In the name of ALLAH, the

Beneficent the Merciful 1

Engineering Mechanics (Statics)
ME-212

Warm welcome to every body

Chapter 1-1

By: Engr. Sakhi Jan Khalil

Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIU Islamabad 2
Instructional Objectives
 After completing the course, you should be able
to:
Analyze forces and find out the resultant forces in two
and three dimension
Differentiate between various type of supports and
draw free-body-diagram
Compute the reaction force, internal forces and bending
moment at a specific point on a simple structure (beam,
frame, truss)
Draw bending moment and shear force diagram to a
simple structure.
Obtain center of mass and centroid for different
engineering shapes & moment of inertia for different
sections 3
Course Outline

 Introduction to Statics
 Force System
Two-dimensional force systems
Three-dimensional force systems
 Equilibriums
Equilibrium in two dimensions
Equilibrium in three dimensions
 Structural Analysis
Trusses
Plane trusses
Space trusses
Frames and mechanics
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 Distributed Forces
Centers of Mass and Centroids
Beams-External Effects
Beams-Internal effects
Fluid Statics

Friction
types.
Practical applications of friction.

5
 Marks Distribution

 Grads:
Assignments 10%
Quizzes 10%
Attendance 5%
Midterm exam 25-30%
Final exam 45-50%

 Course Materials
Lecture notes
Power points slides
Handout sheets
Textbooks
Engineering Mechanics: Statics 6th edition by J L Meriam

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Introduction to Mechanics
 What is mechanics?
 science deals with the state of rest or
motion of bodies under the action of force
 Simply effect of force on objects

 Why we study mechanics?

 This science form the groundwork for
further study in the design and analysis of
structures
 Principal are used in the field of
• Robotics
• Rockets
• Automatic control
• Strength of structures and materials.

Engineering Mechanics – Statics

8
Statics
Deals With the Equilibrium of Bodies,
That Is Those That Are Either at Rest
or Move With a Constant Velocity.

Dynamics
Is Concerned With the Accelerated
Motion of Bodies and Will Be Dealt in
the Next Semester.
Fundamental Principles

Basic concepts used in mechanics:

Rest-motion, Acceleration-retardation
Speed-velocity, distance-displacement,
Momentum, inertia, force
space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

10
State of rest and motion:
State of rest and state of motion are relative and
depend on the frame of reference.
• A body is said to be in a state of rest w.r.t. a
frame of reference if the position of the body
w.r.t. that frame of reference is not changing with
time.
• A body is laid to be in a state of motion w.r.t.
a frame of reference if the position of the body
w.r.t. that frame of reference is changing with
time.

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Displacement and distance travelled:
The total linear movement made by a body
to change its position from one point to another
is called distance travelled by the
body. It is a scalar quantity.
Unit: Meter (m) mm – Millimeter km – Kilo
Meter
Shortest distance b/w two pts. or
The total linear movement made by a
body to change its position from one
point to another moving along a particular
direction is called displacement.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
Unit: Meter (m).

12
Uniform motion and non-uniform
motion:
If the velocity of the moving body
remains constant then the motion is said to be
uniform. If the velocity is changing
with time, the motion is laid to be non-uniform

Speed and Velocity:

The distance travelled in a unit time is speed.
Unit: m/s ms-1
The displacement in unit time is called velocity.
Unit: m/s ms-1

13
Acceleration and retardation:
The time rate of change of velocity is
called acceleration.
If the velocity is increasing with time then
acceleration is positive.
If the velocity is decreasing with time then
acceleration is negative. Negative acceleration is
called retardation or deceleration.
Unit: m/s2 ms-2

14
Momentum:
It is the capacity of a moving body to impart
motion to other bodies.
Momentum of a moving body is given by the
product of mass and velocity of the
moving body.
Momentum = Mass X Velocity Unit: kg m/s or kg
ms-1.

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Inertia:
It is the inherent property of a body by virtue of
which it can retain its state of
rest or uniform motion unless compelled by an
external agency.
Resistance to change (1st law)
Force:
It is an external agency, which overcomes or
tends to overcome the inertia of
a body. It is a vector quantity. Units…...
Elements of a force:
There are four elements:
a. Magnitude
b. Direction
c. Line of action
d. Point of action or application 16
Basic concepts used in mechanics:

space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

Geometric region occupied by bodies whose position
is describe by linear/angular measurement relative to

coordinates - position of a point P (x, y, z)

measured from a certain point of reference
Two dimension-two coordinates.
3D-three coordinates.
y

P (x,y,z)

z
x

17
 Fundamental Principles

Basic concepts used in mechanics:

space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

Succession of events. (not involved directly in

static probs.)
time of an event taking place, determination of
velocity and acceleration

18
Fundamental Principles

Basic concepts used in mechanics:

space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

mass of a body [m, kg, T]

Quantity of matter.
Effect gravational attraction force b/w it
and other bodies
Important in statics.

19
 PARTICLE
A particle has a mass but a size that can be neglected.
When a body is idealised as a particle, the
principles of mechanics reduce to a simplified form, since
the geometry of the body will not be concerned in the
analysis of the problem.
infinitesimal small piece of a body, single point in
space
Negligible dimensions.
Dimensions are irrelevant to description of
position

z
x
Fundamental Principles

Basic concepts used in mechanics:

space, time, mass, force, particle, rigid body

body consisting of a non-deformable material

(no displacement under the action of forces)
Change in Distance b/w any two of its points is
negligible
Tension in cable of crane.
Gears.
Chairs etc.

21
Length:
applied to the linear dimension of a straight line
or curved line
Area:
the two dimensional size of shape or surface
Volume:
the three dimensional size of the space
occupied by substance

22
Scalars and Vectors,
definition and properties

Scalars: quantaties described by their

magnitude alone

e.g. time, volume, area, density, distance,

energy mass
10
0

20

23
Scalars and Vectors,
definition and properties

Vectors: quantaties described by their

magnitude and direction

e.g. displacement, velocity, force, acceleration,

momentum
10

20
0

24
Graphical representation of a Vector

- line segment of certain length (magnitude)

and orientation (θ)

- arrowhead indicating direction

y
(scale to be predetermined)

θ (reference axis to be predetermined)

x

25
Symbolic representation of a Vector

- magnitude, length of vector: ║V║, |V| or V

e.g. in scalar equations

- vector quantities respecting the orientation: V, V

e.g. mathematical vector operations
Must obey law og parallelogram
y

v
θ
x

26
Symbolic representation of a Vector

- magnitude, length of vector: ║V║, |V| or V

e.g. in scalar equations
most common
- vector quantities respecting the orientation: V, V
e.g. mathematical vector operations
y

v
θ
x

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Representation of Vectors

Algebraically a vector is represented by

its components along the three
dimensions.

⎛v x ⎞
⎜ ⎜
V =⎜v y ⎜
⎜v ⎜
⎝z ⎠

fig by J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics I

28
Representation of Vectors

expression by unit vectors:

⎛v x ⎞
⎜ ⎜
V =⎜v y ⎜=v x i +v y j +v z k
⎜v ⎜
⎝z ⎠

fig by J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics I

29
Representation of Vectors

expression by unit vectors:

v x =V ⋅cosθ x
v y =V ⋅cosθ y
v z =V ⋅cosθ z
V 2 =v 2 +v 2 +v 2 (magnitude)
x y z
fig by J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics I

30
Orientation of Vectors

collinear - same line of action

coplanar - located in the same plane

concurrent - passing through a common point

31
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.

32
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.

33
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.
scale
A 20

A
10
particle

B B 0

34
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.

A
A

B B

35
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.

A
A

B B

36
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.
scale
A
A R

B B

37
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.
A +B =B +A
A R
Vector addition is
commutative!
B

38
Vector Addition – graphical method

the parallelogram law – resultant force

Two forces maybe replaced by a single force

(resultant) obtained by drawing the diagonal of the
parallelogram having sides equal to the given
forces.
r r r r
A −B ≠B −A
A
Vector subtraction is
not commutative!
B

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Vector Addition – graphical method

the triangle rule (from parallelogram law)

for two forces

r r r r r
R =A +B =B +A

B
R
A
R A
B

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Vector Addition – graphical method

the triangle rule (from parallelogram law)

for three forces

R =A +B +C =B +A +C =...

B
C A C
A R
R
B

41
Vector Addition – analytic method

trigonometric rules
c
applying sine and cosine rules b = sinθ·c
θ
a = cosθ·c

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Vector Addition – analytic method

trigonometric rules

c
b
β θ
a
c 2 =a 2 +b 2 −2ab ⋅cosθ
Law of cosine
sinβ sinθ
Law of sine =
b c

43
Decomposition of Vectors

Components, y
perpendicular

V
θ
x

horizontal component of V:

44
Decomposition of Vectors

Components y

V
θ
x

horizontal component of V: Vx =V ⋅cosθ

45
Decomposition of Vectors

Components y

V
θ
x

horizontal component of V: Vx =V ⋅cosθ

vertical component of V:

46
Decomposition of Vectors

Components y

V
θ
x

horizontal component of V: Vx =V ⋅cosθ

Vy =V ⋅sinθ
vertical component of V:

47
Decomposition of Vectors

Components y

V
θ
x

horizontal component of V: Vx =V ⋅cosθ

vertical component of V: Vy =V ⋅sinθ

48
Multiplication

Multiplication of vectors by scalars

n ⋅A
( )
n ⋅ A +B =nA +nB

(n +m )⋅A =nA +mA

49
Multiplication

Multiplication of vectors by vectors

- dot product (scalar product)

- cross product (vector product)

50
Dot Product (scalar product)

Vectors A and B are θ inclined from each other

A.B = A ⋅ B ⋅cosθ result = scalar

A.B =a x b x +a y b y +a z b z

51
 Cross Product (vector product)

Vectors A and B are θ inclined from each other.

Result : Vector of determined magnitude and direction

perpendicular to the plane formed by A and B

A×B = A ⋅ B ⋅sinθ

52
 Cross Product (vector product)

Vectors A and B are θ inclined from each other.

Result : Vector of determined magnitude and direction

perpendicular to the plane formed by A and B

A×B = A ⋅ B ⋅sinθ

53
 Cross Product (vector product)

Determination of resulting vector by three by three matrix

i j k
ax ay az
bx by bz

A×B =(a y b z - a z b y )i +(a z b x - a b )j +(a b - a y b x )k

x z x y

54
 Cross Product (vector product)

Determination of resulting vector by three by three matrix

i j k
ax ay az
bx by bz

A×B =(a y b z - a z b y )i +(a z b x - a b )j +(a b - a y b x )k

r r
x z x y

55
 Cross Product (vector product)

Determination of resulting vector by three by three matrix

i j k
ax ay az
bx by bz

A×B =(a y b z - a z b y )i +(a z b x - a b )j +(a b - a y b x )k

r r
x z x y

56
 Cross Product (vector product)

Determination of resulting vector by three by three matrix

i j k
ax ay az
bx by bz

A×B =(a y b z - a z b y )i +(a z b x - a b )j +(a b - a y b x )k

r r
x z x y

57
Cross Product (vector product)

Moment of a vector V about any point 0

r is a position vector from point 0 to any point on the line of

action of vector V.
0
M 0 =r ×V
r
i j k
V
M 0 = rx ry rz
Vx Vy Vz

58
Position Vector
Position vector r is defined as fixed vector locates a point in
space relative to another point.
r = xi+ yj +zk
Or may be directed from a pt A to B
rAB= rA – rB (position vector of A ,B)

59
Principal of superposition

60
61
62
It is a particular case of non-
concurrent force system in
which the line of action of
forces forming the system
are parallel.
Resolution of forces

64
65
Fundamental Principles –
Newton’s Laws
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

1st Law: A particle remains at rest or continues

to move with constant velocity if the
resultant force acting on it is zero.
No un balance forces

66
Fundamental Principles –
Newton’s Laws
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

2nd Law: The acceleration of a particle is

proportional to the resultant force
acting on it (magnitude and
direction).

F = ma m = mass of particle
a = acceleration

67
68
Fundamental Principles –
Newton’s Laws
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

3rd Law: The forces of action and reaction

between bodies in contact are
equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction and collinear (same line of
action).
Action
Reaction

69
Fundamental Principles –
Newton’s Laws

Law of Gravitation

Two particles of mass m1 and m2 are mutually

attracted with equal and opposite forces F and F’
of magnitude F.
m1
m1m 2
F =G 2
r
r
G = constant of
m2
graviation

70
Fundamental Principles –
Newton’s Laws

Law of Gravitation

Weight = Gravitational Force acting on a body

(attraction between earth and body)

W =m ⋅g g = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2

71
Fundamental Principles –
Newton’s Laws

Law of Gravitation

Weight = Gravitational Force acting on a body

(attraction between earth and body)

W[N ]=m[kg]⋅g[m s 2 ] g = 9.81 m/s2

72
Units of Measurement
 Four fundamental quantities in mechanics
Mass
Length
Time
Force
 Two different systems of units we dealing with
during the course
U.S. Customary or British System of Units (FPS)
 Length in feet (ft)
Time in Seconds (s)
 Force in Pounds (lb)
International System of Units or Metric Units (SI)
Length in metre (m)
Time in Seconds (s)
 Force in Newton (N)

73
 Units of Measurement
Summery of the four fundamental quantities in the two
system

SI Units US Units
Quantity
Unit Symbol Unit Symbol
Mass kilogram kg slug -
Length meter m foot ft
Time second s second sec
Force newton N pound lb

Lecture 1 Engineering Mechanics – Statics

 Units of Measurement
 U.S. Customary System (FPS)
Force (lb) = mass (slugs)  acceleration (ft/sec2 )
Thus (slugs) = lb.sec2/ft
Therefore 1 slug is the mass which is given an acceleration of 1 ft/sec2
when acted upon by a force of 1 lb
 Conversion of Units
Converting from one system of unit to another;

Quantity FPS Equals SI

Force 1 lb 4.448 N
Mass 1 slug 14.593 kg
Length 1 ft 0.304 m
 The standard value of g (gravitational acceleration)
 SI units g = 9.806 m/s2
 FPS units g = 32.174 ft/sec2

Lecture 1
Units

International System of Units (SI units)

G, M, K, m, μ, n
example
Express a body mass of 80 kg in the unit of
Newton.

76
Units

International System of Units (SI units)

example
Express a body mass of 80 kg in the unit of
Newton.
W = 80 kg · 9.81 m/s2 = 784.8 N

77
Units

International System of Units (SI units)

example
Express a body mass of 80 kg in the unit of
Newton.
W = 80 kg · 9.81 m/s2 = 784.8 N = 0.785 kN

78
Units

International System of Units (SI units)

example
Express a body mass of 80 kg in the unit of
Newton.
W = 80 kg · 9.81 m/s2 = 784.8 N = 0.785 kN
approximation: e.g. 100 kg = 1.0 kN
commonly used in the field of civil engineering

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Problem 1
Problem 2
Assignment 1
◼ Exercise Problems of Chapter 1
◼ 1/1, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/7
◼ Due date
◼ No Submission after due date
◼ Quiz on (including theory+
examples+Assignment problems)
thank you …

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