Figure 2.1 shows the functional block diagram or the internal architecture of 8085 Microprocessor.

It
includes ALU,Register array,Timing and Control unit, Instruction register and Decoder, ,Interrupt control
and Serial I/O control.
1. ALU : The arithematic/logic unit performs the computing functions.It includes the accumulator,the
temporary register,the arithematic and logic circuits and Flag register.
Accumulator (A register) : It is an 8 bit register.During an arithematic/logic operation one of the operand
is stored in the accumulator and the result of operation is also stored in the accumulator.
Temporary register: The temporary register is used to hold data during an arithematic/logic operation.
Flag register: The flag register reflects the status of the ALU after the execution of an instruction.
It is an 8 bit register.But only 5 bits are used as shown in the figure 2.2
S- Sign flag: This flag is used with signed numbers.After the execution of an arithematic or logic
operation if the bit D7 of the result is 1,the sign flag is set. If D7 is '1' the nmber will be viewed as
negative.if D7 is '0' the number will be viewed as positive.
Z- Zero flag : The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in a zero and it is reset when the result is
not zero.This flag is modified by the results in the accumulator as well as in the other registers.
AC- Auxiliary Carry flag : In an arithematic operation,when a carry is generated by D3 and passed on to
D4 the AC flag is set. This flag is not available for the programmer.It is used internally for BCD
operations.
P- Parity flag : After an arithematic or logical operation if the result has an even number of 1s the parity
flag is set.If the result has odd number of 1s the flag is reset.
CY- Carry flag : If an arithematic operation results in a carry,the carry flag is set else it is reset.
the carry flag also serves as borrow flag during subtraction.
2.REGISTER ARRAY : The 8085 Microprocessor contains six 8 bit general purpose registers. They are :
B,C,D,E,H and L register. To hold 16 bit data combination of two 8 bit registers called register pair can be
used.the valid register pairs are : B-C,D-E and H-L pair.
Program Counter PC: It is a 16 bit register that is used to point to the address of the next instruction to be
fetched from memory.
Stack Pointer SP : It is a 16 bit register that is used to point to the address of the memory location used
as stack.
5.INTERRUPT CONTROL : This unit controls the interrupt process. The 8085 Microprocessor has five
interrupt signals - INTR,RST 7.5,RST 6.5,RST 5.5 and TRAP.

7.ADDRESS BUFFER AND DATA/ADDRESS BUFFER :

The content stored in the Stack Pointer and Program Counter is loaded into the address buffer and
address-data buffer.
8. ADDRESS BUS AND DATA BUS : The address bus is 16 bit (AD0 to AD7 and A8 to A15).
The data bus is 8 bit wide(AD0 TO AD7)
Demultiplexing the bus AD7 to AD0
In 8085 Microprocessor the lower order
address bus and the data bus are
multiplexed.Figure 2 shows how a latch (IC
74373) and ALE signal can be used to
demultiplex the lower order address bus and
data bus.
When ALE is high the latch is transparent
which means that the output of latch changes
according to the input.So the lower order
address (A7 to A0 ) can be outputted through
the latch.
When ALE is low , the latch is disabled and
the output of latch is the lower order address
bus A7 to A0 . Now the bus AD7 to AD0 can be
used as data bus.In this way ALE signal can be
used to demultiplex the lower order address
bus and data bus.
 STATUS SIGNALS

I
0 1 1 Opcode fetch
0 1 0 Memory read
0 0 1 Memory write
1 1 0 I/O read
1 0 1 I/O write
1 1 1 Interrupt acknowledge

0 0 0 Halt
All the various functions performed by a Microprocessor can be
classified into three categories:
 MICROPROCESSOR INITIATED
OPERATIONS
Basic Operations of MPU
The Microprocessor also called the MPU (Microprocessing unit) basically
performs four operations:
1.Memory Read :Reads data or instructions from the memory.
2. : Writes data or instructions into the memory.
3. :Accepts data from input devices.
4. : Sends data to output devices.
 Steps to communicate with a peripheral or memory
location
To communicate with a peripheral or a memory locationthe MPU needs to
perform the following steps:
 MICROPROCESSOR INITIATED
OPERATIONS
Basic Operations of MPU
The Microprocessor also called the MPU (Microprocessing unit) basically
performs four operations:
1.Memory Read :Reads data or instructions from the memory.
2. : Writes data or instructions into the memory.
3. :Accepts data from input devices.
4. : Sends data to output devices.
 Steps to communicate with a peripheral or memory
location
To communicate with a peripheral or a memory locationthe MPU needs to
perform the following steps:
 THE SYSTEM BUS (In 8085
Microprocessor)

As the address bus carries 16 bit address you can identify 216=65536
memory locations(rounded to 64K) (Note that1K=1024)
16 bits
MEMORY MAPPING (Assigning memory address)
65535( )-Last location
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 ( )-First location
 DATA BUS :
- Group of 8 lines used for data flow.
- Data bus is -data flows in both the directions between
MPU and memory and peripheral devices.

-A data bus has 8 data lines you can process the data ranging from
0 (00H) to 255 (FFH=1111 1111) ie 28 = 256 numbers

8 bits
Has single lines that carry synchronisation signals.
Memory Read Operation
 What does the Microprocessor need to perform all the above
operations ????
Registers,ALU,Control logic and System buses.
What are the Programmable registers available in 8085 ?

The different types of programmable registers are:

3.General purpose registers :

B,C,D,E,H,L are the general purpose registers in 8085
Microprocessor.Individually they are 8 bit registers.They are
used for temporary storage of data during the execution of
a program.They can also be used in pairs to save 16 bit
data.The permissible pairs
are: B-C,D-E and H-L
4..Stack pointer(SP): Used to point to the address of the
memory location used as stack ( part of RAM)
Flag register: The flag register reflects the status of the ALU after the execution of an
instruction.
It is an 8 bit register.But only 5 bits are used as shown in the figure 2.2
S- Sign flag: This flag is used with signed numbers.After the
execution of an arithmetic or logic operation if the bit D7 of
the result is 1,the sign flag is set. If D7 is '1' the number will
be viewed as negative.if D7 is '0' the number will be viewed as
positive.
Z- Zero flag : The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in a
zero and it is reset when the result is not zero.This flag is
modified by the results in the accumulator as well as in the
other registers.
AC- Auxiliary Carry flag : In an arithmetic operation,when a
carry is generated by D3 and passed on to D4 the AC flag is set.
This flag is not available for the programmer.It is used internally
for BCD operations.
P- Parity flag : After an arithmetic or logical operation if the
result has an even number of 1s the parity flag is set.If the
result has odd number of 1s the flag is reset.
CY- Carry flag : If an arithemetic operation results in a carry,the
carry flag is set else it is reset.
the carry flag also serves as borrow flag during subtraction.
External devices or signals can initiate the following operations for which different pins on the
Microprocessor are assigned.The pins are :

1. Reset : When RESET pin is activated by external key(called a reset key) all internal operations are
suspended and the PC is cleared to hold address 0000H.
2. : The Microprocessor can be interrupted from the normal execution of the program and
asked to execute some other instructions called service routine.Microprocessor resumes its operation
after executing the service routine.
The 8085 Microprocor has some pins for interrupt like INTR,TRAP,RST7.5, RST 6.5 and RST5.5.
3.Ready : This signal is used to synchronise slower peripherals with the Microprocessor.When READY pin
is low the Microprocessor enters a wait state.
4. When HOLD pin is activated the microprocessor relinquishes the control of its buses and allows
the external peripherals to use them.For example :it is used in DMA (Direct Memory Access) data
transfer