[i] ^ binary[i+1] ;
end
endfunction

endclass

module test;
reg [3:0] gray ;
wire [3:0] binary ;

gray_to_binary dut(.gray(gray),.binary(binary));

converter con ;

initial begin
con = new();
repeat(10)begin
con.randomize();
gray <= con.gray;
#1;
if(binary == con.binary) begin
$display("gray=%0d, con.binary=%0d,
binary=%0d",con.gray,con.binary,binary);
 Randomization

$display("test case passed");

end else begin
$display("gray=%0d, con.binary=%0d,
binary=%0d",con.gray,con.binary,binary);
$display("test case failed");
end
end
end
endmodule

# gray=8, con.binary=15, binary=15

# test case passed
# gray=2, con.binary=3, binary=3
# test case passed
# gray=3, con.binary=2, binary=2
# test case passed
# gray=6, con.binary=4, binary=4
# test case passed
# gray=8, con.binary=15, binary=15
# test case passed
# gray=8, con.binary=15, binary=15
# test case passed
# gray=12, con.binary=8, binary=8
# test case passed
# gray=5, con.binary=6, binary=6
# test case passed
# gray=11, con.binary=13, binary=13
# test case passed
# gray=15, con.binary=10, binary=10
# test case passed

How can we write a constraint to generate an even number that is also a

multiple of 7?
class packet;
rand bit [7:0] num;
constraint c{
num[0] == 0 ;
num % 7 == 0 ;
}
endclass

module test;
packet pkt ;
initial begin
 Randomization

pkt = new();
repeat(5)begin
pkt.randomize();
$display("num : %0d",pkt.num);
#1;
end
end
endmodule

# num : 126
# num : 224
# num : 210
# num : 154

Write a constraint to generate this pattern 0,1,0,2,0,3,0,4,0,5,0…………….

Without using **,arrays, and bitwise operator.

B= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5

class packet;
rand int a ;
int b= 0;
constraint c{a==gen_pattern(b);}

function int gen_pattern(int i);

if(i%2) return 0;
else return (i+1)/2 ;
endfunction

function void post_randomize();

b = b + 1;
endfunction

endclass

module test ;

packet pkt;

initial begin
pkt = new();
repeat(10)begin
pkt.randomize();
 Randomization

$write("%0d\t",pkt.a);
#1;
end
end
endmodule

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0

class pkt ;
rand int a;
int b = 1;
constraint c{ a==b ;}

function void post_randomize();

b = b + 1;
endfunction
endclass

module packet ;

pkt p ;

initial begin
p= new();
for(int i =0 ; i<10; i++)begin
if(i%2==1)begin
p.randomize();
$display("a=%0d",p.a);
end else begin
p.a = 0 ;
$display("a=%0d",p.a);
end
end
end
endmodule

# a=0
# a=1
# a=0
# a=2
 Randomization

# a=0
# a=3
# a=0
# a=4
# a=0
# a=5

class sample ;
rand bit [2:0] a ;
bit [2:0] temp ;

constraint ac{
if(temp == 7 ) a == 0 ;
else a == temp +1 ;}

function void post_randomize();

temp = a ;
endfunction
endclass

module test ;

sample s ;

initial begin
s = new();
$display("########output##########");
repeat(10)begin
s.randomize();
$display("the value of a :%0d",s.a);
end
$display("########END#######");
end
endmodule

########output##########
# the value of a :1
# the value of a :2
# the value of a :3
# the value of a :4
# the value of a :5
# the value of a :6
# the value of a :7
# the value of a :0
 Randomization

# the value of a :1
# the value of a :2
########END#######

//how to create a constraint for an array with specific value

class packet ;
rand int arr[];

constraint c{
arr.size() == 7 ;
arr.sum() == 100 ;

foreach(arr[i]){
arr[i] <= 20 ;
arr[i] >= 0;
}
}
endclass

module test;
packet pkt ;

initial begin
pkt = new();
repeat(10)begin
pkt.randomize();
$display("arr :%0p",pkt.arr);
end
end
endmodule

# arr :7 19 19 18 8 15 14
# arr :20 18 17 12 3 19 11
# arr :17 14 20 10 12 19 8
# arr :17 17 1 20 15 13 17
# arr :15 17 19 12 16 16 5
# arr :10 18 17 11 14 17 13
# arr :14 19 19 12 20 0 16
# arr :2 13 15 16 18 18 18
# arr :17 3 12 20 13 16 19
# arr :15 8 10 14 16 17 20
 Randomization

//how to implement randc behaviour without using randc keyworld?.

`define width 3
class packet ;
rand logic[(`width - 1):0]a;
int queue[$];
constraint c1 { !(a inside {queue});}

function void post_randomize();

queue.push_back(a);
if(queue.size == 2**`width)
queue.delete(); //queue = {};
endfunction
endclass

module rand_gen;
packet pkt ;

initial begin
pkt = new();
repeat(10)begin
pkt.randomize();
$display("a :%0d",pkt.a);
end
end
endmodule

# a :0
# a :2
# a :3
# a :6
# a :1
# a :5
# a :7
# a :4
# a :1
# a :5
 Randomization

//how to generator and check even and odd parity using constraints?.
class packet ;
rand bit [3:0] data ;
rand bit even_parity , odd_parity ;

constraint c1{(even_parity ^ (^data)== 0);}

constraint c2{(odd_parity ^ (^data)==1);}

endclass

module test;
packet pkt ;

initial begin
pkt = new();
repeat(5)begin
pkt.randomize();
$display("data=%b,even =%0d,
odd=%0d",pkt.data,pkt.even_parity,pkt.odd_parity);
#1;
end
end
endmodule

# data=0000,even =0, odd=1

# data=0011,even =0, odd=1
# data=1110,even =1, odd=0
# data=0000,even =0, odd=1
# data=1000,even =1, odd=0

//write a constraint to generate random 4 states values.

class generate_1;
rand bit[1:0] ctrl;
logic a;

constraint c1{ ctrl inside{[0:3]};}

function void post_randomize();

if(ctrl==0) a=0;
else if (ctrl == 1) a=1 ;
else if (ctrl == 2) a = 1'bx ;
else a = 1'bz;
endfunction
endclass
 Randomization

module test;
generate_1 gen;

initial begin
gen = new();
repeat(5) begin
gen.randomize();
$display("a = %0d " , gen.a);
#1;
end
end
endmodule

#a=1
#a=z
#a=x
#a=x
#a=z