Processor System Architecture The typical processor system consists of: = CPU (central processing unit) = ALU (arithmetic-logic unit) = Control Logic = Registers, etc... = Memory = Input / Output interfaces Interconnections between these units: = Address Bus = Data Bus = Control BusMicroprocessor :- ¢ It is a programmable digital device, designed with registers, flip-flops, Timing elements which has a set of instructions, designed internally, to manipulate data and communicate with peripherals. + The microprocessor can respond to external signals. It can be interrupted, reset, or asked to wait to synchronize with slower peripherals. Operation Types in a Microprocessor * All of the operations of the microprocessor can be classified into one of three types: o Microprocessor Initiated Operations o Internal Operations o Peripheral Initiated OperationsPONS Microprocessor —- Initiated Operations and 8085 BUS Organization Microprocessor Performs primarily four operations as a part of communication process between MPU and peripheral devices. Memory Read : Reads data ( instructions) from memory Memory Write : Writes data ( instructions) in to memory /O Read : Accepts data from input devices. /O Write : Sends data to output devices To communicate with a peripheral, the MPU need to perform following steps :- . Identify the peripherals or the memory location (with its address) Transfer binary information ( data and instructions ) Provide timing or synchronization signals (control signals) ceBus and CPU Bus: CPU: Core of the processor, where instructions are executed A shared group of wires used for communicating signals among devices address bus: the device and the location within the device that is being accessed data bus: the data value being communicated control bus: describes the action on the address and data buses * High-level language: a=b+c « Assembly language: add r1 r2 13 f oO J a * Machine language: 0001001010111010101The 8085 Bus Structure » The 8-bit 8085 CPU (or MPU — Micro Processing Unit) communicates with the other units using a 16-bit address bus, an 8-bit data bus and a control bus. Address Bus Memory Real ol iF Ee Data Bus Control BusThe 8085 Bus Structure Address Bus Consists of 16 address lines: Ay — As Operates in unidirectional mode: * The address bits are always sent from the MPU to peripheral devices in one direction , not reverse. + MPU uses the address bus to perform first function : identifying a peripheral or a memory location 16 address lines are capable of addressing a Total of 216 = 65,536 (64k) memory locations. Address locations: 0000 (hex) — FFFF (hex) When the 8085 wants to access a peripheral or a memory location, it places the 16-bit address on the address bus and then sends the appropriate control signals. caThe 8085 Bus Structure Data Bus = Consists of 8 data lines: Dy — D, "Operates in bidirectional mode: The data bits are sent from the MPU to peripheral devices, as well as from the peripheral devices to the MPU. = The MPU uses the data bus to perform second function : Transfer binary information ( data and instructions ) = Data range: 00 (hex) — FF (hex) Control Bus = Comprised of various single lines that carry synchronization signals. "The MPU uses such lines to perform third function : Provide timing or synchronization signals (control signals)The 8085: CPU Internal Structure The internal architecture of the 8085 CPU is capable of performing the following operations: = Store 8-bit data (Registers, Accumulator) * Perform arithmetic and logic operations (ALU) * Test for conditions (IF / THEN) = Sequence the execution of instructions = Store temporary data in RAM during execution8085 MPU D7 Do Memory Read Operation 16-Bit Memory Address Address Bus Data Bus Memory Decode Memory Read Instruction and Data Memory ChipThe Read Operation * To read the contents of a memory location, the following steps take place: * The microprocessor places the 16-bit address of the memory location on the address bus. * The microprocessor activates a control signal called “memory read” which enables the memory chip. * The memory decodes the address and identifies the right location. * The memory places the contents on the data bus. * The microprocessor reads the value of the data bus after a certain amount of time.Internal Data Operations * The 8085 can perform a number of internal operations. Such as: storing data, Arithmetic & Logic operations, Testing for condition, etc. * To perform these operations, the microprocessor needs an internal architecture similar to the following: 11 —-—t Accumulator A (8) Flag Register B oo) c (8) D (8) E (8) H (8) L (8) Stack Pointer (SP) a6) Program Counter (PC) a6) Data Bus Address Bus Bidirectional UnidirectionalThe Internal Architecture Registers = Six general purpose 8-bit registers: B, C, D, E, H, L = They can also be combined as register pairs to perform 16-bit operations: BC, DE, HL = Registers are programmable (data load, move, etc.) Accumulator = Single 8-bit register that is part of the ALU = Used for arithmetic / logic operations — the result is always stored in the accumulator. Flag Bits = Indicate the result of condition tests. " Carry, Zero, Sign, Parity, etc. Gea * Conditional operations (IF / THEN) are executed based on the condition of these flag bits.The Internal Architecture * The Program Counter (PC) » This is a register that is used to control the sequencing of the execution of instructions. » This register always holds the address of the next instruction. » Since it holds an address, it must be 16 bits wide. * The Stack pointer » The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register that is used to point into memory. * The memory this register points to is a special area called the stack. » The stack is an area of memory used to hold data that will be retreived soon. » The stack is usually accessed in a Last In First Out (LIFO) fashion.Externally Initiated Operations » External devices can initiate (start) one of the 4 following operations: Reset » All operations are stopped and the program counter is reset to 0000. 2. Interrupt » The microprocessor’s operations are interrupted and the microprocessor executes what is called a “service routine’. This routine “handles” the interrupt, (perform the necessary operations). Then the microprocessor returns to its previous |) operations and continues.Externally Initiated Operations 3. Ready » The 8085 has a pin called RDY. This pin is used by external devices to stop the 8085 until they catch up. » As long as the RDY pin is low, the 8085 will be in a wait state. 4. Hold The 8085 has a pin called HOLD. This pin is used by external devices to gain control of the busses. » When the HOLD signal is activated by an external device, the 8085 stops executing instructions and stops using the busses. This would allow external devices to control the | ©) information on the busses. Example DMA.The 8085: CPU Internal Structure 8085 Microprocessor Data Bus Ascii) | tig a Flops! =e ‘Arithmetic/Logie Unit a wv Control = Unit Address Bus Control Signals Simplified block diagramExample: Instruction Fetch Operation All instructions (program steps) are stored in memory, To run a program, the individual instructions must be read from the memory in sequence, and executed, = Program counter puts the 16-bit memory address of the instruction on the address bus * Control unit sends the Memory Read Enable signal to access the memory = The 8-bit instruction stored in memory is placed on the data bus and transferred to the instruction decoder = Instruction is decoded and executed ( aExample: Instruction Fetch Operation es 4F=—01001111 Microprocessor Data Bus Internal Data Bus Flag A Instruction Accumulator | | Flip- Flops Decoder [aatesistanc Uni | 2% [vere] ee LT f=Example: Instruction Fetch Operation8085 Functional Block Diagram 7 a