Digital Image Processing Basics:

Digital Image Processing means processing digital image by means of a

digital computer. We can also say that it is a use of computer algorithms, in
order to get enhanced image either to extract some useful information.
Digital image processing is the use of algorithms and mathematical models
to process and analyze digital images. The goal of digital image processing
is to enhance the quality of images, extract meaningful information from
images, and automate image-based tasks.

The basic steps involved in digital image processing are:

1. Image acquisition: This involves capturing an image using a digital

camera or scanner, or importing an existing image into a computer.
2. Image enhancement: This involves improving the visual quality of an
image, such as increasing contrast, reducing noise, and removing
artifacts.
3. Image restoration: This involves removing degradation from an image,
such as blurring, noise, and distortion.
4. Image segmentation: This involves dividing an image into regions or
segments, each of which corresponds to a specific object or feature in the
image.
5. Image representation and description: This involves representing an
image in a way that can be analyzed and manipulated by a computer, and
describing the features of an image in a compact and meaningful way.
6. Image analysis: This involves using algorithms and mathematical models
to extract information from an image, such as recognizing objects,
detecting patterns, and quantifying features.
7. Image synthesis and compression: This involves generating new images
or compressing existing images to reduce storage and transmission
requirements.
8. Digital image processing is widely used in a variety of applications,
including medical imaging, remote sensing, computer vision, and
multimedia.

Image processing mainly include the following steps:

1.Importing the image via image acquisition tools;
2.Analysing and manipulating the image;
3.Output in which result can be altered image or a report which is based on
analysing that image.
What is an image?
An image is defined as a two-dimensional function,F(x,y), where x and y are
spatial coordinates, and the amplitude of F at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is
called the intensity of that image at that point. When x,y, and amplitude
values of F are finite, we call it a digital image.
In other words, an image can be defined by a two-dimensional array
specifically arranged in rows and columns.
Digital Image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which
elements have a particular value at a particular location.These elements are
referred to as picture elements,image elements,and pixels.A Pixel is most
widely used to denote the elements of a Digital Image.

Types of an image
1. BINARY IMAGE– The binary image as its name suggests, contain only
two pixel elements i.e 0 & 1,where 0 refers to black and 1 refers to white.
This image is also known as Monochrome.
2. BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE– The image which consist of only black and
white color is called BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE.
3. 8 bit COLOR FORMAT– It is the most famous image format.It has 256
different shades of colors in it and commonly known as Grayscale Image.
In this format, 0 stands for Black, and 255 stands for white, and 127
stands for gray.
4. 16 bit COLOR FORMAT– It is a color image format. It has 65,536
different colors in it.It is also known as High Color Format. In this format
the distribution of color is not as same as Grayscale image.
A 16 bit format is actually divided into three further formats which are Red,
Green and Blue. That famous RGB format.
Image as a Matrix
As we know, images are represented in rows and columns we have the
following syntax in which images are represented:
The right side of this equation is digital image by definition. Every element of
this matrix is called image element , picture element , or pixel.

DIGITAL IMAGE REPRESENTATION IN MATLAB:

In MATLAB the start index is from 1 instead of 0. Therefore, f(1,1) = f(0,0).

henceforth the two representation of image are identical, except for the shift
in origin.
In MATLAB, matrices are stored in a variable i.e X,x,input_image , and so
on. The variables must be a letter as same as other programming
languages.
PHASES OF IMAGE PROCESSING:
1.ACQUISITION– It could be as simple as being given an image which is in
digital form. The main work involves:
a) Scaling
b) Color conversion(RGB to Gray or vice-versa)
2.IMAGE ENHANCEMENT– It is amongst the simplest and most appealing
in areas of Image Processing it is also used to extract some hidden details
from an image and is subjective.
3.IMAGE RESTORATION– It also deals with appealing of an image but it is
objective(Restoration is based on mathematical or probabilistic model or
image degradation).
4.COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING– It deals with pseudocolor and full color
image processing color models are applicable to digital image processing.
5.WAVELETS AND MULTI-RESOLUTION PROCESSING– It is foundation
of representing images in various degrees.
6.IMAGE COMPRESSION-It involves in developing some functions to
perform this operation. It mainly deals with image size or resolution.
7.MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING-It deals with tools for extracting image
components that are useful in the representation & description of shape.
8.SEGMENTATION PROCEDURE-It includes partitioning an image into its
constituent parts or objects. Autonomous segmentation is the most difficult
task in Image Processing.
9.REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION-It follows output of segmentation
stage, choosing a representation is only the part of solution for transforming
raw data into processed data.
10.OBJECT DETECTION AND RECOGNITION-It is a process that assigns
a label to an object based on its descriptor.

OVERLAPPING FIELDS WITH IMAGE PROCESSING

According to block 1,if input is an image and we get out image as a output,
then it is termed as Digital Image Processing.
According to block 2,if input is an image and we get some kind of
information or description as a output, then it is termed as Computer Vision.
According to block 3,if input is some description or code and we get image
as an output, then it is termed as Computer Graphics.
According to block 4,if input is description or some keywords or some code
and we get description or some keywords as a output,then it is termed as
Artificial Intelligence

Advantages of Digital Image Processing:

1. Improved image quality: Digital image processing algorithms can improve

the visual quality of images, making them clearer, sharper, and more
informative.
2. Automated image-based tasks: Digital image processing can automate
many image-based tasks, such as object recognition, pattern detection,
and measurement.
3. Increased efficiency: Digital image processing algorithms can process
images much faster than humans, making it possible to analyze large
amounts of data in a short amount of time.
4. Increased accuracy: Digital image processing algorithms can provide
more accurate results than humans, especially for tasks that require
precise measurements or quantitative analysis.

Disadvantages of Digital Image Processing:

1. High computational cost: Some digital image processing algorithms are

computationally intensive and require significant computational resources.
2. Limited interpretability: Some digital image processing algorithms may
produce results that are difficult for humans to interpret, especially for
complex or sophisticated algorithms.
3. Dependence on quality of input: The quality of the output of digital image
processing algorithms is highly dependent on the quality of the input
images. Poor quality input images can result in poor quality output.
4. Limitations of algorithms: Digital image processing algorithms have
limitations, such as the difficulty of recognizing objects in cluttered or
poorly lit scenes, or the inability to recognize objects with significant
deformations or occlusions.
5. Dependence on good training data: The performance of many digital
image processing algorithms is dependent on the quality of the training
data used to develop the algorithms. Poor quality training data can result
in poor performance of the algorit