1. What is C++?

C++ is created by Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T Bell Labs as an

extension of C, C++ is an object-oriented computer language
used in the development of enterprise and commercial
applications. Microsoft’s Visual C++ became the premier
language of choice among developers and programmers.

2. What are the basic concepts of object oriented

programming?
It is necessary to understand some of the concepts used extensively in
object oriented programming. These include
Objects
Classes
Data abstraction and encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism

3. Define inheritance?
The mechanism of deriving a new class (derived) from an old
class (base class) is called inheritance. It allows the extension
and reuse of existing code without having to rewrite the code
from scratch. Inheritance is the process by which objects of
one class acquire properties of objects of another class.

4. Define polymorphism? (5,1.7)

Polymorphism means one name, multiple forms. It allows us
to have more than one function with the same name in a
program.It allows us to have overloading of operators so that
an operation can exhibit different behaviours in different
instances.

5. What are the features of C++ different from C?

All the features of C are similiar to C++ except some features,
such as polymorphism, operator overloading which are
supported in C++ but not in C language.
Both C and C++ language is similiar in their functionality but
C++ provides with more tools and options.
7. What is message passing?
 An object oriented program consists of a set of objects that
communicate with each other. Message passing involves
specifying the name of the object, the name of the function
and the information to be sent.
9. What is the use of enumerated data type?
An enumeration is a user-defined data type that consists of
integral constants. To define an enumeration,
keyword enum is used. The enum keyword automatically
enumerates a list of words by assigning them values 0,1,2,
and so on.

enum flag { const1, const2, ..., constN };

Here, name of the enumeration is flag.

And, const1, const2,...., constN are values of type flag.

By default, const1 is 0, const2 is 1 and so on. You can change

default values of enum elements during declaration (if
necessary).

// Changing default values of enum

enum suit {

club = 0,

diamonds = 10,

hearts = 20,

spades = 3,
 };

10. Define Constructors.

A constructor is a member function with the same name as its
class. The constructor is invoked whenever an object of its
associated class is created. It is called constructor because it
constructs the values of data members of the class.

11. What is the use of default constructor?

A constructor that accepts no parameters is called the
default constructor. If no user-defined constructor exists for
a class A and one is needed, the compiler implicitly declares a
default parameterless constructor A::A(). This constructor is
an inline public member of its class. The compiler will
implicitly define A::A() when the compiler uses this
constructor to create an object of type A. The constructor
will have no constructor initializer and a null body.
12. How variable declaration in c++ differs that in c?
C requires all the variables to be declared at the beginning of
a scope but in c++ we can declare variables anywhere in the
scope. This makes the programmer easier to understand
because the variables are declared in the context of their use.

13. Define destructors?

A destructor is called for a class object when that object
passes out of scope or is explicitly deleted.
A destructor as the name implies is used to destroy the
objects that have been created by a constructors, i.e it release
the memory held by the data members of the object.
Like a constructor , the destructor is a member function
whose name is the same as the class name but is preceded by
a tilde.
14. What is a class?
A class is a blue print of objects.

15. what is the difference between c & c++?

 C++ ia an object oriented programing but C is a
procedure oriented programing.

 C is super set of C++.

 C can’t suport inheritance, function overloading,
method overloading etc. but c++ can do this.
 In c program the main function could not return a
value but in the c++ the main function shuld return a
value.

16. What are the few advantages of Inline function?

(47,3.9,3.10)
It offers an improved macro facility.
By using the inline functions, the user can split a large
function with many nested modules of statement blocks into
many small inline functions.

17. What is copy constructor?

Copy constructor is a constructor function with the same
name as the class and used to make deep copy of objects.

18. What is default constructor?

A default constructor is a constructor that either has no
parameters, or if it has parameters, all the parameters have
default values.

What is a scope resolution operator?

The scope resolution operator permits a program to reference
an identifier in the global scope that has been hidden by
another identifier with the same name in the local scope.
20. What is the difference between Object and Instance?
An instance of a user-defined type is called an object. We can
instantiate many objects from one class.
An object is an instance of a class.
1. What is the difference between macro and iniine?
Inline follows strict parameter type checking, macros do not.
Macros are always expanded by preprocessor, whereas
compiler may or may not replace the inline definitions.

22. How variable declaration in c++ differs that in c?

C requires all the variables to be declared at the beginning of
a scope but in c++ we can declare variables anywhere in the
scope. This makes the programmer easier to understand
because the variables are declared in the context of their use.

23. What is multiple inheritance?

A class can inherit properties from more than one class which
is known as multiple inheritance.

24. What is virtual function? How this is beneficial?

Virtual Function is a function in base class, which is overidden in the derived

class, and which tells the compiler to perform Late Binding on this function.
Virtual Keyword is used to make a member function of the base class Virtual.

Late Binding
In Late Binding function call is resolved at runtime. Hence, now compiler
determines the type of object at runtime, and then binds the function call. Late
Binding is also called Dynamic Binding or Runtime Binding.

Problem without Virtual Keyword

class Base

public:

void show()

cout << "Base class";

}
};

class Derived:public Base

public:

void show()

cout << "Derived Class";

int main()

Base* b; //Base class pointer

Derived d; //Derived class object

b = &d;

b->show(); //Early Binding Ocuurs

Output : Base class

When we use Base class's pointer to hold Derived class's object, base class
pointer or reference will always call the base version of the function.

Using Virtual Keyword

We can make base class's methods virtual by using virtual keyword while
declaring them. Virtual keyword will lead to Late Binding of that method.
class Base

public:

virtual void show()

cout << "Base class";

};

class Derived:public Base

public:

void show()

cout << "Derived Class";

int main()
 {

Base* b; //Base class pointer

Derived d; //Derived class object

b = &d;

b->show(); //Late Binding Ocuurs

Output : Derived class

On using Virtual keyword with Base class's function, Late Binding takes place
and the derived version of function will be called, because base class pointer
points to Derived class object.

24. What is the use of virtual destructor in c++?

A destructor is automatically called when the object is
destroyed.
A virtual destructor in C++ is used primarily to prevent
resource leaks by performing a clean-up of the object.

25. What do you mean by reference variable in c++?

A reference variable provides an alias to a previously defined
variable.
Data -type & reference-name = variable name

26. What is iterator class?

Iterator class provides an access to the class which are inside
the containers(it holds a group of objects in an organized
way).
The containers include the data structure, class and abstract
data type.

27. What are the types of declarations in C++?

There are so many types of declaration in C++ are :

Variable declaration
Constant declaration
Function declaration
Object declaration
28. What are Smart pointers?
Smart pointers are almost similar to pointers with additional
features such as automatic destruction of a variable when it
becomes out of scope and the throwing of exceptions that
ensures the proper destruction of the dynamically allocated
objects.

29. Explain function template?

Function template provides a means to write generic
functions for different data types such as integer, long, float
or user defined objects.

30. Explain class template?

Class template provides a means to write a generic class for
different types so that a class can have members based on
generic types that do not need to be defined at the moment
of creating the class or whose members use these generic
types.
31. What is function overloading? (43, 3.1)
A function is overloaded when same name is given to
different function.
While overloading a function, the return type of the functions
need to be the same.

32. What are the advantages of inheritance?

Code reusability
Saves time in program development.

33. What is a dynamic constructor?

The constructor can also be used to allocate memory while
creating objects.
Allocation of memory to objects at the time of their
construction is known as dynamic construction of objects.
 The memory is allocated with the help of the new operator.

34. What is the difference between an Array and a List?

Array is a collection of homogeneous elements.
List is a collection of heterogeneous elements.

For Array elements contiguous memory is allocated.

For List elements random memory is allocated.

35. What is the use of ‘using’ declaration?

A using declaration makes it possible to use a name
from a namespace.

36. What is the difference between a template class and

class template?
Template classA generic definition or a parameterized class
not instantiated until the client provides the needed
information. It’s jargon for plain templates.
Class templateA class template specifies how individual
classes can be constructed much like the way a class specifies
how individual objects can be constructed. It’s jargon for plain
classes.

. 37. What is friend class and friend function?

Friend Class- A friend class can access private and protected members of
other class in which it is declared as friend. It is sometimes useful to allow a
particular class to access private members of other class. For example a
LinkedList class may be allowed to access private members of Node.
class Node
{
private:
int key;
Node *next;
/* Other members of Node Class */

friend class LinkedList; // Now class LinkedList can

// access private members of Node
};
Friend Function- Like friend class, a friend function can be given special
 grant to access private and protected members. A friend function can be:

a) A method of another class

b) A global function

class Node
{
private:
int key;
Node *next;

/* Other members of Node Class */

friend int LinkedList::search(); // Only search() of linkedList
// can access internal members
};

38. What is a scope resolution operator?

A scope resolution operator (::), can be used to define the
member functions of a class outside the class.

39. What do you mean by pure virtual functions and abstract

class ? (201, 8.1, 8.2)
A pure virtual member function is a member function that the
base class forces its derived classes to provide. Any class
containing any pure virtual function cannot be used to create
objects of its own type.

40. What is a conversion constructor?

A converting constructor is a single-parameter constructor
that is declared without the function specifier explicit.
The compiler uses converting constructors to convert objects
from the type of the first parameter to the type of the
converting constructor’s class.
41. What is a container class? What are the types of container
classes?
A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in
memory or external storage.
 A container class acts as a generic holder.
A container class has a predefined behavior and a wellknown
interface.
A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to
hide the topology used for maintaining the list of objects in
memory.
When a container class contains a group of mixed objects, the
container is called a heterogeneous container; when the
container is holding a group of objects that are all the same,
the container is called a homogeneous container.

42. What is Associative container?

Associative containers are designed to support direct access
to elements using keys. They are not sequential. There are
four types of associatives containers :

Set
Multiset
Map
Multimap

43. What is an iterator?

Iterators are like pointers. They are used to access the
elements of containers thus providing a link between
algorithms and containers. Iterators are defined for specific
containers and used as arguments to algorithms.

44. What are the defining traits of an object-oriented language?

The defining traits of an object-oriented langauge are :

Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
45. What is this pointer?
 “this” pointer is a pointer that points to the current object. It is a
constant pointer that holds the memory address of the current
object. When you want to point to the object of the class inside the
definition of that class, you have to use ‘this’ pointer.

6. Name some pure object oriented languages?

Smalltalk
Java
Eiffel
Sather

47. What is encapsulation?

Encapsulation (or information hiding) is the process of
combining data and functions into a single unit called class.

48. What is problem with Runtime type identification?

The run time type identification comes at a cost of
performance penalty. Compiler maintains the class.

49. What are the differences between new and malloc?

New initializes the allocated memory by calling the
constructor. Memory allocated with new should be released
with delete.
Malloc allocates uninitialized memory. The allocated memory
has to be released with free.
new automatically calls the constructor, while malloc dosen’t.

50. What is conversion operator?

You can define a member function of a class, called a
conversion function, that converts from the type of its class to
another specified type.
51. What do you mean by implicit conversion?
Whenever data types are mixed in an expression then c++
performs the conversion automatically.
Here smaller type is converted to wider type.
 Example : in case of integer and float integer is converted
into float type.

52. What are virtual functions?

The virtual fuctions must be members of some class.
They cannot be static members.
They are accessed by using object pointers.
A virtual function can be a friend of another class.

53. What is the main purpose of overloading operators?

The main purpose of operator overloading is to minimize the
chances of occurance of errors in a class that is using the
overload operators.
It also helps in redefining the functionalities of the operators
to improve their performance.
Operator overloading also makes the program clearer,
readable and more understandable by using common
operators, such as +, =, and [].

55. What is stack unwinding?

Stack unwinding is a process in which a destructor is invoked
in a particular program for destroying all the local objects in
the stack between throwing and catching of an exception.

56. What is the difference between class and structure?

By default, the members of structures are public while that of
class is private.
Structures don’t provide facilities like informations hiding
which is provided by the classes.
Structures contain only data members while class contains
both data members and member functions.

57. What are storage qualifiers in C++ ?

 Const Keyword indicates that memory once initialized, should
not be altered by a program.
Volatile keyword indicates that the value in the memory
location can be altered by external factors even though
nothing inside the program is changing it. So it prevents the
compiler to apply its optimization settings on it and assign it
any constant value.

Extern storage specifier means “Declare without defining it,

i.e declare, but do not allocate any memory to it”. In case of
functions extern keyword implicitly precedes in its
declaration. But in case of variables, extern has to be specified
explicitly before the declaration if we want to only declare a
variable without allocating memory to it. Extern keyword
helps in extending the visibility of a variable. We can declare
the variable in several files , but we can define that only in
one place in a single file, so that the variable can be accessed
from several files. Because a variable can be declared at
several places but can be defined only in one place.

58. What is virtual class and friend class?

Friend classes are used when two or more classes and virtual
base class aids in multiple inheritance.
Virtual class is used for run time polymorphism when object is
linked to procedure call at run time.

60. What is dynamic binding?

Dynamic binding (also known as late binding) means that the
code associated with a given procedure call is not known until
the time of the call at run time.It is associated with
polymorphism and inheritance.

61. What are the benefits of object oriented

programming(OOP)?
Software reusability
Code sharing
 Rapid prototyping
Information hiding

62. What is the form of assignment statement?

Variable = expression ( or constant )

63. What is the main purpose of overloading operators?

The main purpose of operator overloading is to minimize the
chances of occurrence of errors in a class that is using the
overloaded operators.

64. What is this pointer?

When a member function is invoked, the invoking objects
pointer is passed implicitly as an argument. This pointer is
called this pointer.

65. What is scope resolution operator?

The Scope resolution operator(::) can be used to define the
member functions of a program outside the boundary of a
class and not within the class specifier.

66. What are static members and static functions?

Static members are
Created and initialized only once.
Shared among all the class objects.
Static functions are
Similar to the static variables and are associated with the
class.
Can only access static variables of a class.
Can also be called using the scope resolution operator.

67. What are the components of a class?

A class consists of two components,
Data members
Methods
68. What is the advantage of using templates?
Templates provide a means to write generic functions and
classes for different data types.
Templates are sometimes called parameterized types.
Templates can significantly reduce source code size and
increase code flexibility without reducing type safety.

69. Can a function overloading depend only on passing by value

and passing by reference?
No, the reason is that whether a function is called the passing
a parameter as a value or by reference, it appears similar to
the caller of the function.

70. Is it possible to use a new for the reallocation of pointers?

The reallocation of pointers cannot be done by using new. It
can be done by using the realloc() operator.

71. What are the types of storage qualifiers in C++?

C++ includes three storage qualifiers:

Const : A const variable is one that the program may not

modify except through initialiazation when the variable is
declared.
Volatile: A volatile type qualifier tells the compiler that the
program could change the variable.
Mutable: A const member function may modify a data
member only if the data member is declared with the
mutable qualifier.

72. What are the advantages of using on iterator?

Iterator interfaces(API) are the same for all the containers.
For example, a container list can internally have doubly linked
list or singly list, but its corresponding iterator interface that is
used to access its elements is always the same.
 (iter->next)

73. What are data members?

Data members are variables of any type(in-built or user
defined).

74. What are the types of statements in c++?

A program in any langauge basically consists of statements.
Statements symbolize instructions. There are many categories
of statements.

Expression statement
Assignment statement
Selection statement
Iteration statement
Jump statement

75. What is initialization?

Initialization is a process of assigning a value to a variable at
the time of declaration.
76. What is the difference between a vector and a map?
A vector is a sequential container, i.e., all the elements are in
a sequence, whereas a map is an association container, i.e.,
all elements are stored in the form of a key value association
pair.

77. What are the advantages of using cin and cout compared to
scanf(...) and printf(...), respectively?
Compared to the standard C functions printf() and scanf(), the
usage of the cin and cout is more type safe.
The format strings, which are used with printf() and scanf()
can define wrong format specifies for their arguments, for
which the compiler does not warn.
In contrast, argument checking with c in and cout is
performed by the compiler.
 C in and Cout are stream classes that could be used to receive
and print objects respectively.

78. Explain copy constructor?

A copy constructor is a special type of constructor which
initializes all the data members of the newly created object by
copying the contents of an existing object. The compiler
provides a default copy constructor.
Class_name new _ object ( existing object);

79. What are the advantages of operator overloading?

Operator overloading is used to provide some extra features,
behaviors and abilities to the users of a particular class. This
feature in C++ helps in controlling the functions performed by
an operator and reduces the chance of occurrence of errors in
a program.

80. What is a dangling pointer?

When the location of the deallocated memory is pointed by
the pointer even after the deletion or allocation of objects is
done, without the modification in the value of the pointer,
then this type of pointer is called a dangling pointer.

81. What are shallow and deep copies? What is copy

constructor ?
To demonstrate the need for the copy constructor, we will first define an
example class. This example class is ShalloC. This class contains only one
integer pointer as private data member as shown below:
//Sample 01: Private Data Member

private:

int * x;

The constructor will create a memory location in a heap and copy the
passed in value m to the heap content. This code is shown below:
//Sample 02: Constructor with single parameter
 ShalloC(int m)

x = new int;

*x = m;

The Get and Set functions are used to get the heap memory content
value and Set the heap memory content respectively. Below is the code
that sets and gets the integer heap memory value:
//Sample 03: Get and Set Functions

int GetX() const

return *x;

void SetX(int m)

*x = m;

Finally, there is a function to print the heap content value in the console
window. The function is shown below:
//Sample 04: Print Function

void PrintX()

cout << "Int X=" << *x << endl;

Now you may get the idea of what the ShalloC class will do. At present it
has a constructor that creates a heap memory and in the destructor we
clear the memory created as shown in the below code:
//Sample 05: DeAllocate the heap

~ShalloC()

delete x;

Shallow Copy vs. Deep Copy

In the Program main we created two Objects ob1 and ob2. The object
ob2 is created using the copy constructor. How? And where is the "copy
constructor".? If you look at the statement ShalloC ob2 = ob1 ; you
clearly know that the ob2 is not yet created and in the mean time ob1 is
already created. Hence, a copy constructor is invoked. Even though the
copy constructor not implemented, the compiler will provide default
copy constructor. Once both the objects are created we print the values
in ob1 and ob2.
//Sample 06: Create Object 1 and copy that to Object 2.

//Print the data member for both Object 1 & 2.

ShalloC ob1(10);

ShalloC ob2 = ob1 ;

ob1.PrintX();

ob2.PrintX();

After printing the values in ob1 and ob2 we change the value of the
object ob1’s data member pointed value to 12. Then both the values of
ob1 and ob2 are printed. The code and its output are shown below:
//Sample 07: Change the Data member value of Object 1

// And print both Object 1 and Object 2

ob1.SetX(12);
 ob1.PrintX();

ob2.PrintX();

Source

The output shows value 12 for both ob1 and ob2. Surprisingly, we
modified the data member of the object ob1 only. Then, Why the
changes are reflected on both the objects? This is what called shallow
copy induced by the compiler provided default constructor. To
understand this look at the below picture:

Source

When object ob1 is created, the memory to store an integer is allocated

in the heap. Let us assume the heap memory location address is 0x100B.
This address is what stored in the x. Remember x is an integer pointer.
The value stored in the pointer variable x is the address 0x100B and the
content of the address 0x100B is value 10. In the example, we want to
deal with the content of the address 0x100B we use the pointer de-
referencing like *x. The compiler provided copy constructor copies the
address stored in the ob1(x) to ob2 (x). After the copy, both pointers in
ob1 and ob2 points to the same object. So changing the 0x100B through
ob1.SetX(12) is reflected back in the ob2. Now you got how the result is
printing 12 for both the objects ob1 and ob2.
How do we avoid the above-shown problem? We should perform
the deep copy by implementing our own copy constructor. So a user
defined copy constructor is required to avoid the problem of shallow
copy. Below is the copy constructor:
//Sample 08: Introduce Copy Constructor and perform Deep Copy

ShalloC(const ShalloC& obj)

x = new int;

*x = obj.GetX();

Once we inject this copy constructor to the ShalloC class, the x pointer in
the object ob2 will not point to the same heap location 0x100B. The
statement x = new int; will create the new heap location and then copies
the value of obj content to new heap location. The output of the
program, after introducing our own copy constructor is shown below:

The entire code is shown below:

// TestIt.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class ShalloC

//Sample 01: Private Data Member

private:

int * x;

public:

//Sample 02: Constructor with single parameter

ShalloC(int m)

x = new int;

*x = m;

//Sample 08: Introduce Copy Constructor and perform Deep Copy

ShalloC(const ShalloC& obj)

x = new int;

*x = obj.GetX();

//Sample 03: Get and Set Functions

int GetX() const

return *x;
 }

void SetX(int m)

*x = m;

//Sample 04: Print Function

void PrintX()

cout << "Int X=" << *x << endl;

//Sample 05: DeAllocate the heap

~ShalloC()

delete x;

};

int main()

//Sample 06: Create Object 1 and copy that to Object 2.

// Print the data member for both Object 1 & 2.

ShalloC ob1(10);

ShalloC ob2 = ob1 ;

ob1.PrintX();

ob2.PrintX();
 //Sample 07: Change the Data member value of Object 1

// And print both Object 1 and Object 2

ob1.SetX(12);

ob1.PrintX();

ob2.PrintX();

82. How can you return the current involving object from its
member function?
return(*this);

83. What is the difference between prefix and postfix versions

of operator++()?
The prefix and postfix versions of operator ++() can be
differentiated on the basis of arguments defined.
The postfix operator ++() consists of a dummy parameter of
int datatype; whereas, a dummy parameter is not found in
the prefix operator ++().

84. Can a static member function access member variable of an

object?
No, because to access the member variable of an object
inside its member function, this pointer is required. Since
static functions are class functions, this pointer will not be
passed as its arguments.

85. What is the advantages of using the Inline function?

An inline keyword before a function suggests the compiler to
insert the complete body of the function wherever that
function is invoked.
Inline expansion is typically used to eliminate the inherent
cost involved in calling a function.
 It is typically used for functions that need quick execution.
86. What are all the operators that cannot be overloaded?
Direct member access operator
De–reference pointer to class member operator.*
Scope resolution operator::
Conditional operator ?:
Sizeof operator sizeof

87. Can a function be overloaded based on return types?

Function signature does not depend on the return type. So
overloading cannot be resolved by the return type alone.

88. What do you mean by a public member?

A member declared as public is a public member.
It can be accessed freely in a program.

89. Is recursion allowed in inline functions?

The recursion is allowed in inline fucntion but practically, the
inline functions and their properties do not remain inside the
program. Moreover, the compiler is not sure about the depth
of the recursion at the time of compilation.

90. What is virtual function?

A virtual function is a member function that is declared within
a base class and redefined by a derived class .To create a
virtual function, the function declaration in the base class is
preceded by the keyword virtual.
91. How can a struct in C++ differs from a struct in C?
The differences between struct in C++ and C are listed in the
following points:

In C and C++, the variables of the structures are public;

however, in C, the variable cannot be declared as private or
protected. On the contrary, in C++, the variables can be
declared as private or protected.
 In C, the concept of inheritance is not supported. In C++, the
concept of inheritance is fully supported.
On declaring a struct in C, the addition of the struct keyword
is must. On the contrary, there is no need of the struct
keyword on declaring struct in C++.
In C, the initialization cannot be done outside the scope of a
structure. However, in C++, the initialization can be done
outside the scope of a structure.
In C, structures do not have direct functions or methods.

92. How the keyword struct is different from the keyword class
in C++?
In C++, a class is similar to a struct with the exception that, by
default, all the members of a class are private; while the
members of a struct are public. Encapsulation is not
supported by structures but supported by classes.

93. Define pure virtual function?

Pure virtual function is defined as a virtual function in a base
class. It is implemented in a derived class. A program may not
declare an instance of a class that has a pure virtual function.

94. Define a conversion constructor?

A conversion constructor is a single argument constructor. It
is used by the compiler to ocnvert a type of objects as an
argument to a class type.

95. What is a default constructor?

A zero argument constructor or a constructor in which all the
arguments have default values is called a default constructor.

96. What is difference between template and macro?

A template can be used to create a family of classes or
function.A template describes a set of related classes or set of
related functions in which a list of parameters in the
declaration describe how the members of the set vary.
 Identifiers that represent statements or expressions are
called macros.

97. What is reference?

Reference is a name that acts as an alias, or alternative name,
for a previously defined variable or an object.

98. What are the access specifier in c++?

There are three types of access specifier in c++ . They are

Public
protected
private

99. What is difference between C++ and Java?

C++ has pointers Java does not.
Java is the platform independent as it works on any type of
operating systems.
java has no pointers where c ++ has pointers.
Java has garbage collection C++ does not.

100. What is namespace?

Namespaces allow to group entities like classes, objects and
functions under a name.

101. What is an explicit constructor?

A conversion constructor declared with the explicit keyword.
The compiler does not use an explicit constructor to
implement an implied conversion of types. It’s purpose is
reserved explicitly for construction.Explicit constructors are
simply constructors that cannot take part in an implicit
conversion.

102. What is the use of storage class specifiers?

A storage class specifier is used to refine the declaration of a
 variable, a function, and parameters. The following are
storage class specifiers :

auto
register
static
extern

103. what is assignment operator in c++?

Default assignment operator handles assigning one object to
another of the same class. Member to member copy (shallow
copy).

104. Can destructor be private?

Yes destructors can be private. But according it is not
advisable to have destructors to be private.

105. What is strstream?

stringstream provides an interface to manipulate strings as if
they were input/output streams.
‹ strstream› to define several classes that support iostreams
operations on sequences stored in an allocated array of char
object.
106 What are the types of STL containers?
deque
hash map
hashmultimap
hash_multiset
hashset
list
map
multimap
multiset
set
 vector

107. What is the difference between function overloading and

overriding?
Overloading a method (or function) in C++ is the ability for
functions of the same name to be defined in a single class as
long as these methods have different signatures (i.e different
number, order or types of arguments).
Function overriding is the ability of the inherited class to
rewrite the method defined in the base class so that these
overridden methods can be used in early or late binding.

108. What do you mean by inline function?

An inline function is a function that is expanded inline when
invoked.ie. the compiler replaces the function call with the
corresponding function code. An inline function is a function
that is expanded in line when it is invoked. That is the
compiler replaces the function call with the corresponding
function code (similar to macro).

109. What is a template?

A template can be used to create a family of classes or
function.A template describes a set of related classes or set
of related functions in which a list of parameters in the
declaration describe how the members of the set vary.

112. What is a virtual destructor?

The simple answer is that a virtual destructor is one that is
declared with the virtual attribute.

113. What do you mean by Stack unwinding?

It is a process during exception handling when the destructor
is called for all local objects between the place where the
exception was thrown and where it is caught.

114. What is STL? and what are the components of stl?

 A collection of generic classes and functions is called as
Standard Template Library (STL).The stl components are

containers
Algorithm
Iterators
.

115. What is a modifier?

A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member
function that changes the value of at least one data member.
In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an
object.
Modifiers are also known as mutators.
116. What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class?
A class that has no functionality of its own. Its member
functions hide the use of a third party software component
or an object with the non-compatible interface or a non-
objectoriented implementation.

117. What is a Null object?

It is an object of some class whose purpose is to indicate that
a real object of that class does not exist. One common use
for a null object is a return value from a member function
that is supposed to return an object with some specified
properties but cannot find such an object.

118. What is class invariant?

A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for
an object.
It is a logical condition to ensure the correct working of a
class.
Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and
they must be preserved under all operations of the class.
In particular all class invariants are both preconditions and
 post-conditions for all operations or member functions of the
class.

119. What is the difference between the message and method?

Message : Objects communicate by sending messages to
each other.A message is sent to invoke a method.
Method : Provides response to a message and it is an
implementation of an operation.

120. Is it possible to use a new for the reallocation of pointers?

The reallocation of pointers cannot be done by using new. It
can be done by using the realloc() operator.

121. How can we access protected and private members of a

class?
In the case of members protected and private, these could
not be accessed from outside the same class at which they
are declared. This rule can be transgressed with the use of
the friend keyword in a class, so we can allow an external
function to gain access to the protected and private
members of a class.

122. What do you mean by late binding?

Late binding refers to function calls that are not resolved
until run time.
Virtual functions are used to achieve late binding.
When access is via a base pointer or reference, the virtual
function actually called is determined by the type of object
pointed to by the pointer.

123. What do you mean by early binding?

Early binding refers to the events that occur at compile time.
Early binding occurs when all information needed to call a
function is known at compile time.
Examples of early binding include normal function calls,
overloaded function calls, and overloaded operators.
The advantage of early binding is efficiency.