DIGITAL IMAGE

PROCESSING
R.Anusha Padmavathy.M.E,
Assistant Professor(T),
GCE-TVL.
What Is Digital Image Processing?
 An image may be defined as a two-
dimensional function, f(x,y) where x and
y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates
(x, y) is called the intensity or gray level
of the image at that point.
 Digital Image:
 When x, y and the intensity values of f are all finite,

discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.

 Color Image:
What is Image Processing
WHY…..digital image
processing…???
 Interest in digital image processing methods stems
from two principal application areas:
1. Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
2.Processing of image data for storage,
transmission, and representation for autonomous
machine perception
DIP Definition:

 A Discipline in Which Both the Input and Output of a

 Process are Images.
The Origins of Digital Image
Processing
 One of the first applications of digital images
was in the newspaper industry, when pictures
were first sent by submarine cable
 Specialized printing equipment coded pictures

for cable transmission and then reconstructed

them at the receiving end.
The initial problems in improving the visual
quality of these early digital pictures were related
to the selection of printing procedures and the
distribution of intensity levels
 The printing technique based on photographic
reproduction made from tapes perforated at the
telegraph receiving terminal

The improvements are tonal

quality and in resolution
 The early systems were capable of coding images in
five distinct levels of gray.
 This capability was increased to 15 levels in 1929.
Fields that Use Digital Image
Processing
 Today, there is almost no area of technical endeavor
that is not impacted in some way by digital image
processing.
 Gamma-Ray Imaging
 X-Ray Imaging
 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
 Imaging in the Microwave Band
 Imaging in the Radio Band
Gamma-Ray Imaging
 Major uses of imaging based
on gamma rays include
nuclear medicine.
 In nuclear medicine, the

approach is to inject a patient

with a radioactive isotope that
emits gamma rays as it decays.
 Images are produced from the

emissions collected by gamma

ray detectors.
X-Ray Imaging
Applications
 Document Handling
 Signature Verification
 Biometrics
 Fingerprint Verification / Identification
 Object Recognition
 Target Recognition Department of Defense (Army, Air force, Navy)
 Aerial Photography
 Traffic Monitoring
 Face Detection/Recognition
 Medical Applications
 Morphing
 Inserting Artificial Objects into a Scene
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
 Image acquisition is the first process. Generally, the
image acquisition stage involves preprocessing, such as
scaling.
Image enhancement is the process of manipulating an image
so that the result is more suitable than the original for a
specific application.
There is no general “theory” of image enhancement.
When an image is processed for visual interpretation, the
viewer is the ultimate judge of how well a particular method
works
 Image Restoration is an area that also deals with
improving the appearance of an image.
 Color Image Processing is an area that has been
gaining in importance because of the significant
increase in the use of digital images over the Internet.
 Wavelets are the foundation for representing images in

various degrees of resolution.

 Compression, as the name implies, deals with

techniques for reducing the storage required to save an

image, or the bandwidth required to transmit it. This is
true particularly in uses of the Internet.
 Morphological processing deals with tools for
extracting image components that are useful in the
representation and description of shape.
 Segmentation procedures partition an image into its

constituent parts or objects.

 A segmentation procedure brings the process a long

way toward successful solution of imaging problems

that require objects to be identified individually.
 In general, the more accurate the segmentation, the

more likely recognition is to succeed

 Representation and description almost always follow the
output of a segmentation stage, which usually is raw pixel
data.
 Boundary representation is appropriate when the focus is on
external shape characteristics, such as corners and inflections.
 Regional representation is appropriate when the focus is on
internal properties, such as texture or skeletal shape.
 Description, also called feature selection, deals with extracting
attributes that result in some quantitative information of
interest or are basic for differentiating one class of objects
from another.
 Recognition is the process that assigns a label (e.g.,
“vehicle”) to an object based on its descriptors. Digital
image processing with the development of methods for
recognition of individual objects.
General Purpose Image Processing
System
 Specialized image processing hardware usually
consists of the digitizer, plus hardware that performs
other primitive operations, such as an arithmetic logic
unit (ALU), that performs arithmetic and logical
operations in parallel on entire images.
 This type of hardware sometimes is called a front-end

subsystem, and its most distinguishing characteristic is

speed.
 The Computer in an image processing system is a
general-purpose computer and can range from a PC to a
supercomputer.
 In dedicated applications, sometimes custom

computers are used to achieve a required level of

performance, but our interest here is on general
purpose image processing systems.
 In these systems, almost any well-equipped PC-type

machine is suitable for off-line image processing tasks

 Software for image processing consists of specialized
modules that perform specific tasks.
 More sophisticated software packages allow the

integration of those modules and general-purpose

software commands from at least one computer
language
 Mass storage capability is a must in image processing
applications.
 An image of size 1024 * 1024 pixels, in which the

intensity of each pixel is an 8-bit quantity, requires one

megabyte of storage space if the image is not compressed.
 Digital storage for image processing applications falls

into three principal categories:

 Short-term storage for use during processing,
 On-line storage for relatively fast recall, and
 Archival storage, characterized by infrequent access.
 Storage is measured in: bytes, Kbytes, Mbytes, Gbytes
 Image displays in use today are mainly color (preferably
flat screen) TV monitors.
 Monitors are driven by the outputs of image and
graphics display cards that are an integral part of the
computer system.
 In some cases, it is necessary to have stereo displays, and
these are implemented in the form of headgear
containing two small displays embedded in goggles worn
by the user
 Hardcopy devices for recording images include laser
printers, film cameras, heat-sensitive devices, inkjet
units, and digital units, such as optical and CDROM
disks
 Networking is almost a default function in any

computer system in use today.

 In dedicated networks, this typically is not a problem,

but communications with remote sites via the Internet

are not always as efficient.
Image Representation
 A digital image is composed of M rows and N columns
of pixels each storing a value
 Pixel values are most often grey levels in the range 0-

255(black-white)
Thank you