Databases – A structured set of data held in a computer, especially one
that is accessible in various ways.
1. Introduction to Databases: A database is a structured collection of data organized for
efficient retrieval, storage, and manipulation. It allows users to store, manage, and access
data in a systematic manner, eliminating data redundancy and inconsistency.
2. Types of Databases: Relational Databases: Organize data into tables with rows and
columns, and use relationships to connect data between tables. Examples include MySQL,
Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle. Flat-file Databases: Store data in a single table without
relationships. Commonly used for small-scale applications or simple data storage.
Hierarchical Databases: Represent data in a tree-like structure where each record has a
parent and child relationship. Network Databases: Allow records to have multiple parent
and child relationships, forming a complex network structure. Object-oriented Databases:
Store data as objects, enabling the representation of complex data structures with methods
and properties.
3. Database Terminology: Table: A collection of related data organized in rows (records)
and columns (fields). Record: A single complete set of data in a table. Field: A single piece of
data within a record, represented by a column. Primary Key: A unique identifier for each
record in a table, ensuring data integrity and enabling easy retrieval. Foreign Key: A field in
one table that references the primary key in another table, establishing relationships
between the tables. Index: A data structure that improves data retrieval speed by providing
quick access to specific records. Query: A request for specific data from the database based
on defined criteria. Form: A graphical interface that allows users to enter, view, and modify
data in a database. Report: A formatted output of data from the database, often presented
in a printed or digital format.
4. Data Manipulation: Insert: Adding new records to a table. Update: Modifying existing
records in a table. Delete: Removing records from a table. Select: Retrieving specific data
from one or more tables using queries.
5. Database Management Systems (DBMS): Software used to interact with databases,
enabling users to create, modify, and manage databases efficiently. Examples include
MySQL, Microsoft Access, SQLite, and Oracle Database.
6. Data Integrity and Security: Data Integrity: Ensuring the accuracy, consistency, and
reliability of data in the database. Primary keys and foreign keys help maintain data
integrity. Data Security: Implementing measures to protect the database from unauthorized
access, data breaches, and data loss.
7. Database Normalization: The process of organizing data in a database to reduce
redundancy and dependency. Normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, etc.) define rules for creating
well-structured databases.
8. Advantages of Databases: Reduced data redundancy and inconsistency. Efficient data
retrieval and manipulation using queries. Improved data integrity and accuracy. Enhanced
data security through access controls. Scalability and support for multiple users.
9. Disadvantages of Databases: Complex setup and maintenance. Higher initial costs for
hardware and software. Potential for data corruption if not managed properly. Learning
curve for users and administrators.
10. Practical Applications of Databases: E-commerce websites for managing product
information and customer details. Inventory management systems for tracking stock levels
and sales. School/College databases for student records and academic information.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems for managing customer interactions.
Human Resources databases for employee records and payroll. These notes should provide
you with a solid foundation on databases for your IGCSE studies. Make sure to practice
working with databases hands-on, as practical experience will reinforce your understanding
of the concepts.
