DBMS - Module 1 (MCA) Detailed Notes
1. Introduction to Database Systems
A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed,
and updated. It ensures that data is consistent, secure, and efficiently retrievable.
2. Database System Applications
Databases are used in banks to manage accounts, airlines to track reservations,
hospitals for patient records, e-commerce sites for orders, and universities to store
student information.
3. Database Users
There are three types of users: Database Administrators (DBA) who manage the
system, application developers who create software to interact with the database, and
end users who access the data.
4. Advantages of Database Systems
Databases help in reducing data redundancy, improving data consistency, enforcing
data security, and enabling concurrent access without conflicts.
5. Database Architecture
This includes the client-server architecture, data storage, network components, and
procedures that define how users and programs interact with the database.
6. Data Models
Different ways to structure data: Hierarchical model organizes data in a tree form;
Network model connects data in complex relationships; Relational model stores data
in tables; ER model visually represents relationships between entities.
7. Schema and Instances
A schema defines the structure of a database, including tables and relationships,
whereas an instance is the actual data stored at any moment.
8. Database Languages
DDL defines structure (create tables), DML manipulates data (insert, update), and
DCL controls access (grant permissions).
9. Database Design
A process where data requirements are analyzed, relationships are defined, and
storage is planned to ensure efficient access and integrity.
10. Keys
Primary key uniquely identifies records, candidate keys are potential unique
identifiers, alternate keys are unused candidate keys, and foreign keys link records
between tables.
11. Integrity Constraints
Rules that ensure data accuracy, like making sure that a primary key is unique or that
certain fields cannot be left empty.
12. Relational Algebra
A set of mathematical operations that help retrieve and combine data from tables
using selection, projection, union, difference, Cartesian product, and join operations.
13. Normalization
A technique to organize data by removing redundancy and ensuring data
dependencies are logical, improving both storage and data consistency.
14. Database Management System Models
A broader view of how databases operate, including physical storage, transaction
handling, and managing relationships between data.
15. Transaction Management Basics
Ensures that operations are executed in a way that maintains the integrity and
consistency of the database, even during failures or interruptions.
16. Concurrency Control Introduction
Manages simultaneous data access by multiple users without conflicts, preventing
data corruption and ensuring accuracy.
17. Backup and Recovery – Overview
Involves copying data and restoring it in case of system crashes, ensuring data is not
permanently lost.
